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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Traffic-related air pollution and respiratory health during the first 2 yrs of life.

As part of an international collaborative study on the impact of Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Childhood Asthma (TRAPCA), the health effects associated with long-term exposure to particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microm (PM2.5), PM2.5 absorbance, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were analysed. The German part of the TRAPCA study used data from subpopulations of two ongoing birth cohort studies (German Infant Nutrition Intervention Programme (GINI) and Influences of Lifestyle Related Factors on the Human Immune System and Development of Allergies in Children (LISA)) based in the city of Munich. Geographic information systems (GIS)-based exposure modelling was used to estimate traffic-related air pollutants at the birth addresses of 1,756 infants. Logistic regression was used to analyse possible health effects and potential confounding factors were adjusted for. The ranges in estimated exposures to PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, and NO2 were 11.9-21.9 microg m(-3), 1.38-4.39 x 10(-5) m(-1), and 19.5-66.9 microg x m3, respectively. Significant associations between these pollutants and cough without infection (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.34 (1.11-1.61), 1.32 (1.10-1.59), and 1.40 (1.12-1.75), respectively) and dry cough at night (OR (95% CI): 1.31 (1.07-1.60), 1.27 (1.04-1.55), and 1.36 (1.07-1.74), respectively) in the first year of life were found. In the second year of life, these effects were attenuated. There was some indication of an association between traffic-related air pollution and symptoms of cough. Due to the very young age of the infants, it was too early to draw definitive conclusions from this for the development of asthma.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed2006

Space interferometry application of laser frequency stabilization with molecular iodine.

A number of planned space interferometry missions, including the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) gravitational wave detector, require a laser system with high-frequency stability over long time scales. A 1064 nm wavelength nonplanar ring oscillator (NPRO) laser stabilized to a resonant transition in molecular iodine is suitable for these missions, providing high-frequency stability at an absolute reference frequency. The iodine stabilized laser also offers low sensitivity to temperature and alignment fluctuations and allows frequency tuning. We have evaluated the noise performance of a NPRO laser stabilized to iodine using frequency modulation spectroscopy and have found an Allan standard deviation of 10(-14) over 100 s. Simplified optical configurations and the radiation hardness of the frequency-doubling crystals have also been investigated.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

[Association of physical performance and falls among the community elderly in Japan in a five year follow-up study].

Since falling is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among the elderly, attention should be paid to prevention. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the risk factors for falls among the elderly by a 5-year longitudinal observation. The subjects were the elderly aged 65 years and over living in a rural community in the eastern part of Honshu, Japan. Of the 852 eligible subjects, 685 persons (278 males and 407 females) received the multidimensional medical examination including physical performance as the baseline of TMIG-LISA (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Longitudinal and Interdisciplinary Study on Aging) in 1992. From baseline medical examinations, the following variables were adopted to investigate risk factors for falls (2 or more times during the 5-year follow-up): self-rated health, experience of falling, TMIG-index of competence, visual deficit, anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BML total skinfold thickness), lumbar bone mineral density, and physical performance tests (grip strength, finger-tapping rate, one leg standing time with eyes open or closed, preferred and maximum speed walking for 5 meters). A total of 108 subjects experienced falls two or more times during the 5-year follow-up period (43 men and 65 women). There were significant differences in grip strength, preferred and maximum walking speeds between those who fell and those who did not. Multiple logistic regression analysis controlled for age, sex and other variables adopted in this study revealed the following variables were significantly and independently related to falling: experience of falling within one year preceding the baseline survey (directly, p < 0.0001), preferred walking speed (inversely, p < 0.005) and total skinfold thickness (inversely, p < 0.01). These results suggest that the walking test as well as the experience of falling have discriminant and predictive validity for assessing the future occurrence of falls among the elderly.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed2000

[Alcohol consumption and change of activity of daily living among the elderly living in an urban community].

Alcohol consumption has both adverse and beneficial effects on survival. We examined the baseline status of alcohol consumption and the changes of instrumental activity of daily living (I-ADL) by a prospective survey for the elderly living in an urban community who were participants in the "Longitudinal and Interdisciplinary Study on Aging by the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology (TMIG-LISA)". Detailed information on alcohol intake was collected during a structured interview. At a baseline survey in 1991, 1) the frequency of current drinkers decreased lineally by age. 2) the most popular alcohol beverage was beer for both sexes and average ethanol intake per day were 41 (10-45) g in men and 24 (8-28) g in women. Current drinkers had significantly stronger grip strength, higher velocity in maximum walking and higher score on the TMIG Index of Competence, designed to measure the higher-level competence in elderly community residents. After 4 years follow-up, in 1995, 73.3 percent of the participants completed the examination. They were classified into five categories as "current drinkers", "lifetime abstainers", "beginning to drink during follow-up period", "quit drinking during follow-up period" and "quit drinking at baseline". The decline of I-ADL was significantly greater among the elderly who "quit drinking during follow-up period" than "current drinkers". Further "current drinkers" had significantly lower decline of I-ADL than "lifetime abstainers". Our findings show beneficial effects of moderate alcohol intake in the maintenance of a higher level of competence in the elderly living in a community.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1998

[Changes in autonomic nervous system activity in obese individuals during weight reduction].

The frequency analysis (fast Fourier transformation) of heart rate variability follow-up during modified orthostatic test is the non-invasive method used to the evaluation of vegetative nervous system (NS) activity. There are only few data about the changes of the parameters in the groups with civilization diseases or with the presence of the risk factors of coronary heart disease. In the groups of 82 volunteers (BMI 24.9 +/- 2.7 kg/m2) and 37 healthy obese people (BMI 36.1 +/- 4.9 kg/m2) we compare some of the vegetative NS parameters. In 16 volunteers we measured the vegetative NS activity changes during the weight reduction regimen (10 day's hospitalization, daily energy intake 3300 kJ, weight before 101.5 +/- 18.1 kg, after 97.5 +/- 17.1 kg, p < 0.0001). Acute reactions to the energy restriction were evaluated in 3 groups of 10 volunteers during 3 days of the energy intake 3200, 6600 and 13400 kJ. Obese persons show a slight decrease of both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS activity. In the supine position only few changes in the sympathetic/parasympathetic NS activity ration were observed. In the standing position in obese group drop of the most indexes and decrease of sympathetic/parasympathetic NS activity ratio were described. Significant correlations between sympathetic NS activity and lipid oxidation (r = 0.329, p < 0.01) as well as saccharide oxidation (r = -0.258, p < 0.05) were observed. During the weight reduction slight increase of the parasympathetic NS activity and higher one in the sympathetic NS activity were measured. The values after weight reduction regime are comparable with the control group of the lean persons. Different changes of the parameters were described in standing and in supine position. Acute reaction on the low-energy diet was observed in a few days. It shows a slight increase of the NS activity parameters. Relative increase mainly in the sympathetic nervous system activity doesn't depend on the degree of energy deficit only, but some subjective factors may play a role (age, psychological and psychosocial factors, agreeability of the diet, behavioral factors ...). In the group of obese persons non-specific changes of the vegetative NS activity were observed. They are modulated by some behavioral factors. The tendency to the higher parasympathetic NS activity confirms the MONA LISA theory of the origin of obesity. Important are the informations of the return of the indexes after overweight reduction.

Autonomic Nervous System↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Web site blues.

So far, Rachel Soltanoff's instincts had been right. As CEO in this fictional case study, she had successfully navigated TradeRite Software's transition from a news service for stockbrokers to a $70 million provider of shrink-wrapped software geared toward both brokers and the growing day-trader market. Now a well-financed start-up, Stock-net.com, was testing a very competitive product that traders could download directly over the Web. And TradeRite's Web site was nothing more than a collection of elaborate marketing brochures. Rachel knew she needed to start selling over the Web. But the e-commerce consultants she had hired to set up her Web store were behind schedule, and their 21-year-old CEO had just resigned. Her product manager, Lisa Bandini, was working overtime to transform TradeRite's entire product line into Web-aware applications to match Stocknet's, and Rachel had $2.5 million to launch them. But the consultants said it would take $5 million just to rent e-commerce capabilities. Ace sales VP Brian Rockart thought the company had already wasted too much time and money--money from his budget--on its Web site. Marketing VP Rob Collins thought TradeRite should focus on its core stockbroker customers. Chief Technical Officer Joe Martinez doesn't want to go ahead without a pilot project. Should Rachel try to convince Brian, Rob, and the rest of the senior management team that e-commerce is the way to go? Four commentators offer advice.

Commerce↗

PubMed1999

Narrating genetic disabilities: social constructs, medical treatment, and public policy.

The article compares three memoirs of genetically based disability: Lisa Roney's sweet, invisible body, Georgina Kleege's Sight Unseen, and Alice Wexler's Mapping Fate. The essay explores the tension between the narrow and the broad construction of disability, as demonstrated by the 1999 Supreme Court rulings on the ADA and as experienced by these three memoirists. It concludes that the approach of narrative bioethics, as exemplified by such a study of disability and illness narratives, can offer the medical and public policy community a valuable alternative perspective on genetic disability not as an incapacity, but as a set of social relations and practices.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Aedes albopictus in Cuba.

This is the 1st report of the occurrence of Aedes albopictus in Cuba. It was found in late 1995 in a variety of containers in the municipalities of La Lisa and Boyeros in Havana City.

Aedes↗

PubMed1997

[External quality assessment in coproparasitology in Havana City Province, Cuba]

An external quality assessment in coproparasitology was carried out in 77 laboratories from Havana City. A questionnaire and ten plastic vials with different intestinal parasites in a small nylon bag, duly sealed, were sent to each laboratory. Answers were collected during the 72 hours after delivery. Results were analyzed by means of a computer program. The majority of the laboratories (70%) passed the test; the municipalities with the worst scores in the province were Lisa, Marianao, and Habana del Este. Better results were obtained among technologists working only in parasitology than those who were also performing other laboratory work, and better averages were observed in hospitals than in polyclinics. The best identified intestinal protozoan was Giardia lamblia and the worst identified was Blastocystis hominis (with a 61% mistake rate), followed by Endolimax nana (24.6%), and Entamoeba histolytica (22%). Among helminths, the best identified was Trichuris trichiura (9.2% mistake rate) and the highest percentage of incorrect diagnoses was for Taenia sp. and Fasciola hepatica (both with 66.2%). Taking into account these results, we feel it is necessary to provide training in parasitology among these laboratories.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

[Proximal analysis, fatty acids profile, essential amino acids and mineral content in 12 species of fishes of commercial importance in Venezuela].

Proximate composition, fatty acid profile, essential aminoacid and minerals were determined in twelve fish species (armadillo, bocachico, cachama, carpeta, corvina, lisa, mero, merluza, pargo, robalo, tilapia and trucha). Proximate analysis: moisture, protein and ash, were performed using AOAC methodology, fat by Bligh and Dyer method, fatty acids by Gas Chromatography, aminoacid using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and minerals by spectrophotometric method. Results showed that moisture varies between 70.49% for Armadillo and 78.64% for Mero, protein between 18.70% for Merluza and 25.53 for Armadillo, ash between 0.94% for Mero and 2.13% for Carpeta and fat between 1.12% for Pargo and 6.15% for Cachama. Unsaturated fatty acids (omega 3) were the most common found for all the spices. Essential amino acids studied were present in all the spices. Tilapia (10.938 g/100 g of fish), Bocachico (9.231 g/100 g of fish) and Mero (8.738 g/100 g of fish) shown greater content of essential amino acids. Phosphorous was the most concentrated mineral with a mean value of 238.13 mg/100 g of fish followed by calcium with 42.11 mg/100 g of fish. It was concluded that all studied species are an excellent source of protein, omega 3 fatty acids and minerals.

Amino Acids, Essential↗

PubMed2001

Improving alcoholism treatment across the spectrum of services.

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 RSA Meeting in Denver, Colorado. The chair was Michael E. Hilton. The presentations were (1) The effects of brief advice and motivational enhancement on alcohol use and related variables in primary care, by Stephen A. Maisto, Joseph Conigliaro, Melissa McNiel, Kevin Kraemer, Mary E. Kelley, and Rosemarie Conigliaro; (2) Enhanced linkage of alcohol dependent persons to primary medical care: A randomized controlled trial of a multidisciplinary health evaluation in a detoxification unit, by Jeffrey H. Samet, Mary Jo Larson, Jacqueline Savetsky, Michael Winter, Lisa M. Sullivan, and Richard Saitz; (3) Cost-effectiveness of day hospital versus traditional alcohol and drug outpatient treatment in a health maintenance organization: Randomized and self-selected samples, by Constance Weisner, Jennifer Mertens, Sujaya Parthasarathy, Charles Moore, Enid Hunkeler, Teh-Wei Hu, and Joe Selby; and (4) Case monitoring for alcoholics: One year clinical and health cost effects, by Robert L. Stout, William Zywiak, Amy Rubin, William Zwick, Mary Jo Larson, and Don Shepard.

Alcoholism↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Distribution and trends of tuberculosis by age groups and municipalities in La Habana City, Cuba (1986-1998)].

BACKGROUND: The province of Havana City, the capital and most densely populated city in Cuba, totals around 27% of the new cases of tuberculosis. This article is for the purpose of describing the distribution and trend of the tuberculosis cases rates from 1986 to 1998, by municipalities and age groups in this province. METHOD: A calculation was made of the rates and of the total percentage of deviation of these rates, in addition to the annual average deviation both throughout two time periods and between the two (1986-1993 and 1994-1998). The trends were calculated by simple linear regression. RESULTS: Throughout the 1986-1993 period, the case rate for this province underwent a 6% increase. Throughout the 1994-1998 period, it dropped by 7.3%. The three most densely-populated cities showed a higher rate increase. Of the 15 municipalities, only La Lisa showed a drop in the rates throughout the entire period in question. The rates by ages were similar throughout all of the municipalities, being higher for individuals > 65 years of age. Six tenths (0.6%) of the cases reported involved people under 15 years of age. The infantile tuberculosis rates were very low for the time period under analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The differences among the municipalities in question make it necessary for different measures to be taken to achieve a greater impact and repercussion in Cuba. The drop in the rates detected over the last three years is indicative of the epidemic being brought under control and the national tuberculosis control program being reinstated.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sex-Sorting mammalian sperm: concept to application in animals.

Sperm sexing can be used to produce sexed offspring with 85%-95% accuracy (Amann, 1999; Johnson and Seidel, 1999; Seidel et al 1999a). On September 1, 2000, the sale of sexed bovine sperm commented in the United Kingdom. It will be interesting to see to what degree sexed sperm penetrate the semen market. This verified sexed product sets the stage for commercialization around the world in major animal producing countries. This commercialization of sexed sperm occurred nearly 20 years after technology for accurately determining the proportion of X and Y sperm in semen was first developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It came about due to advances in both the hardware and the software componenets of computer science, biophysic, cell biology and applied reproductive physiology plus efforts of innovative scientist. Many individuals have contributed in making semen sexing in animals a commercial reality since the research team of Bart Gledhill, Dan Pinkel, Duane Garner, Susan Lake, and Larry Johnson began following up on the first flow cytometric studies on human sperm by Friedrich Otto, Wolfgang Göhde, and Marvin Meistrich. There was also major input from personnel at USDA Beltsville Agricultural Research Center as well as scientists at Cambridge University, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, Colorado State University and XY Inc. These include Chuck Allen, Rupert Amann, David Cran, Patrick Doyle, Mike Evans, Lisa Herickhoff, Mervyn Jacobson, Kehuan Lu, Chris Polge, Wim Rens, John Schenk, George Seidel, Glenn Welch, and many others.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Differential patterns of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates in Goiânia, Brazil, 1992-1996: use of spatial analysis to identify high-risk areas].

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial pattern of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in the city of Goiânia, Central Brazil. Analyses were based on linked birth and death certificates relating to 101,000 in-hospital live births from mothers residing in the city of Goiânia over the 1992-1996 period. Overall neonatal and post-neonatal mortality probabilities were calculated using the linked database. The empirical Bayes method was applied to smooth the estimated rates and minimize random fluctuation. Spatial units of analysis were 65 urban districts, corresponding to the urban planning sectors. The following exploratory spatial analyses were applied: "global" Moran's I statistic, local Moran LISA map, and Gi* local statistics. For both neonatal and post-neonatal mortality there was statistically significant spatial autocorrelation. Results of post-neonatal mortality showed a high-risk cluster located on the outskirts of the city. For the neonatal period, a heterogeneous mortality pattern was found with high-risk districts in all regions, including central areas.

Brazil↗

PubMed1996

Spermicide effects questioned by FDA panel.

Spermicides clearly work better than no contraceptive at all, but there's no way to say how effective they are or whether women should opt for a gel, foam, suppository, or film, a scientific panel concluded. The advisors to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) heard disturbing evidence that women who rely on spermicides as their sole contraceptive have anywhere from a 9% to a 57% chance of becoming pregnant within a year. Spermicides appear to work best when used just 30 minutes before intercourse, said Dr. James Trussell of Princeton University. Nobody knows for sure how well spermicides work, and which work best, because the only studies ever performed were flawed. The manufacturers never proved how well their products work because they hit the market in 1950, before the FDA required such proof. The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) plans to begin a study comparing one brand of each type of commercially available spermicide to see how effective they are. The results will not be available for at least 4 years, so the FDA is debating what to tell consumers in the meantime and if that study will be enough. The FDA may soon change spermicide labels at least to rank the products as less effective than other contraceptives, Dr. Lisa Rarick, FDA reproductive health chief, said. Spermicides also should bear a warning that they may cause vaginal irritation, a condition one study suggests might increase a woman's chances of catching HIV, the scientific panel told the FDA. The same panel agreed, however, that spermicides can help protect women against two other sexually transmitted diseases, gonorrhea and chlamydia.

Americas↗

PubMed1992

A bright future for community nursing.

Lisa Rodrigues argues that health visitors and community nurses have a world to gain from the current flux in community health services. But they must actively seek out ways of working jointly with other agencies if they are not to be left on the sidelines.

Community Health Nursing↗

PubMed2004

Dr. Byron McKeeby's contribution to Grant Wood's "American Gothic".

Grant Wood (1891-1942) was a major American regionalist artist from Iowa who produced his world famous icon, American Gothic in 1930. Along with Mona Lisa and Whistler's Mother, this work has become one of the most recognized paintings in the world. While it has been greatly admired by most of its viewers, it has been criticized by others. Currently on display at the Art Institute of Chicago, this oil painting portrays a grim faced farmer and his somber daughter who are resolutely standing in front of their rural, Gothic Revival farmhouse. The tall, gaunt farmer, looking straight ahead, firmly holds a pitchfork whose tines point upward, while his daughter, with her eyes averted appears to be showing disapproval. In American art, it is unusual to find the hard, cold realism and honest, direct and earthy qualities that Wood captures in American Gothic. Wood's actual intention was to present the work as a subtle and witty commentary on midwestern, rural life. To achieve his goal, Wood emulated the meticulous style and technique of the 16th century Flemish masters. His sister, Nan Wood Graham (1900-1990), and his 62-year-old dentist, Dr. Byron H. McKeeby (1867-1950), posed for the painting. This article describes how Grant developed this artistic style which is reflected in American Gothic. Additionally, it examines the strained interactions between Grant Wood, the artist, and Dr. Byron McKeeby, the model.

Dentist-Patient Relations↗

PubMed2004

[Risk factors associated with onset of urinary incontinence in a community-dwelling elderly population: a 4-year follow-up study].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk factors associated with onset of urinary incontinence in a rural community-dwelling elderly population. METHODS: The study area, village N in Akita Prefecture, is a rural community in which a baseline survey of TMIG-LISA (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Longitudinal and Interdisciplinary Study on Aging) was undertaken in 1996. Among the baseline subjects, 760 (314 males and 446 females) community-dwelling elderly people aged over 65, who did not suffer from urinary incontinence at entry of the survey were selected. This cohort has been followed for four years by multi-dimensional medical examination including interviews and physical performance tests, conducted on a yearly basis using similar methods to these for the baseline survey. RESULTS: After the 4-year follow-up, the incidence of urinary incontinence was 7.0% (22/314) in men and 12.3% (55/446) in women. The urinary incontinence group (UIG) had a significantly higher age and lower level of functional fitness at baseline for both sexes. In the UIG, the men but not the women had significantly lower serum levels of albumin and total cholesterol. By the logistic model, age (per 1-year increase: OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.11-1.38), and serum albumin (per 0.1 g/dl increase: OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.54-0.88) in men; and grip strength (per 1-kg increase: OR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.86-0.98), social role (per 1-point decrease: OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.19-2.73), BMI (per 1-kg/m2 increase: OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.01-1.20) and smoking status (never smoker = 1.00, 3 = current smoker: OR = 7.53, 95%CI: 1.36-41.63) in women were independent variables significantly associated with onset of urinary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle and functional fitness are significantly associated with onset of urinary incontinence in this population. Our findings suggest that intervention programs are needed to improve pelvic floor muscle and to provide social support for the elderly.

Aged↗