Human leptospirosis associated with a swimming pool, diagnosed after eleven years.
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Humans↗
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Results for “LEPTOSPIRA CANICOLA”
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[Canine leptospirosis and public health].
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Animals↗
Experimentally induced leptospirosis in coyotes (Canis latrans).
Infection of coyotes (Canis latrans) with Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, canicola, and copenhageni was accomplished by percutaneous inoculation. Bacteriologic, serologic, histopathologic, and fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the infections. Leptospiremia was established with pomona. Leptospiruria was demonstrated with the three serovars. Serovar canicola was recovered from one coyote 134 days after it was inoculated.
Animals↗
Isolation of serotype hardjo and other leptospirae from armadillos in Argentina.
A serologic, bacteriologic, and histopathologic examination for leptospires was carried out on 89 armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus) from Argentina. Forty-seven per cent of the serum samples yielded positive results when tested by microscopic-agglutination. Predominant agglutination reactions were to the Hebdomadis and Bataviae serogroups. A total of 15 Leptospira isolations (from 16.8 per cent of the animals tested) were obtained from kidney tisse. Nine of the isolates were identified as belonging to the Bataviae group serotypes argentiniensis, paidjan, or bataviae; three other isolates proved to be the Canicola group serotype canicola; two others were Leptospira biflexa strains; and the last isolate was found to be serotype hardjo of the Hebdomadis group. The latter finding represents the first isolation of serotype hardjo from this animal species. Histopathologic examination of kidneys from 11 of the animals yielding pathogenic leptospires permitted a diagnosis of interstitial nephritis. This intersitial nephritis, presenting the characteristic picture of lymphoid infiltration, appeared intense in two animals, moderate in five others, and only slight in the remaining four. These histopathologic findings of chronic nephritis, combined with the high positive serologic and cultural isolation rates, suggest that the armadillo is an important natural reservoir-host for pathogenic leptospirae.
Animals↗
Development and initial evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo antibodies in bovine sera.
Outer sheath antigen from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno and acetic acid extracted antigens from serovar hardjo types hardjoprajitno and hardjobovis were evaluated in an immunoassay for ability to detect hyperimmune rabbit serum to serovar hardjo. The degree of cross-reactivity with hyperimmune rabbit sera to L. interrogans serovars pomona, copenhageni, grippotyphosa, canicola and sejroe, and Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc was also measured for each antigen. All of the antigens reacted with the antiserum to L. interrogans serovar hardjo. The outer sheath antigen however, also showed wide cross-reactivity with the antisera to all of the serovars of L. interrogans tested and with the antiserum to L. biflexa serovar patoc. The acetic acid extracted antigen from either type hardjoprajitno, or type hardjobovis, showed a high degree of specificity for serovar hardjo antiserum. The hardjobovis acetic acid extracted antigen was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, and was incorporated into an indirect ELISA for detection of anti-serovar hardjo antibodies in bovine serum. This ELISA showed a relative specificity of 100% with 156 bovine sera which were negative at a dilution of 1:100 in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for L. interrogans serovars hardjo, pomona, sejroe, icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, canicola, and grippotyphosa. The relative sensitivity of this assay with 192 bovine sera which had serovar hardjo MAT titres of > or = 100 was 95.3% (95% confidence limit = 2.99%). The degree of cross-reactivity with 289 bovine sera which had serovar pomona MAT titres of > or = 100 (with no detectable serovar hardjo MAT titres) was approximately 1.0%. This assay was: easily standardized, scored objectively, repeatable, semi-automated and used a non-hazardous antigen that can be routinely prepared in gram amounts.
Acetic Acid↗
Growth requirements of pathogenic Leptospira.
Nutritional requirements for growth at 30 C of Leptospira pomona and L. canicola have been determined. Both pathogenic serotypes initially required bovine serum albumin (BSA) for growth in a medium (SM-4) which permitted growth of the water isolate B-16. Requirement for BSA was eliminated by (i) removing much of the apparent toxicity of free fatty acids in Tween 80 on an anion exchange column, (ii) decreasing extended lag periods observed from small inocula by incorporation of pyruvate into the medium, (iii) the addition of acetate to permit full utilization of substrate fatty acids in Tween 80, and (iv) the addition of glycerol to decrease generation times. Physiologic significance of these findings is discussed, and the possibility is suggested that apparent toxicity of fatty acids for leptospires may result from their auto-oxidation products. The resulting protein-free medium (SM-5) permitted the growth of pathogens at 30 C to high cell yields in low inocula. Highly virulent and avirulent strains from the same clone of L. canicola Moulton were used to determine additional growth requirements associated with virulence. As incubation temperatures were increased from 30 C to those of mammalian hosts, virulent cells required biotin at 35 C and higher levels of K(+) and Mg(2+) at 37 C. Additional Fe(2+) eliminated the necessity for removing the toxicity of Tween 80 by anion exchange. Significance of these physiologic studies are discussed in relationship to virulence. The final protein-free medium (SM-6) grew highly virulent L. canicola from tissue to high yields from low inocula at 37 C with no loss in virulence over several transfers.
Acetates↗
[Leptospirosis in slaughter cattle--serologic and bacterial study].
Antibodies to leptospiras were demonstrated in 91 cases (7.4%) out of 1,239 animals examined by serological assays of blood sera of cattle slaughtered in slaughter-houses and coming from 21 farms of one district. The antibodies were detected in animals coming from eleven out of the farms investigated (52.4%). The most frequent reactions were proved with leptospiras of the serovar L. grippotyphosa (61.8%) and with leptospiras of the serological group Sejroe (18.9%), rarely with leptospiras of the serovar L. icterohaemorrhagiae or copenhageni (5.7%). Antibodies to leptospiras of other serovars (L. canicola, L. bulgarica and L. hardjo) were demonstrated only as coagglutionations with the above-mentioned leptospira serovars. We failed to demonstrate leptospiras in the animals examined by culture examinations as well as by bacterioscopy. The results of examinations have shown that the cattle on Czech farms is also exposed to infections by various serovars of leptospiras. The infections are not accompanied by manifest clinical symptoms in many cases nor do they cause significant elimination of leptospiras in urine in the serologically positive animals. On the Czech cattle farms the occurrence of antibodies to leptospiras of the serovar L. grippotyphosa is prevailing; this serovar seems not to be expressly pathogenic to cattle and does not cause the formation of anthropurgic foci. Reduction in the occurrence of antibodies to leptospiras of this type is possible to achieve by preventing the contact with natural foci of this type. Hence the prognosis of epizootologic situation in bovine leptospirosis in the conditions of this country is relatively favorable. But special attention should be paid to animals bought and imported from foreign countries. These animals could be a source of some highly pathogenic serovars of leptospiras to cattle.
Animals↗
Serologic studies on brucellosis, leptospirosis and tularemia in moose (Alces alces) in Quebec.
Blood samples were obtained from 208 moose in La Vérendrye and Matane Reserves and in Laurentides Park, Quebec, Canada. Sera were tested for antibodies to Brucella abortus, Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona, and Francisella tularensis. Fifteen sera contained evidence of prior exposure to F. tularensis. Only one animal was a seroreactor to L. interrogans serovar grippotyphosa and none of them had antibodies to B. abortus.
Animals↗
Meningitis due to canicola fever.
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Infections↗
Herd-level risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. seroprevalence in dairy and beef cattle in Spain.
Our aim in this cross-sectional study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. infection in herds and cattle and the relationships between seroprevalence and beef versus dairy, size, replacement policy and grazing management in a representative area of beef- and dairy-cattle production in Spain. Herds were the initial sampling unit. Blood samples were collected from 762 dairy cattle belonging to 81 herds and 1238 beef cattle from 134 herds; sera were tested for antibodies against 11 serovars of Leptospira (autumnalis, ballum, bratislava, canicola, castellonis, copenhagheni, grippotyphosa, hardjo, louisiana, pomona and tarassovi) using the microagglutination test. Forty-three percent (36.2-49.5%) of the herds and 8% (6.4-8.8%) of the individuals were seropositive against one or more of the serovars studied. Bratislava was the most-prevalent serovar (24% of the herds and 4% of the individuals) followed by hardjo (11 and 1%, respectively). Grippotyphosa, copenhagheni and tarassovi were more prevalent in dairy than in beef herds (P<0.001, P<0.05, P<0.05, respectively) -- but no significant association was found between herd-size and Leptospira seroprevalence for any of the serovars considered.
Animal Husbandry↗
Prevention of renal carriage of leptospirosis in dogs by vaccination.
Dogs vaccinated with a Leptospira interrogans vaccine containing serogroups Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae and prepared from cultures grown in a protein-free medium resisted challenge with heterologous representatives of these serogroups. In contrast, control dogs were pyrexic and leptospires were isolated from the blood for nine days following Canicola challenge and six days after Icterohaemorrhagiae challenge. Leptospires were isolated from the urine of controls throughout the post challenge period and from kidneys at post mortem examination of six out of six and four out of six Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae challenged controls, respectively. There have been no reports of hypersensitivity reactions to this vaccine since its introduction in 1980.
Animals↗
Leptospiral attachment to extracellular matrix of mouse fibroblast (L929) cells.
The attachment of leptospires to the extracellular matrix (ECM) remaining after mouse fibroblast (L929) cells on coverslips had been solubilized with Triton X-100 was examined. Each highly virulent line of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni, canicola and pomona attached to ECM more effectively than intermediately virulent and avirulent lines of the same strains, suggesting a correlation between virulence and attachment to ECM. Inhibition of the attachment of highly virulent copenhageni to ECM was found in the presence of the homologous immunoglobulin G Fab fragment.
Animals↗
[Leptospirosis in the Republic of Mordovia].
Over 45 years, anthropurgic foci of Leptospira infection have been differently active in the Republic of Mordovia; in its population, the incidence of leptospiroses being greater than the average federal rates. The peak incidence of leptospirosis was observed at 10-11-year intervals: 1962-1963, 1971-1972, 1983, 1994-1995, 2001-2002 when outbreak and group morbidity were registered. There were 2.6- and 2.4-fold seasonal rises in morbidity in June to September with its peak in July-August, respectively. Cases of infection were notified in all the districts and towns of the republic, and in all landscape-environmental areas; group and outbreak incidence was found in 6 districts and environs of the town of Saransk in 1997-2002. Males aged 20-49 years are a group of risk for Leptospira infection; its incidence rates in age groups 0-14 and above 60 years are less than the average republican ones. Children (aged 0-14 years) and adolescents (aged 15-19 years) actively participate and determine outbreak and group mortality rates. Infection occurs most frequently while bathing in open water reservoirs, while using water from other water springs, going to the forest to pick mushrooms, berries, etc., while being engaged in laying in hay, fodder, and other feeds for animals. During registration of infection in Mordovia, the etiological pattern of human leptospirosis constantly changed, in 1992-2002 there were prevalent diseases caused by Grippotyphosa (60.96%), Canicola (7.12%), Seiroe (6.73%), Australis (6.54%), and Cynopteri (5.96%), in 1997-2002, the proportion of Australis (11.2%) increased and that of Canicola (4.7%) decreased. The leptospira serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Tarassovi, Seiroe were prevalent animals. There was no correlation of the etiological environment of leptospiras isolated from agricultural animals and human beings in 1997-2002, which proves the leading role of natural leptospirosis foci and rodents as a source of infection.
Adolescent↗
Risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among students at the veterinary school of Zaragoza University.
The prevalence and risk factors associated with leptospirosis were studied in veterinary students in Zaragoza. Sera were collected at the beginning and end of the academic year 1994 to 1995 and were tested by ELISA against a pool of Leptospira interrogans serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona antigens. At the beginning of the study the prevalence was 8.14 per cent and at the end it was 11.4 per cent. The incidence of the disease during the study was 0.0394. Risk factors associated with leptospirosis included: taking the course specialising in food inspection and technology, on-farm work, contact with pets in general, and particularly carnivores, and contact with animal traders. The symptoms associated with the disease were myalgia and fever, and the treatment of the symptoms provided some protection.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in raccoons from Illinois.
The determination of serologic titers to infectious organisms is a valuable tool for quantitating exposure to disease organisms. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) were live-trapped from September 1989 to October 1993 and samples collected from two distinct locations in west-central Illinois (USA); a state recreational facility (Park) and privately owned farming property (Farm). Sera were submitted for testing Leptospira interrogans (serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemmorhagiae, and pomona), canine distemper virus (CDV), pseudorabies virus (PV), and Toxoplasma gondii. Two-hundred and twenty-two (48%) of 459 raccoons were seropositive for L. interrogans. Eighty-five (23%) out of 368 raccoons were seropositive for canine distemper virus. Eighty-two (17%) of 479 raccoons raccoons were seropositive for pseudorabies virus. One hundred and eight-four (49%) of 379 raccoons were seropositive for T. gondii. A significant difference (P < 0.05) in seroprevalence for L. interrogans between the park (43%) and farm (52%) areas was found. A correlation between increasing age and seroprevalence was found for L. interrogans, CDV, PV, and T. gondii. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in seroprevalence for T. gondii during the spring trapping seasons (73%), when compared with the fall (33%). This type of information on exposure to infectious agents is important for developing control programs to manage raccoon-human and raccoon-domestic animals interactions.
Age Distribution↗
Epidemiological aspects of canine leptospirosis in the Netherlands.
The epidemiology of canine leptospirosis has been examined in a limited study in the Netherlands from 1969 through 1982. Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola were found to be the only serotypes causing clinical leptospirosis. However, positive agglutination titres to the serotypes grippotyphosa, bratislava, poi and ballum have also been detected. The incidence of infection caused by serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was highest during summer and autumn. Infections with serotype canicola were more evenly distributed over the year with only a slight increase during summer and autumn. Infections caused by serotype canicola were significantly more prevalent in male dogs, whereas infections with serotype icterohaemorrhagiae were found both in males and females in almost equal numbers. The incidence of infections with serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was highest in immature dogs. Infections with serotype canicola were detected in young as well as older animals. In contrast to the situation in the past, infections with serotype icterohaemorrhagiae are now more common than those caused by serotype canicola, which have become rare. The highest incidence of infection was found in the western part of the country. The majority of infections was demonstrated in guard-dogs and sporting-dogs. Dogs proved to be of minor importance as a source of human infection in the Netherlands.
Age Factors↗
Levels of some reproductive diseases in the dairy cattle of Colombia.
Of 4,144 serum samples collected from cows on 113 farms from eight areas of Colombia 3.3% had positive and 8.8% inconclusive titres to Brucella abortus, 21.7, 6.3, 1.6, 0.6 and 0.7% of cows had positive titres to Leptospira serovars hardjo, pomona, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa respectively. Questionnaires completed on 110 farms revealed that 6, 2.5 and 4.6% of cows had had metritis, aborted or retained their placentas respectively in the previous 12 months. Trichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus were isolated from 13.7% and 15% of the bulls sampled on 103 farms. Six and two bulls had inconclusive and positive titres to Brucella abortus. Eight and 23 bulls had positive titres to pomona and hardjo. The results were discussed and remedies for control suggested.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Canine leptospirosis and public health.
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Animals↗