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PubMed1985

Creatinine and urea clearances compared to inulin clearance in preterm and mature babies.

Simultaneous clearances of inulin, urea and creatinine were compared in 41 babies of 26-40 weeks gestation on 122 occasions during the first month of life. In each case creatinine was measured by a reaction rate method, and in thirty specimens it was also measured after adsorption onto resin. Urea clearance averaged only 62% of inulin clearance (P less than 0.001), and was a poor marker of glomerular filtration. Creatinine clearance measured by resin adsorption equalled inulin clearance, but the assay is manual and not suitable for routine clinical use. Creatinine clearance measured by reaction rate analysis underestimated inulin clearance by a quarter (P less than 0.01) because this automated method overestimated plasma creatinine by an average of 22 mumol/l. Urinary creatinine excretion was 72 +/- 17 nmol/kg per min (mean +/- S.D.) during the first week of life, and 66 +/- 13 nmol/kg per min in weeks two to four, and was not influenced by gestation or body size. Using these values, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow, and the urinary excretion rates of substances may be estimated from measurements made on plasma and untimed urines. Although these estimates are imprecise, with 9% confidence limits of 62-161%, they are useful in clinical practice because they avoid the need to make accurately timed collections of urine.

Creatinine↗

PubMed1990

Comparison of creatinine and inulin clearances in multiple trauma.

Creatinine clearance (Ccr) is a good predictor of renal dysfunction. However, numerous analytical interferences have been observed with the classical measurement of creatinine by Jaffé's procedure. This prospective study was conducted to compare 4 methods for determining creatinine; and also endogenous creatinine clearance with inulin clearance (Cin) to estimate the glomerular filtration rate. The 4 different techniques for measuring creatinine were: 1) 2 techniques using Jaffé's colorimetric reaction: one with rapid and the other with slow kinetics: 2) 2 more selective methods: enzymatic procedure and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Measurements were performed in 13 multiple trauma patients after stabilization and in 5 comatose patients (control group) over a 3-day period, with strict 24-h urine collection. On the second day, inulin clearance and para-aminohippuric acid clearance (Cpah) were measured. Measurement of creatinine by Jaffé's procedure yields significantly higher levels than those obtained by the other methods. Higher levels of both plasma and urinary creatinine were observed in the multiple trauma patients with all the methods used. There were no significant differences in Ccr, Cin, Cpah between the multiple trauma patients and the control patients. The best correlations between inulin clearance and creatinine clearance were observed for Jaffé's rapid kinetics (r = 0.90) in the control group and for the enzymatic procedure in the multiple trauma group (r = 0.55). Plasma creatinine is not a useful indicator in multiple trauma. The correlation between creatinine clearance and inulin clearance is not very strong in multiple trauma, indicating that the relative evolution (not the absolute values) of creatinine clearance is of interest.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Effects of cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and inulin fed to rats as single supplements or in combinations on their caecal parameters.

We compared the effect of diets containing different nondigestible carbohydrates: cellulose (C), inulin (IN) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as single supplements or in dietary combination on caecal physiology of rats. Sixty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into five groups and for 4 weeks were fed a casein diet with the compared carbohydrates (4% of diet) or a combination of IN+C or IN+CMC (both 4+4%). Diet intake and FCR index remained unaffected by the treatments, whereas IN improved the body weight gain of rats compared to CMC. Compared to C group, all diets containing IN and CMC decreased the caecal pH as well as enlarged the caecum, thus increasing the weights of contents and tissue, especially upon CMC treatment. Rats given carboxymethylcellulose (CMC and IN+CMC groups) had watery caecal digesta, and some of them suffered from diarrhoea. In the case of CMC, the caecal enlargement was due to tissue hypertrophy and digesta accumulation mostly in response to an increased bulk of contents. Unlike C+IN, the dietary combination of CMC- and inulin-enhanced fermentation in the caecum of rats, however the proportion of acetate, propionate and butyrate was less beneficial. Compared to CMC, inulin gave a higher concentration of SCFA, especially of butyrate and propionate. The action of inulin in the caecum of rats could be pronounced by dietary treatment combined with CMC.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

The combined hydrolysis and hydrogenation of inulin catalyzed by bifunctional Ru/C.

A one-pot process for hydrolysis and hydrogenation of inulin to D-mannitol and D-glucitol over a bifunctional Ru/C catalyst was developed. The hydrolysis is catalyzed by the carbon support, onto which acidity was introduced by pre-oxidation. The effect of different carbon treatments on the hydrolysis of inulin was studied. Oxidation with ammonium peroxydisulfate resulted in a carbon with the highest hydrolysis activity. On this carbon, long chain inulin is hydrolyzed faster than inulin rich in short chains. The application of high pressure (up to 100 bar) increased the hydrolysis rate substantially. The combined process was successfully conducted with a Ru-catalyst supported on this oxidized carbon.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of sugar-beet fibre, guar gum and inulin on nutrient digestibility, water consumption and plasma metabolites in healthy Beagle dogs.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of three fibres (sugar-beet fibre, guar gum and inulin) incorporated in the basal diet of healthy dogs at 7 per cent of dry matter (DM). Parameters examined included stool output, water consumption, nutrient digestibility and fasting and postprandial plasma metabolites. All fibres increased wet faecal output; an increase in faecal DM output being observed with sugar-beet fibre only. Sugar-beet fibre and inulin increased daily water consumption. Sugar-beet fibre and guar gum decreased DM digestibility. The three fibres diminished organic matter and crude protein digestibility while ether extract digestibility was decreased by guar gum and inulin. Guar gum induced lower postprandial insulin, alpha-amino-nitrogen and urea plasma concentrations. Guar gum also lowered fasting cholesterolaemia. Sugar-beet fibre and inulin showed no metabolic effects. These physiological properties suggest that guar gum would be a suitable ingredient for dietary therapy of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidaemia in the dog.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Single-injection inulin clearance--a simple method for measuring glomerular filtration rate in dogs.

The glomerular filtration rates (GFR) of 93 dogs of different breeds with a broad range of bodyweight were determined using an inulin single-injection method. Fifty-two dogs were used as controls, 21 dogs had suspected renal disease but serum creatinine in the normal range, and 20 dogs had elevated serum creatinine levels and a low urine specific gravity due to renal disease. Inulin was injected intravenously at a dosage of 100 mg kg(-1) bodyweight or 3000 mg m(-2) body surface. Blood samples were taken before and three, 20, 40, 80 and 120 minutes after injection. The total clearance was calculated from the decrease in the serum concentration of inulin using a two-compartment model. The range of GFR values was 83.5-144.3 ml min(-1) m(-2) in control dogs, 60.2-96.7 ml min(-1) m(-2) in dogs with suspected renal disease, 50.0-76.2 ml min(-1) m(-2) in dogs with suspected renal disease and polyuria/polydipsia, and 16.3-63.0 ml min(-1) m(-2) in dogs with azotaemic renal disease. The study indicates that single-injection inulin clearance is a cheap and simple tool for GFR measurements in small animal practice.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Indicator measurement in tissues: CT with iohexol versus storage-phosphor autoradiography with carbon-14-labeled inulin.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Computed tomography (CT) provides accurate measurement of blood iodine concentration in vivo, as well as in phantoms simulating tissue; however, its ability to measure radiopaque agents in biologic tissues in comparison with a standard technique does not seem to have been demonstrated. To validate the performance of CT imaging for quantification of contrast media in a variety of biologic tissues in vivo, a comparison between CT imaging with an iodinated contrast agent (iohexol) and the reference tracer quantification technique (storage-phosphor autoradiography with carbon-14-labeled inulin) was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six New Zealand White rabbits were injected intravenously with a cocktail of iohexol and C-14-labeled inulin at different dose ratios and sacrificed shortly after injection to arrest blood flow at different stages of tissue tracer distribution. One rabbit received no iohexol-inulin mixture and provided baseline data. Liver, spleen, kidneys, testis, and heart were excised and rapidly frozen. Each organ was scanned with CT (1-mm contiguous sections) to determine tissue iodine distribution. Twenty-micrometer tissue slices were made in the same planes in which the CT images had been acquired, and storage-phosphor screen autoradiography was performed to quantify C-14-labeled inulin distribution. RESULTS: Digital image analysis of CT images and autoradiograms was performed on spatially matched regions, and resultant tracer concentrations were compared. Tracer concentrations were highly correlated, with resultant R2 values exceeding 0.9 in all tissues. CONCLUSION: The highly correlated results for iodinated tracer quantification in tissues for CT versus those obtained with the reference technique validate the performance of CT as an accurate means of measuring concentration of radiopaque agent in tissue, independent of tracer dose.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The influence of inulin on the absorption of nitrogen and the production of metabolites of protein fermentation in the colon.

In the present study, the production and fate of bacterial metabolites in the colon were investigated in a direct way using two substrates labelled with stable isotopes: lactose [(15)N,(15)N]ureide as a source of labelled ammonia and egg proteins intrinsically labelled with [(2)H4]tyrosine as a precursor of [(2)H4]p-cresol. Both ammonia and phenolic compounds are believed to be carcinogenic. Stimulation of carbohydrate fermentation in order to prevent accumulation of these toxic metabolites was induced by inclusion of inulin in a test meal or by addition of inulin to the daily diet, allowing us to distinguish between changes induced by the actual presence of a fermentable carbohydrate and effects caused by a long-term dietary intervention. When a single dose of inulin was administered together with the labelled substrates, a significant increase in faecal (15)N excretion, accompanied by a proportional decrease in urinary (15)N excretion was observed, probably reflecting an enhanced uptake of ammonia for bacterial biosynthesis, since an increased concentration of labelled N in bacterial pellets was found. A statistically significant reduction of urinary [(2)H4]p-cresol excretion was also noted. Upon supplementation of inulin to the daily diet during 4 weeks, however, only a tendency towards decreased urinary excretion of both labelled and unlabelled p-cresol was noted. Further studies are warranted to confirm these results in a larger cohort.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Polymeric surfactants based on inulin, a polysaccharide extracted from chicory. 1. Synthesis and interfacial properties.

Inulin, the polydisperse reserve polysaccharide from chicory, has been modified by carbamoylation in organic solvents. The reaction of inulin with a range of alkyl isocyanates resulted, after crystalization, in a variety of carbamoylated inulins from which the interfacial properties were determined. The medium and long chain carbamoylated inulins showed a good to very good reduction of the interfacial tension which makes these biopolymers interesting in the field of biodegradable surface active agents.

Alkylation↗

PubMed2003

Influence of different oligosaccharides and inulin on heterocyclic aromatic amine formation and overall mutagenicity in fried ground beef patties.

The effects of different oligosaccharides [fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and isomaltooligosaccharide (MOS)] and inulin on heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation and overall mutagenicity in fried ground patties were evaluated. Different oligosaccharides and inulin was added directly to ground beef. Patties (100 g) were fried at 225 degrees C (surface temperature) for 10 min per side. FOS added at levels of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g to 100 g of ground beef inhibited total HAA formation by 19, 32, 45, 51, and 58%, respectively. The addition of 1.5 g of FOS, GOS, MOS, and inulin to ground beef patties inhibited total HAA formation by 50, 47, 46, and 54%, respectively. They also reduced overall mutagenicity by 52, 51, 48, and 59%, respectively. These studies confirm that oligosaccharides and inulin have the potential to reduce HAA formation in cooked beef patties.

Amines↗

PubMed1979

Peritoneal clearance of creatinine and inulin during dialysis in dogs: effect of splanchnic vasodilators.

The peritoneal clearance of creatinine and inulin during isotonic peritoneal dialysis was studied in dogs before and after the administration of two vasodilators: isoproterenol and glucagon. One-liter exchanges with 15-min dwell times were used. Blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery was recorded with an electromagnetic flow probe and used as an index for total splanchnic flow. Intravenous isoproterenol (2.4 microgram/min) increased blood flow by 88%, but did not alter peritoneal clearance. When isoproterenol was given i.p. (0.5 microgram/ml dialysis fluid), blood flow increased by 81%, and inulin clearance rose by 26.8% (2.06 +/- 0.18 to 2.61 +/- 0.23 ml/min; P less than 0.05). Creatinine clearance increased by 17.5%, from 10.94 +/- 0.32 to 12.85 +/- 0.34 ml/min (P less than 0.05). When blood flow was returned to control levels with a clamp, clearances also returned to control levels. Glucagon given i.p. (1.0 microgram/ml) had no effect on any measured variable. Glucagon given i.v. at 10 microgram/min caused blood flow to rise by 81% and inulin clearance to rise by 25% from 1.88 +/- 0.16 to 2.35 +/- 0.19 ml/min (P less than 0.05). Cp, inulin clearance remained at control levels. Vasodilators seem to exercise two effects in augmenting clearance of small and middle-sized molecules: a direct permeability effect and a blood-flow related effect, possibly in increasing the surface area available for exchange and/or increasing permeability of the capillary endothelium.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effect of consumption of a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal containing inulin on the intestinal milieu and blood lipids in healthy male volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a breakfast cereal containing inulin on blood lipids and colonic ecosystem in normolipidemic young men. SETTING: Department of Food Science and Microbiology,University of Milan, Italy. SUBJECTS: Twelve healthy male volunteers, age 23.3 +/- 0.5 y, body mass index (BMI) 25.7 +/- 1.2 kg/m2 (mean +/- s.e.m.). INTERVENTIONS: Subjects consumed daily, for three periods of four weeks, 50 g of a rice-based ready-to-eat cereal (placebo) and the same cereal containing 18% inulin (test) in substitution of their habitual breakfast, then returned to the habitual diet (wash-out). They followed no other dietary restrictions. RESULTS: No changes in body weight, dietary habits, faecal and bile acid output, faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and faecal pH, were observed at the end of each period, whereas plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerols significantly decreased at the end of test period by 7.9 +/- 5.4 (P < 0.05) and 21.2 +/- 7.8% (P < 0.005) respectively. Meal glucose tolerance test (MTT) resulted in the same incremental area under the curve for both cereals (IAUC test 124 +/- 35; placebo 118 +/- 33 mmol x min/l, ns). Inulin markedly enhanced breath H2 excretion (IAUC test 280 +/- 40; placebo 78 +/- 26 ppm x h, P < 0.005), as well as faecal concentration of L-lactate. Total facultative anaerobes significantly decreased after test, and bifidobacteria increased after correction for total anaerobes (P < 0.05). Changes in blood lipids were negatively correlated with bifidobacteria counts and positively with secondary bile acid excretion (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Inulin seems to have a lipid lowering potential in normolipidemic men possibly mediated by mechanisms related to colonic fermentation.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Fructan of the inulin neoseries is synthesized in transgenic chicory plants (Cichorium intybus L.) harbouring onion (Allium cepa L.) fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase.

Fructan (polyfructosylsucrose) is an important storage carbohydrate in many plant families. fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase (6G-FFT) is a key enzyme in the formation of the inulin neoseries, a type of fructan accumulated by members of the Liliales. We have cloned the 6G-FFT from onion by screening a cDNA library using barley sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) as a probe. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a high homology with plant invertases and 6-SFT. Incubation of protein extracts from transgenic tobacco plants with the trisaccharide 1-kestose and sucrose resulted in the formation of neokestose and fructans of the inulin neoseries with a degree of polymerization up to six. Introduction of the onion 6G-FFT into chicory resulted in the synthesis of fructan of the inulin neoseries, in addition to the synthesis of linear inulin.

Allium↗

PubMed1978

Sequence variation among heavy chains from inulin-binding myeloma proteins.

The entire sequences of the variable region of four heavy chains from BALB/c inulin-binding myeloma proteins have been determined. Among the four proteins there are six amino acid differences, all of which occur in the framework portion of the variable region. All of the six amino acid substitutions can be explained by single base mutations at the DNA level. The pattern of diversity in these proteins is compared to a previously reported group of heavy chains from phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma proteins. Unlike the phosphorylcholine-binding proteins, which (with the exception of two that are identical) have size and sequence differences in their complementarity regions, the inulin-binding heavy chains all have identical complementarity regions with H3 being extremely short. The pattern of variation observed in the anti-inulin heavy chains appears to be most easily explained by a somatic mutation mechanism. However, because none of the substitutions occur in complementarity-determining regions, they presumably would have no selective advantage and would not alter binding specificity. These proteins have further been shown to have crossreacting antigenic determinants (idiotypes). Five of the six sequence differences observed occur at positions that are internal in the molecule and thus presumably would not account for the idiotypic differences. These results suggest that most of the observed idiotypic crossreactivities will be due to differences in the light chains of the anti-inulin proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Intestinal mucin distribution in the germ-free rat and in the heteroxenic rat harbouring a human bacterial flora: effect of inulin in the diet.

A colorimetric method was used on water-soluble mucin extracted from mucosal scrapings and contents of the caecum and the colon of five germ-free (GF) rats and five heteroxenic (HE) rats harbouring a human flora (GF rats associated with a human flora). These rats were fed on a diet containing either 100 g sucrose/kg or 100 g inulin/kg. Histological stains, periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue pH 2.5 and alcian blue pH 0.5 were used to discriminate between neutral, acidic and acidic sulphated mucins respectively. Spectrocolorimetric assays led to a calculated absorbance value for 1 mg of the initial mucin extract. Each mucin type was compared between treatments. The caecal contents of GF rats contained more acidic mucin than sulphomucin, which was present in the same proportion as neutral mucin. Their colonic contents contained more acidic mucins than sulphomucin, which in turn was more abundant than neutral mucin. Their caecal mucosa mucin distribution differed from that of the contents: very little acidic mucin was present and neutral and sulphomucin proportions were of the same order of magnitude. Inulin increased the amount of neutral mucin in the caecal contents and of sulphated mucins in the colonic contents and increased the amounts of neutral and acidic mucins in the caecal mucosa. Mucin distribution in the HE rats was very different from that in the GF rats: the caecal contents contained a high proportion of acidic mucins and very little sulphomucin. The same distribution of mucins was observed in the colonic contents. The caecal mucosa contained less acidic mucin and more sulphomucin than the caecal contents. Inulin decreased acidic mucins and increased sulphated mucins in the caecal contents and increased neutral and sulphated mucins in the colonic contents. Inulin increased sulphomucin in the caecal mucosa and decreased acidic mucin in the caecal and colonic mucosas. The very low amount of mucin that was recovered in the colonic mucosa suggests that, in the presence of the bacterial flora and associated with inulin in the diet, mucin was extensively released from the mucosa to the colonic lumen. This might be related to the bacterial metabolites produced.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The effect of ingestion of inulin on blood lipids and gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy females.

The effect of a daily intake of 14 g inulin added to a low-fat spread on fasting blood lipids and gastrointestinal symptoms was investigated in sixty-four young healthy women in a randomized double-blind crossover study involving two periods of 4 weeks. The test spread with and without inulin replaced habitual spread during the test periods. No significant differences between the test periods in plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were observed. Gastrointestinal symptoms assessed with questionnaires showed that in the inulin period there was a significantly (P < 0.05) higher degree of discomfort from flatulence and other gastrointestinal symptoms than in the control period. In general, there was no indication of intestinal adaptation to this level of intake of inulin.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effects of two fermentable carbohydrates (inulin and resistant starch) and their combination on calcium and magnesium balance in rats.

Resistant starch and inulin are complex carbohydrates that are fermented by the microflora and known to increase colonic absorption of minerals in animals. The fermentation of these substrates in the large bowel to short-chain fatty acids is the main reason for this increase in mineral absorption. The purpose of the present study was to examine the potential synergistic effect of a combination of these two fermentable carbohydrates. For this purpose, thirty-two adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 g were used in the present study. The rats were distributed into four groups, and fed for 21 d a fibre-free basal purified diet or diet containing 100 g inulin, or 150 g resistant starch (raw potato starch)/kg diet or a blend of 50 g inulin and 75 g resistant starch/kg diet. After an adaptation period of 14 d, the rats were then transferred to metabolic cages and dietary intake, faeces and urine were monitored for 5 d. The animals were then anaesthetized and caecal Ca and Mg absorption were measured. Finally, the rats were killed and blood, caecum and tissues were sampled. Ca and Mg levels were assessed in diets, faeces, urine, caecum and plasma by atomic absorption spectrometry. Our results confirmed that inulin and resistant starch ingestion led to considerable caecal fermentation in the three experimental groups compared with the control group diet. Moreover, both carbohydrates significantly increased the intestinal absorption and balance of Ca and Mg, without altering the plasma level of these two minerals. Interestingly, the combination of the studied carbohydrates increased significantly the caecal soluble Ca and Mg concentrations, the apparent intestinal absorption and balance of Ca, and non-significantly the plasma Mg level. In conclusion, a combination of different carbohydrates showed synergistic effects on intestinal Ca absorption and balance in rats. Further studies with other types of carbohydrate combinations should be carried out to extend these findings.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effects of inulin-type fructans on lipid metabolism in man and in animal models.

Studies in rodents show that inulin and oligofructose can reduce the plasma levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerols (TG). In addition, they can oppose TG accumulation in liver and have favourable effects on hepatic steatosis. The hypotriglyceridaemic effect is due to a reduction in hepatic re-esterification of fatty acids, but mainly in the expression and activity of liver lipogenesis, resulting in lower hepatic secretion rate of TG. This repression of lipogenesis is not observed in adipose tissue. The effect on liver lipogenesis can be explained by reduced insulin/glucose levels or by a selective exposure of the liver to increased amounts of propionic acid produced in the large intestine during fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates. The decrease in plasma cholesterol could also be due to inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by propionic acid or to modifications in the bile acid metabolism. Studies in man yield more conflicting results with a decrease or no effects on plasma lipid levels, and, when a decrease is observed, more marked effects on TG than on cholesterol and more consistent action of inulin than of oligofructose. Besides the difference in the dose of inulin or oligofructose used, differences in metabolic status could play a role in this discrepancy between man and animals since reduction in plasma TG is observed in man mainly in a situation of increased liver lipogenesis (high-carbohydrate diet, obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia). The effects on plasma cholesterol appear also more marked in hyperlipidaemic subjects than in healthy controls, suggesting that inulin and oligofructose have beneficial effects in these types of subjects.

Animals↗