[Intra-anesthetic awareness].
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Anesthesia↗
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Awareness during general anaesthesia.
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Adolescent↗
Sacral perineurial cyst with ossification of the arachnoid membrane.
A case of sacral perineurial cyst with ossification of the arachnoid membrane discovered intraoperatively is reported. We are not aware of any similar cases in the literature.
Arachnoid↗
[Intraoperative anoxic spells in patients with tetralogy of Fallot].
We experienced 5 cases of intraoperative anoxic spell in 48 patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). One of 5 cases had tetralogy with pulmonary atresia (Type A), and the others had tetralogy alone (Type D). The patient of type A who had anoxic spells during preoperative period had been on chronic propranolol therapy. However, the patients of type D had no anoxic spells during preoperative period and one in this type had not been on beta-adrenergic blocking drugs preoperatively. One patient was anesthetized with fentanyl-diazepam-O2, and the others were anesthetized with morphine-diazepam-O2. We used mainly alpha-adrenergic drugs and sodium bicarbonate for the therapy of intraoperative anoxic spells. Concerning the intraoperative anoxic spell, we have to be aware in the management of the patients with TOF, whether the patient had anoxic spells during preoperative period or not.
Adolescent↗
Intraoperative consultation for renal lesions. Implications and diagnostic pitfalls in 324 cases.
Intraoperative consultation rarely is requested for lesions in the kidney. Of 324 renal lesions submitted for gross or frozen section intraoperative consultation, 199 specimens were submitted for gross consultation only; no diagnostic pitfalls were noted. The clinical implications and diagnostic pitfalls in 125 specimens submitted for frozen section were the focus of our study. Frozen section intraoperative consultation was requested to evaluate surgical margins in partial nephrectomy specimens, solid renal mass in an unusual clinical or radiologic setting, synchronous renal and extrarenal masses, cystic renal lesion, ureteral surgical margins for transitional cell carcinoma, multiple renal masses, solid mass in a diffusely cystic kidney, and renal injury. Among the 125 cases, the diagnoses were deferred in 17 (6 renal cell carcinomas with granular cytoplasm, 7 cystic lesions, 3 metastatic tumors, 1 leiomyoma). The frozen section diagnoses were incorrect owing to limited sampling in 5 and misinterpretation in 4 (melanoma vs angiomyolipoma, lymphoma vs angiomyolipoma, benign cyst vs cystic renal cell carcinoma, metastatic renal cell carcinoma vs pheochromocytoma). Awareness of distinctive indications for frozen section intraoperative consultation and diagnostic pitfalls should improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate proper management of these lesions.
Diagnosis, Differential↗
Fat and bone marrow embolism in total hip arthroplasty.
A number of cardiovascular and pulmonary complications have been reported to occur occasionally after insertion of a total hip prosthesis. Of the proposed causes of these reactions, the possibility of fat embolism has received considerable support. The increase in intramedullary pressure, produced by the mechanical compression of the femoral canal during the insertion of the stem, seems to be the decisive pathogenic factor for the development of emboli. Surgeons' proclivity to deny the clinical relevance of intraoperative emboli is directly related to their awareness of and their attempt to avoid this phenomenon. Depending on the preoperative clinical condition of the patient, the cardiorespiratory impairment may be subclinical for those with good reserve, or clinical for those with poor reserve. In cases with preexisting cardiorespiratory diseases, severe embolism can also lead to death. Moreover, tissue thromboplastin from bone marrow forced into the draining veins of the proximal femur during insertion of the stem leads to activation of the clotting cascade, lesions of the venous endothelium, and thrombogenesis. A correlation was found between the embolic events observed using transesophageal echocardiography and the cardiopulmonary function of the patients during the perioperative period. A modified surgical technique was designed to reduce the intramedullary pressure during insertion of the stem to prevent intraoperative embolic events. Surgical prevention of fat and bone marrow embolism can also reduce the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
Awareness in anaesthesia: incidence, consequences and prevention.
Awareness during anaesthesia is a state of consciousness that is revealed by explicit or implicit memory of intraoperative events. Although large clinical surveys indicate an incidence of explicit awareness of < 0.3% during anaesthesia for general surgery, this adverse effect should be a great concern, because patients may be permanently disabled by the experience of being awake during surgery. Prevention of awareness during anaesthesia starts with an appropriate preoperative visit to the patient. The anaesthetic delivery machines must be properly checked before and during anaesthesia. The anaesthetic depth should be assessed by observation of movement responses, and consequently a minimum of muscle relaxants used. Because the anaesthetic depth can be controlled by determination of endtidal drug concentration, volatile inhaled anaesthesia may be associated with a lower frequency of awareness than other anaesthetic regimens.
Anesthesia, General↗
Intraoperative pathology consultation for kidney and urinary bladder specimens.
CONTEXT: Intraoperative pathology consultation for kidney and urinary bladder specimens is relatively infrequent. Scant literature is devoted to this topic. OBJECTIVE: The clinical indications and diagnostic usefulness and pitfalls of intraoperative pathology consultation of kidney and urinary bladder specimens will be reviewed, based on literature and personally encountered cases. DATA SOURCES: The indications for intraoperative pathology consultation for renal lesions included (1) surgical margins in partial nephrectomy specimens, (2) solid renal mass in unusual clinical or radiologic settings, (3) synchronous renal and extrarenal masses, (4) cystic renal lesions, (5) ureteral surgical margin for transitional cell carcinoma, (6) multiple renal masses, (7) solid mass in a diffusely cystic kidney, and (8) evaluation of renal injury. The indications for urinary bladder included (1) status of the surgical margins, (2) diagnosis of bladder tumor biopsy, (3) diagnosis of extravesical tumors with vesical extension, (4) diagnosis of extravesical mass, including pelvic lymph nodes encountered during cystectomy, and (5) status of bladder neck margin during radical prostatectomy for cancer. The frequent problematic areas for the kidney included misdiagnosis or incorrect classification of cystic tumors or spindle cell tumors, and confusion of clear cell renal cell carcinoma with inflammatory lesions. The problematic areas for urinary bladder included the differential diagnoses of high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma in situ with reactive changes at the ureteral or urethral surgical margins. CONCLUSIONS: Distinctive indications and diagnostic pitfalls are recognized for intraoperative consultation of renal or urinary bladder lesions. Awareness of the pertinent problems should improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate the proper management of these lesions.
Frozen Sections↗
Interpretative problems and preparative technique influence reliability of intraoperative parathyroid touch imprints.
CONTEXT: Identification of parathyroid tissue (PT) is crucial during parathyroid and thyroid surgery. Touch imprint preparation (TIP) examination is potentially a more time-effective and less labor-intensive approach than frozen section examination for identification of PT during intraoperative consultation. However, the reliability of PT-TIP remains controversial, and this fact has hindered its adoption as a replacement for frozen section examination. OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors contributing to the relative lack of reliability of TIP in a retrospective study. METHODS: Fifty randomly selected, alcohol-fixed, hematoxylin-eosin- and/or Diff-Quik-stained TIPs of specimens that had been submitted to confirm PT during intraoperative consultation were retrospectively reviewed by 5 observers. The observers were blinded to the final interpretation (based on hematoxylin-eosin-stained permanent sections), which included PT in 39 (78%) of the 50 specimens, thyroid in 9 (18%), lymph node in 1 (2%), and adipose tissue 1 (2%). Cases in which a unanimous diagnosis was not attained were re-reviewed by 3 observers. RESULTS: Of 50 TIPs reviewed, a unanimous diagnosis was rendered in 33 cases (66%), including 27 (69%) of 39 PT cases, 5 (56%) of 9 thyroid cases, and the 1 lymph node case. Cytologic features observed in the TIPs that were unanimously accepted as being diagnostic of PT included the presence of small uniform cells in isolation or in small groups, round to oval nuclei, salt-and-pepper chromatin, occasional naked nuclei, and delicate vacuoles both within the cytoplasm and in the background. Re-review of the 17 remaining TIPs cases, in which diagnostic unanimity was not achieved, demonstrated that factors hindering assessment of the TIPs included hypocellularity (n = 5 cases), air-drying effect (n = 4), hemorrhagic background (n = 4), and presence of PT cells in follicular (thyroid-like) arrangements (n = 4). CONCLUSIONS: The major factors influencing reliability of TIP of PT during intraoperative consultation are related primarily to interpretative problems and preparative technique. Awareness of interpretative problems and attention to preparation of TIPs may further enhance the accuracy of TIP during intraoperative consultation.
Cytodiagnosis↗
Comparison of midazolam and diazepam to supplement total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine for endoscopy.
Fifty patients undergoing endoscopy (laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy) were anaesthetised in a double-blind prospective trial using total intravenous anaesthesia. Half of the patients were anaesthetised with an infusion of a solution of 250 mg ketamine and 12.5 mg midazolam. The other patients received an infusion of a solution of 250 mg ketamine and 20 mg diazepam. In addition, both groups were given increments of 50-100 micrograms of fentanyl. The immediate awakening time (t1) was not significantly different between groups, but the patients who had received midazolam-ketamine, had a significantly shorter time to more complete recovery (t2), a significantly lower frequency of emergence reactions and were more satisfied with the anaesthetic than the patients who had received diazepam-ketamine. There was no difference between groups with respect to intraoperative heart rate and blood pressure. No awareness during anaesthesia was reported.
Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
Measurement of activated clotting time in children--comparison of the Celite i-STAT ACT with the Medtronic ACT II.
BACKGROUND: To evaluate a recently introduced blood-saving method for the measurement of activated clotting time (ACT), the Celite i-STAT ACT, by comparing the values obtained with those from the widely used Medtronic ACT II device. METHODS: In a prospective clinical study, we compared ACT values from the i-STAT device with the Medtronic ACT II device in 60 paediatric, interventional, cardiac catheterization procedures necessitating prophylactic heparinization. Blood samples were pair-analyzed using two i-STAT analyzers and one Medtronic ACT II device with double-tube-cartridges before and after heparinization. Data were compared using Bland-Altman bias analysis, Student's t-test and simple regression analysis. RESULTS: Bias and precision between the Medtronic ACT II and the i-STAT ACT values was -5.4 +/- 26.3. The i-STAT and Medtronic ACT II values were similar before heparinization (P = 0.22), but i-STAT ACT values became significantly longer than Medtronic ACT II values after heparinization (P = 0.021). The increase of ACT after heparinization was greater (median 86.3; range 40-187 s) in the i-STAT analyzer than in the Medtronic ACT II analyzer (median 73.0; range 19-235.5 s). Increase in ACT values was inversely affected by intraoperative haemoglobin concentration in the Medtronic ACT II analyzer (P = 0.001) but not in the i-STAT analyzer. CONCLUSION: Activated clotting times obtained from the Celite i-STAT ACT and the Medtronic ACT II demonstrated poor agreement. The technical principles are quite different and the two methods showed diverse susceptibility to intraoperative haemoglobin concentration. Users have to be aware of technique-specific ACT target ranges and their confounders, which need to be provided by the manufacturers.
Adolescent↗
Patients view of the anaesthetist in a developing country.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess patients regarding their knowledge and perception of the anaesthetists' role in patient care in a developing country. SETTING: The audit was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. METHODS: Two hundred surgical and 102 medical out-patients were included in the audit prospectively who filled a detailed questionnaire. RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of the patients knew that anaesthetists were medically qualified but only 20% and 27% had an idea about their role in the intraoperative and immediate postoperative period. 14.6% were aware of the anaesthetists role outside the operating room. No difference was observed between the two groups of patients except that a higher percentage of surgical patients were interested in having more information regarding anaesthesia and wanted to choose their anaesthetist if the need arose. Gender difference was observed in answer to two questions only. A higher percentage of males know the role of anaesthetist in the recovery room whereas a greater number of females who had surgery before remembered their anaesthetist postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The results of this audit show a poor perception of the anaesthetists role both inside and outside the operating room. Although public knowledge surveys have been carried out in developed countries there is a pressing need to repeat these in developing countries since the image as perceived by public may have a direct bearing on the recruitment of young doctors into an already shortage specialty in these less affluent countries.
Anesthesia↗
Acute symptomatic hernia.
Acute symptomatic hernia is a clinical entity characterized by the coexistence of acute incarceration of an abdominal wall hernia together with an acute abdominal disease. Thirteen such cases are described. Increased awareness of this entity, both pre- and intraoperatively, is probably the basis for the improved rate of correct diagnosis (60%) and the decreased mortality (7%).
Adolescent↗
Patient memories of anesthesia--historical perspective.
Since the introduction of anesthetic agents for surgical pain relief in 1846, a number of clinical, experimental and anecdotal reports have been published concerning those patients having memories of their anesthesia. These reports can be divided into three broad categories: awareness of the surgical procedure or other intraoperative events; hallucinations, dreams or illusions; and transcendental experience. The history of each of these groups of experiences is reviewed.
Anesthesia, General↗
The place for curative surgical procedures in the treatment of sporadic and familial Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
The surgical treatment of patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome has undergone a dramatic evolution since the syndrome was originally described. It is now recognized that an aggressive surgical approach is mandatory because of the malignant potential of gastrinomas in both the sporadic and the familial forms of the syndrome. Although initially regarded as an incurable neoplasm, it is now known that complete surgical resection of gastrinomas can result in eugastrinemia even in the presence of lymph node metastases. It is now recognized that extrapancreatic gastrinomas are more common than pancreatic gastrinomas, and the most common location for an extrapancreatic gastrinoma is the duodenal wall. Major improvements in preoperative imaging and intraoperative localization techniques combined with an increased awareness of the anatomic distribution of gastrinomas have markedly increased the surgeon's ability to care for and cure patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Gastrinoma↗
[Intraabdominal complications in the lumbar disc surgery].
INTRODUCTION: : Removal of a lumbar disc herniation is, at present, the most frequent surgical procedure, related to the spine in Neurosurgical Departments. It carries a very low rates of complications and a short postoperative hospital stay. However, in spite of their rarity, serious adverse intraoperative complications may occur, so we must be aware of its existence in order to make an early diagnosis and treatment to prevent a fatal outcome. It is important to ensure that the patient understand the possible complications and obtaining written consent to avoid later medico-legal problems. CLINICAL CASES: We report two cases with typical lumbociatic pain secondary to lumbar disc herniation operated at our Department, that resulted in intraoperative complications, due to perforation of intraabdominal structures. Initially, the patients underwent planned flavectomy, followed by simple disc removal. However, symptoms of abdominal pain and systemic hypotension in each case, began some hours later. Early diagnosis was achieved using abdominal-pelvic CT scan, showing an intestinal perforation in one patient and a tear of both iliac artery and vein in the other. In both, an urgent laparotomy was performed by colleagues from the Department of General and Vascular Surgery, with surgical repair. The final outcome was good and both are asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Surgical removal of the lumbar disc herniation is a very effective procedure, but is not free from certain severe though rare complications. Intestinal perforation and vascular tears are two possible complications to suspect if abdominal pain or systemic arterial to suspect if abdominal pain or systemic arterial urgent surgical repair of such complications. It is of vital importance that the patient knows the existence of such complications and so obtain a written consent.
Abdomen↗
Intraoperative electrode burns.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness of electrode burns that occur in the operating room (OR), to discuss their causes, warning signs, and methods that may reduce their occurrence. Two general sources of electrical burns are described: 1) Excessive radio-frequency current density usually originating from a monopolar electrosurgical unit (ESU) and 2) Direct current (DC) originating from a battery or equipment malfunction. METHODS: Case examples associated with intraoperative neuromonitoring are provided and discussed in the context of the relevant literature. Seven cases are described, five associated with excessive radio-frequency current density and two associated with direct current originating from a battery or equipment malfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations on prevention and warning signs associated with these burns are presented in addition to procedures to follow if a burn is suspected.
Burns↗
Arterial complications following anterior lumbar interbody fusion: report of eight cases.
The objective of this study is to report eight cases of arterial complication following anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) and to analyze the data in order to identify possible risk factors. The authors have encountered six cases of common iliac artery occlusion and two cases of acute vasospasm as a complication of ALIF using two different approaches to spine: hypogastric-midline-transperitoneal approach at one center and minimally invasive muscle-sparing retroperitoneal approach at the other. All cases involved surgery at the L4-L5 level. All patients were smokers, and three had an existing history of vascular disease. The left iliac and common femoral arteries were involved in seven cases, while the right common iliac was involved in one case. Five patients had thromboembolism, one patient had an intimal tear and two had functional vasospasm. Circulation to the lower limb was restored by thrombectomy (five patients) and arterioplasty for the intimal tear (one patient). One of the vasospasm cases was explored (false-positive), while the other was treated conservatively. One of the patients with thrombosis developed rhabdomyolysis resulting in fatal acidosis. All but the first case at each center was diagnosed either intraoperatively or within 2 h of surgery. We believe that awareness of this potentially serious complication will lead to precautionary measures for prevention of the problem as well as early diagnosis and management of the complication if it does occur. Intraoperative monitoring of lower limb blood flow by measuring the toe oxygenation with a pulse oxymeter can prove to be helpful in early diagnosis.
Adult↗