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PubMed2004

[Early development: some data about autism and language disorders].

INTRODUCTION: The early development of children who have been diagnosed as suffering from autism and children with specific language disorder (SLD) is still an area of research that receives little attention. There is a need for descriptive patterns of the early stages in the development of the two groups that foster the formation of reliable early diagnoses. Aims. In this study we attempt to determine the incidence of different symptoms in the first two years in the life of children who were later diagnosed as suffering from autism or SLD and to confirm or refute the data that suggests a pattern of onset of the disorder that differs from one group to the other. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We compare the data concerning the development of a sample made up of 42 children with autism and 41 children with SLD, which was carried out by means of a retrospective analysis of the information obtained from the families in the evaluation and diagnosis processes that were conducted in our centre. More specifically, we compare information about the following variables: family history, parents' age at the time of pregnancy, parents' profession, position at birth and incidence by sex, information about prenatal, perinatal and postnatal aspects, eating and sleeping problems, the presence or absence of signs of passivity, traces of alarm during the first year, age of the child when the first suspicions appeared, symptoms or difficulties that are described, data linked to medical neurological explorations carried out and data related to motor development. RESULTS: Although there are numerous similarities in many of the variables studied in both groups, it seems that the earlier onset of symptoms, passivity and the absence of pointing behaviour are more frequent in the group with autism than in children with SLD. The latter present a specific difficulty in language, tantrums and poorer motor competencies. CONCLUSIONS: At present there is no single symptom in early development that is exclusive to any of the disorders described above, although it is possible to determine some significant differences between the two groups. There is also a need to conduct more studies in the same line as this one that take into account the patterns of early development of other the autistic spectrum disorders.

Attention↗
PubMed2000

Epilepsy and epileptiform EEG: association with autism and language disorders.

The relationship between epilepsy, language, behavior, and cognition is not well understood. Developmental and acquired disabilities such as autistic spectrum disorders, Landau-Kleffner Syndrome, electrical status epilepticus in sleep, and developmental dysphasias have been associated with epileptiform abnormalities. These disorders share many common features and raise important questions regarding this intricate relationship. This article reviews these disorders and discusses the proposed interaction between epileptiform abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction. Diagnostic and treatment issues will also be reviewed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2000

Language disorders: a 10-year research update review.

OBJECTIVE: To review the past 10 years of research in child language or communication disorders, which are highly prevalent in the general population and comorbid with childhood psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A literature search of 3 major databases was conducted. The child language literature, describing the domains of language development--phonology, grammar, semantics, and pragmatics--is reviewed. RESULTS: Disorders of grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, but not phonology, overlap significantly with childhood psychiatric disorders. Receptive language disorders have emerged as high-risk indicators, often undiagnosed. Language disorders and delays are psychiatric risk factors and have implications for evaluation, therapy, and research. However, they are often undiagnosed in child mental health and community settings. The research has focused mostly on monolingual English-speaking children. CONCLUSION: Awareness of basic child language development, delay, and deviance is crucial for the practicing child and adolescent psychiatrist, who must diagnose and refer relevant cases for treatment and remediation. Future research needs to address the growing language diversity of our clinical populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Sensory modulation of auditory stimuli in children with autism and receptive developmental language disorder: event-related brain potential evidence.

Three groups of age- and PIQ-matched children (Autism, Receptive Developmental Language Disorder, and normal controls) participated in two event-related brain potential (ERP) experiments. Each of these experiments was aimed at evaluating whether either of the two clinical groups of children demonstrated abnormalities in two auditory ERP components, N1 and P2, which are known to be dependent on stimulus characteristics (frequency, intensity, and probability), and believed to be generated within primary and secondary cortex. Results of Experiment 1 provide partial support for the idea that both clinical groups failed to fully process changes in stimulus intensity as indexed by the N1 component. Results are discussed in reference to potential abnormalities in serotonergic regulation of auditory cortex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Short term memory and severe language disorders in the child].

Memory, and particularly short-term memory or "working memory" (Baddeley), is involved in language acquisition in children. We have studied short-term memory, with verbal-and non verbal tests, of 8 children suffering from developmental dysphasia compared with other ones, matched in terms of age and performance I.Q. (W.I.S.C.-R.). The digit span did not significantly differ in the two groups, while the visuo-spatial span was lower in the dysphasic group. The memorization of a list of monosyllabic words by dysphasic children was poor in the absence of visual presentation and improved by it. Differences between dysphasic and control-children are unlikely to be due to speech rate which does not significantly differ from one group to the other one. The results suggest the existence, in language disordered children, of cognitive functions disorders much more important than those directly involved in the speech production.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1984

A longitudinal study of a hyperlexic child: hyperlexia as a language disorder.

The longitudinal study of a hyperlexic girl, A.E., is described. Although her WISC-R IQ was 58, her reading was significantly advanced for age and level of intellectual functioning. She was socially withdrawn and displayed repetitive and self-stimulation behaviors. At birth she weighed 1000 g and was 32 weeks gestational age. She had severe respiratory distress, seizures and apnea in the perinatal period. She had a history of significantly delayed development, although the delays were more pronounced in language than in perceptual motor skills. She demonstrated difficulties with semantic and syntactic processing of language and could read words and sentences of which she had little or no comprehension. The existence of reading in spite of severely disordered language suggests that reading may occur by visual and/or phonological routes but that semantic and syntactical processing of words is not essential.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exploring the contribution of the cerebral hemispheres to language comprehension deficits in adults with developmental language disorder.

A divided visual field, priming paradigm was used to observe how adults who have a history of developmental language disorder (DLD) access lexically ambiguous words. The results show that sustained semantic access to subordinate word meanings (such as BANK-RIVER), which is seen in control subjects, is disrupted in the right cerebral hemisphere for this special population of readers. In the left hemisphere, only the most dominant meaning of the ambiguous word shows sustained priming in both controls and DLD participants. Therefore, for the DLD readers the subordinate meanings of words are not primed in either hemisphere and, thus, may not be available during online processing and integration of discourse. This right hemisphere lexical access deficit might contribute to the language comprehension difficulties exhibited by adult readers with a history of DLD.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Localization of white matter volume increase in autism and developmental language disorder.

Increased brain volume in autism appears to be driven mainly by an unexplained white matter enlargement, and we have reported a similar phenomenon in developmental language disorder (DLD). Localization of this enlargement would strongly guide research into its cause, tissue basis, and functional implications. We utilized a white matter parcellation technique that divides cerebral white matter into an outer zone containing the radiate compartment and an inner zone containing sagittal and bridging system compartments. In both high-functioning autism and DLD, enlargement localized to the radiate white matter (all lobes in autism, all but parietal in DLD), whereas inner zone white matter compartments showed no volume differences from controls. Furthermore, in both autism and DLD, later or longer-myelinating regions showed greater volume increases over controls. Neither group showed cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, or internal capsule volume differences from control. Radiate white matter myelinates later than deep white matter; this pattern of enlargement thus is consistent with striking postnatal head circumference percentile increases reported in autism. These findings suggest an ongoing postnatal process in both autism and DLD that is probably intrinsic to white matter, that primarily affects intrahemispheric and corticocortical connections, and that places these two disorders on the same spectrum.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1984

Speech and language disorders in children.

Speech and language development is a sensitive and important diagnostic tool for the family physician. Speech defects and delayed speech and language development can be the presenting evidence for neurologic abnormalities, cognitive difficulties and abnormal hearing. They can also be signs of emotional, social, family and behavioral problems. Finally, they can signify the need for evaluation of abnormalities of tracheal and laryngeal function and oral-motor development.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1986

Kinetics of 3H-serotonin uptake by platelets in infantile autism and developmental language disorder (including five pairs of twins).

The kinetics of 5-HT uptake by platelets was studied in cases of infantile autism and developmental language disorder (DLD) and normal subjects. Two patients of the autism group were twins, and the seven patients of the DLD group were members of four pairs of twins. The Vmax values (means +/- SD) for autism and DLD were 6.46 +/- .90 pmol 5-HT/10(7) cells/min and 4.85 +/- 1.50 pmol 5-HT/10(7) cells/min, respectively. These values were both significantly higher than that of 2.25 +/- .97 pmole 5-HT/10(7) cells/min for normal children. The Km values of the three groups were not significantly different. Data on the five pairs of twins examined suggested that the elevated Vmax of 5-HT uptake by platelets was determined genetically.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1996

Associations among familial sinistrality, allergies, and developmental language disorders.

Here we report the results of a study that tested what has become known as the Geschwind hypothesis (Geschwind & Galaburda, 1987). This study involved 526 people who were tested by an allergist for IgE-mediated allergies and who filled out a 12-item handedness questionnaire that also included questions about eyedness, prevalence of left-handedness in the immediate family, and familial developmental language problems. A series of log-linear analyses revealed that if the definition of "anomalous" included left-handedness and having a first-order left-handed relative, one was indeed more likely to be allergic than were those not so classified. When the definition of anomalous simply included those classified as left-handed, the results were not significant. Parallel findings resulted when the criterion variable was the presence of developmental language disorders. No evidence was found for relations between allergies and developmental language problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Language disorders as a window on universal grammar: an abstract theory of agreement for IP, DP, and V-PP.

A new concept of Agreement (AGR) has been represented as a Formal Feature that can appear in a wide range of different configurations (Chomsky, 1998). A case study from language disorders supports and extends this abstract concept. The child shows no agreement in Inflectional Phrase me can and Determiner Phrase them eyes. We then extend the notion of AGR to include verb-Prepositional Phrase relations, where the child also systematically avoids certain prepositions (go beach). The analysis is supported by intuitional data from compounds (sweep with broom --> broom-swept). We also define a systematic notion of Possible deficit as a premature fixation of functional items which normally require additional Phi-features. The notion of Maximization of Formal Features then emerges as a significant feature of learnability from both a normal and disordered perspective.

Child↗
PubMed1981

[Aphasic-type language disorders associated with lesions of the putamen and caudate nucleus: clinicopathological findings in one case (author's transl)].

Language disorders developed in a patient following a subcortical infarct involving the left putamen and caudate nucleus. Language was abundant and fluent, with many perseverations, semantic and ideation incoherences, and all activities concerned with verbal or non-verbal expression were affected. Lesions were present in the head and body of the caudate nucleus, the whole of the putamen, the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the superior part of the internal capsule. The disorder was unique in relation to disturbances of the aphasic type observed in extensive thalamic lesions, or in transcortical sensorial aphasia. Physiopathological interpretation is based on the functional role of the putamen-caudate system in the regulation of many types of behaviour: animal experiments and results of applying stimuli in humans suggests a release of the inhibition exerted by the caudate nucleus on the frontal cortex. Lack of comparable clinicopathological data implies that other similar cases must be reported before the specificity of the disorder can be confirmed.

Aphasia↗