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Results for “Intraocular fluid”

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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

PubMed1983

Ocular penetration of N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK-787) and potentiation by dipeptidase inhibitor (MK-791).

N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK-787) is a new beta-lactam with potent activity against both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Its spectrum and activity suggest it may be useful in treatment of complicated intraocular infections. Its ocular penetration was studied in New Zealand white rabbits immediately before and after the third dose of 40 mg/kg administered intravenously at q6h intervals. Plasma, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor were obtained by direct aspiration, and antibiotic levels were assayed using an agar well diffusion method. MK-787 penetrated uninflamed intraocular fluids, including vitreous humor, although vitreous concentrations achieved (0.1-0.2 micrograms/ml) were significantly lower than the mean peak plasma (15 micrograms/ml) and aqueous concentrations (7 micrograms/ml). Nevertheless, the intraocular levels attained approached or exceeded the MIC90 for most sensitive organisms including some gram-negative bacilli important in bacterial endophthalmitis. When administered in combination with the renal enzyme inhibitor MK-791, plasma and aqueous concentrations of MK-787 were markedly potentiated, although vitreous concentrations were minimally affected. The potential usefulness of MK-787 in conjunction with MK-791 in the infected eye should be examined further in an animal model of bacterial endophthalmitis.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Experimental evaluation of a posterior drainage system.

We have evaluated an experimental artificial shunt to drain intraocular fluid into the retrobulbar space. The device consists of a hollow needle for insertion into the eye, a slit valve to regulate the drainage pressure, and a dome-shaped outflow system. The device was inserted through the sclera, choroid, and retina into the eyes of cynomolgus monkeys. The system was tolerated without producing retinal detachment. A localized foreign body reaction occurred in the retina, choroid, and sclera adjacent to the device. The intraocular pressure was lowered until fibrous encapsulation of the outflow system occurred.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Vancomycin prophylaxis and intraocular contamination during cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of vancomycin added to the intraocular irrigation solution to prevent anterior chamber contamination during phacoemulsification. SETTING: Centre Hospitalier, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, France. METHODS: A group of 372 patients having cataract extraction by phacoemulsification was divided into two consecutive, nonrandomized groups. The first group (n = 190) was a control; there was no antibiotic in the irrigation solution. The second group (n = 182) received vancomycin in the irrigation solution. Intraocular fluid was aspirated at the end of surgery and injected into a blood culture bottle to evaluate bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber. RESULTS: There was no between-group difference in bacterial intraocular contamination. Eight samples in the first group were contaminated and nine in the second group. All contaminants were gram-positive vancomycin-sensitive organisms. CONCLUSIONS: Adding vancomycin to the intraocular irrigation solution during cataract surgery had no effect on the occurrence of intraocular contamination as evaluated by anterior chamber taps.

Anterior Chamber↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of intraocular to plasma HIV-1 viral burden in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between plasma and intraocular human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) viral loads in 12 consecutive patients undergoing ganciclovir implant surgery for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. METHODS: Aqueous and vitreous specimens were assayed for HIV-1 viral load by polymerase chain reaction analysis (Roche Amplicor HIV Monitor; Roche Diagnostics Systems, Inc, Branchburg, New Jersey). RESULTS: It was possible to quantitatively assay HIV-1 burden in intraocular fluids using polymerase chain reaction analysis. In general, patients with plasma viral loads less than 250,000 copies/ml had undetectable (<200 copies/ml) HIV-1 in their aqueous and vitreous. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that intraocular viral levels have several determinants in addition to plasma viral loads, with which they only partially correlate.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1990

[The diurnal variation of the intraocular pressure of vitrectomized eyes receiving instillation of silicone oil].

We examined diurnal variations of intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after scleral encircling, vitrectomy and silicone oil (S.O) tamponade in 7 patients (7 eyes) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and 8 patients (8 eyes) with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). They were all successfully operated and the IOP was lower than 24 mm Hg without medication. The contralateral, non-operated eye was used as the control. IOP was measured every 4 hours with Goldmann applanation tonometer or a pneumotonometer (Alcon) by the single examinee (S.H.). The amplitudes of the diurnal variation of the IOP with S.O. tamponade were smaller than those of the control eyes (p less than 0.05). Phakic eyes with silicon oil tamponade showed smaller amplitudes of IOP diurnal variation than those in aphakic eyes (p less than 0.05). The physiological significance is not clear yet, but these results suggest that the S.O. tamponade have some effect on the dynamics of the intraocular fluid in operated eyes (p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

[Toward a rational strategy in the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmia].

18 cases of bacterial endophthalmitis are reported. From bacteriological, epidemiological, pharmacokinetic data, we can propose a management of infectious endophthalmitis based on the two following rules: systematic intraocular fluid aspiration, on emergency, for stained smears (as real bacteriological extemporaneous investigations) and cultures; initial wide spectrum antibiotherapy with a quick adaptation to gram stain and culture identification. The antibiotics are selected according to their intraocular penetration, safety and spectrum. The intraocular bactericidal concentration requires the association of systemic, peri-ocular, and intraocular antibiotherapy, before the settlement of irreversible retinal lesions. By vitrectomy, the infected vitreous may be cleared, and intraocular drugs diffuse more easily.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Lower intraocular oxygen tension in diabetic patients: possible contribution to decreased incidence of nuclear sclerotic cataract.

PURPOSE: To report intraocular oxygen tension in eyes of diabetic and nondiabetic patients. DESIGN: A prospective, interventional consecutive case series. METHODS: Oxygen was measured with an optical oxygen sensor in patients who were undergoing vitrectomy. Before turning on the infusion fluid, intraocular oxygen tension was measured in two locations: adjacent to the lens and in the mid vitreous cavity. RESULTS: Fifty eyes from 50 patients were included in the study. Twenty-one eyes were from diabetic patients and 29 eyes were from nondiabetic patients. The mean oxygen tension adjacent to the lens was significantly lower in diabetic than in nondiabetic patients (8.4 +/- 0.7 mm Hg vs 10.7 +/- 0.8 mm Hg; P < .05). Similarly, the mean oxygen tension in the center of the vitreous cavity was lower in diabetic than in nondiabetic patients (5.7 +/- 0.7 mm Hg vs 8.5 +/- 0.6 mm Hg; P < .001). In subgroup analyses, previous panretinal photocoagulation or cataract surgery did not affect oxygen levels significantly in the vitreous of diabetic or nondiabetic patients. CONCLUSION: Eyes from diabetic patients have significantly lower intraocular oxygen tension than in eyes from nondiabetic patients. Because oxidative damage to the lens nucleus and increased intraocular oxygen tension have been associated with nuclear sclerotic cataract, these findings may help explain recent reports of an apparent protective effect of diabetes mellitus against nuclear sclerotic cataract.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

The Shearing intraocular lens: a report of 1,000 cases.

Implantation of Shearing and Shearing-style J-loop posterior chamber lenses in 1000 cases was associated with an absence of corneal decompensation and a low incidence of glaucoma, cystoid macular edema, iritis, vitritis and retinal detachment. The low complication rate was attributed to the posterior chamber position of the J-loop lens, which may reduce the movement of intraocular fluid and tissue.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Elevated levels of interleukin 6 in the vitreous fluid of patients with pars planitis and posterior uveitis: the Massachusetts eye & ear experience and review of previous studies.

INTRODUCTION: Although the exact mechanisms that lead to uveitis are not entirely known, the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of this disease has been shown to be important. Prior studies described the presence of an array of cytokines in the intraocular fluid of patients with uveitis. Review of these studies indicate that Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is present, and animal data suggest the important role of IL-6 in the regulation of ophthalmologic immune responses. PURPOSE: We investigated whether IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, beta, IL-2 are present in the vitreous of patients with active intermediate and posterior uveitis. METHODS: Vitreous specimens were collected from 23 eyes of patients with active intermediate and posterior uveitis who underwent diagnostic or therapeutic vitrectomies. TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha and beta, IL-2 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eight vitreous fluid samples from eye bank eyes were used as control. RESULTS: IL-6 was higher in the vitreous of patients with uveitis compared to control samples (p = 0.0119). No TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL1-alpha or beta was detected. The levels of IL-6 did not correlate with a specific clinical diagnosis, but patients with pars planitis and panuveitis had the highest levels (p = 0.58) CONCLUSIONS: IL-6 is elevated in the vitreous of patients with active intermediate and posterior uveitis.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗

PubMed1980

Chemical mediators of intraocular neovascularization.

Intraocular neovascularization occurs in several ocular disorders. Evidence from clinical experimental observations suggests that the retina and the vitreous are potential sources of angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors which may play a role in the development of intraocular neonvascularization. We have demonstrated that extracts of adult retina are capable of stimulating vasoproliferation on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and that extracts of adult vitreous inhibit this response. In addition, extracts of adult retina are capable of stimulating vascular endothelial cell proliferation and chemotaxis in vitro. The relationship of these findings to human disease is as yet unknown. However, we have found a good correlation between the presence of retinal, optic disc, and/or iris neovascularization in eyes undergoing therapeutic vitrectomy and the ability of intraocular fluid from these eyes (obtained at the time of surgery) to stimulate vasoproliferation on the CAM As well as thymidine uptake of vascular endothelial cells in culture. Further studies will be necessary to determine the relationship of these different findings to human intraocular neovascularization.

Angiogenesis Inducing Agents↗

PubMed1986

Uveitis: lymphocyte subpopulation studies.

Recent advances in cellular immunology have enabled us to delineate numerous lymphocyte subsets and activation stages using monoclonal antibody techniques. lymphocyte subsets and activation stages using monoclonal antibody techniques. We have used a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and newer monoclonal antibodies to study lymphocyte subpopulations and activation stages of T lymphocytes in intraocular fluids and peripheral blood of uveitis patients. T lymphocytes predominated in aqueous and vitreous. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the T lymphocyte subsets in aqueous and peripheral blood. No correlation was seen between the intravitreal lymphocyte subsets and peripheral blood. Many intraocular lymphocytes are present in the aqueous secondary to a blood ocular barrier breakdown. Using an anti-interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor monoclonal antibody as a marker for T-cell activation, activated lymphocytes were found in intraocular and peripheral blood of both idiopathic and non-idiopathic uveitis. A statistically significant correlation was found between in vivo lymphocyte activation and clinical uveitis activity. In uveitis, lymphocyte activation in the eye paralleled levels found in the blood. Systemic and intraocular lymphocyte activation occurs in both idiopathic uveitis as well as in systemic syndromes associated with intraocular inflammation. It is possible that idiopathic uveitis is a systemic disease.

Aqueous Humor↗

PubMed1994

Local production of IFN-gamma abrogates the intraocular immune privilege in transgenic mice and prevents the induction of ACAID.

The eye represents an immunologically privileged site with specific properties mediated by immunosuppressive constituents of the intraocular fluids. This system, termed ACAID (anterior chamber-associated immune deviation), was originally attributed to the anterior chamber of the eye, and is characterized by impairment of the cellular immune response, including a lack of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in response to intraocularly presented Ag and decreased cytotoxicity of T cells. We created a transgenic mouse with ectopic expression of IFN-gamma in the photoreceptors of the retina to study the effects of this cytokine on the immunosuppressive properties of the eye with special regard to the posterior chamber. BALB/c-derived transgenic and nontransgenic mice were challenged intravitreally either with allogeneic splenocytes from C57Bl/6 mice or with BSA, in IFA, and tested for the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to BSA by intrapinnal injection of the same Ag in the ear 7 days later. Pathologic changes of the eyes were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. We found that transgenic mice developed an increased amount of ocular inflammation in response to both Ags compared with the nontransgenic controls. Furthermore, transgenic mice showed a marked DTH reaction to BSA, whereas nontransgenic mice did not. Our results indicate that local IFN-gamma production disturbs the immunosuppressive properties of the eye and prevents the induction of ACAID in response to intraocularly presented Ag. The data confirm the extension of the intraocular immune privilege to the posterior chamber of the eye.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intraocular tumors. A cytopathologic study.

The cytologic characteristics and histopathologic correlates of common ocular tumors were examined using (1) cytologic and histologic specimens prepared from enucleated eyes with retinoblastoma and melanoma, (2) cytologic specimens prepared from clinically obtained intraocular fluids from eyes with lymphoma, metastatic adenocarcinoma and retinoblastoma and (3) cytologic specimens prepared from orbital aspirates and cerebrospinal fluids from a patient in whom retinoblastoma had spread to the orbit and central nervous system. Retinoblastoma cells occurred singly and in clusters and were associated with abundant necrotic debris and portions of capillaries with perivascular tumor infiltrates. Melanoma cells frequently had prominent nucleoli and variable amounts of fine cytoplasmic pigmentation and were found individually and in groups. Lymphoma cells were noncohesive, with scant cytoplasm. Metastatic intraocular adenocarcinoma cells had well-defined borders, multiple nucleoli and vacuolated cytoplasm. In general, the cellular morphology in the cytologic and tissue preparations of the intraocular tumors correlated well with each other. The findings suggest that common primary and metastatic intraocular tumors can be differentiated in cytologic preparations.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of ciliary muscle electrical stimulation on ocular hydrodynamics and visual function in patients with glaucoma].

A course of transscleral electrostimulation of the ciliary muscle (10 sessions) using ESOF-1 device was administered to 20 patients (23 eyes) with bilateral primary open-angle glaucoma. A lens with 4 electrodes was placed on the eyeball in the ciliary body projection. Rectangular bipolar pulses up to 15 msec long were generated in the pack mode with current amplitude up to 10 mA for 3 to 7 min. Control group consisted of 17 "paired" eyes. After electrostimulation the accommodation volume increased by 54%, relative accommodation reserve by 34%, coefficient of discharge by 42%, and vision acuity by 0.1 to 0.4 diopters in 6 out of 7 eyes in which vision was lower than 1.0 diopter; intraocular pressure was 16% decreased and the number of absolute and relative scotomas in the central visual field (Humphry, 24-2) dropped by 40%. Improvement of the visual functions and hydrodynamic parameters of the eye was gradual, reaching the maximum by the end of the follow-up (6 months). In control eyes no positive changes were observed. The results indicate a positive effect of electrostimulation of the ciliary body and posterior ocular structures on intraocular fluid circulation and visual functions.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1975

Experimental tonography on enucleated human eyes. I. The validity of Grant's tonography formula.

When newer tables for parameters in Grant's formula for tonography are used, one obtains far higher values for the outflow facility than those generally accepted. The aim of this iinvestigation has, therefore, been to test the validity of the tonography formula. The outflow facility determined by constant-rate perfusion in enucleated eyes has been compared with the results of tonography on the same eyes in the steady-state condition. Loss of intraocular fluid during tonography has been measured directly by means of a new technique. Outflow facilities determined according to the two methods show very good agreement. Thus, when the production of aqueous is held at a constant rate, and when there is no change in intraocular blood volume. Grant's tonography formula is found valid, provided absolute values for Po, Pt, and dV are used.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Hydrodynamics of the eye in patients with neoplastic disease after general administration of cytostatic drugs].

The studies comprised 45 patients qualified for chemotherapy on account of neoplastic disease. The measurement of the intraocular pressure on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th day after administration of cytostatic drugs revealed its statistically significant lowering. During the observation no statistically significant differences were observed in the coefficient of outflow facility. It may be supposed that the decrease in intraocular pressure after general administration of cytostatic drugs is associated with the inhibition of secretion of intraocular fluid in ciliary body. For explanation of the hypotensive mechanism of cytostatic drugs animal experimental investigations are necessary.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Chronic postoperative endophthalmitis associated with Actinomyces species.

Actinomyces species, gram-positive, non-spore-forming anaerobic bacilli were isolated from intraocular fluid obtained from four otherwise healthy patients with a delayed onset of postoperative endophthalmitis. One patient had a mixed anaerobic infection with recovery of both Actinomyces israelii and Propionibacterium acnes. In all four patients, early postoperative visual acuity was good but was eventually markedly reduced by intraocular inflammation that was first observed between 21 days and 4 months following uneventful extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Inflammation was characterized by anterior segment and vitreous cellular debris in all cases. All eyes responded to therapy that included intraocular, topical, and systemic antibiotics as well as pars plana vitrectomy and partial iridectomy. These cases further illustrate the need for microbiologic investigation, including anaerobic cultures, in all cases of chronic postoperative inflammation following extracapsular cataract extraction, regardless of the time of onset.

Actinomyces↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of the clinical study of a new adrenergic beta blocker levobunolol hydrochloride in healthy subjects and in patients with glaucoma].

Effects of a single instillation of levobunolol, a new nonselective beta-adrenoblocker, in normal subjects and patients with various forms of glaucoma were under study, as were the effects of prolonged administration of this drug in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Short-term observations have revealed a hypotensive effect in all the examinees, the highest in patients with open-angle glaucoma (30.2%). Levobunolol did not influence the diameter of the pupil and accommodation, nor did it essentially change the cardiovascular activity. Prolonged administration of the drug resulted in a stable reduction of intraocular pressure by 20-30% in 70% of patients with open-angle glaucoma. Tonographic studies have shown that the drug reduced the intraocular fluid production and in case of a prolonged administration a trend to an elevation of the coefficient of the easiness of fluid discharge is observed.

Adolescent↗