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Measures to promote literacy and primary education among women, 1988.

In 1988, the Government of Nepal introduced the following measures to promote literacy and primary education among women: 1) provision of scholarships for 5% of female enrollees; 2) provision of school uniforms for deserving primary school girls; 3) promotion of women's teacher training programs; 4) nonformal education programs for adult women; and 5) initiation of a campaign to encourage parents in remote areas to send their daughters to school.

Adolescent↗

The contribution of phonological awareness and receptive and expressive english to the reading ability of deaf students with varying degrees of exposure to accurate english.

This study was planned with the knowledge that the tasks of reading require the same acquisition of skills, whether a child is hearing or deaf, monolingual, or bilingual. Reading and language research literature was reviewed. Subjects were 31 deaf students (7.9-17.9 years of age) who attended one of three U.S. programs. Performance on 15 language and literacy measures was analyzed. Results were that students who scored highest on a passage-comprehension measure also were more able (a) to provide synonyms, antonyms, and analogies of read words and phrases, (b) to read more listed words, and (c) to substitute one phoneme more correctly for another to create new words than were readers with lower scores. Two groups of students also were compared: a Longer Exposure to English Group (n = 22) who used Signing Exact English (SEE) for 5 years or more and a Shorter Exposure Group (n = 8) exposed to SEE for less than 2 years. A correlational analysis revealed that there were no significant relationships among 14 background variables with the exception of "age of identification of hearing loss," a variable then covaried in subsequent analysis of covariance. Students in the Longer Exposure Group scored higher on all measures. Significant differences were found between groups for short-term memory, receptive and expressive English, and five phonological subtests. Mini-case studies and the performance of eight students in the Longer Exposure Group who scored lowest on the comprehension measure also are discussed.

Journal Article↗

Multimedia Bootcamp: a health sciences library provides basic training to promote faculty technology integration.

BACKGROUND: Recent research has shown a backlash against the enthusiastic promotion of technological solutions as replacements for traditional educational content delivery. Many institutions, including the University of Virginia, have committed staff and resources to supporting state-of-the-art, showpiece educational technology projects. However, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library has taken the approach of helping Health Sciences faculty be more comfortable using technology in incremental ways for instruction and research presentations. In July 2004, to raise awareness of self-service multimedia resources for instructional and professional development needs, the Library conducted a "Multimedia Bootcamp" for nine Health Sciences faculty and fellows. METHODS: Case study. RESULTS: Program stewardship by a single Library faculty member contributed to the delivery of an integrated learning experience. The amount of time required to attend the sessions and complete homework was the maximum fellows had to devote to such pursuits. The benefit of introducing technology unfamiliar to most fellows allowed program instructors to start everyone at the same baseline while not appearing to pass judgment on the technology literacy skills of faculty. The combination of wrapping the program in the trappings of a fellowship and selecting fellows who could commit to a majority of scheduled sessions yielded strong commitment from participants as evidenced by high attendance and a 100% rate of assignment completion. Response rates to follow-up evaluation requests, as well as continued use of Media Studio resources and Library expertise for projects begun or conceived during Bootcamp, bode well for the long-term success of this program. CONCLUSION: An incremental approach to integrating technology with current practices in instruction and presentation provided a supportive yet energizing environment for Health Sciences faculty. Keys to this program were its faculty focus, traditional hands-on instruction, unrestricted access to technology tools and support, and inclusion of criteria for evaluating when multimedia can augment pedagogical aims.

Journal Article↗

Links between Cairo and Kyoto: addressing global warming through voluntary family planning.

Over the past three decades, with a combination of new technology, rising female literacy rates, and strengthened family planning programs, the world has seen dramatic increases in the use of contraception, with corresponding declines in fertility and population growth rates. At the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo in 1994, parties pledged a tripling of funding for reproductive health programs in developing countries. Many demographers believe that making such programs more widely available to women would extend the decline in birth rates and shift the world towards the low scenario of United Nations population projections over the next century and a half. By examining the costs and impacts of such programs, in view of the links between population and carbon emissions, this paper shows that extension of voluntary family planning could make a large and cost-effective contribution to the greenhouse gas limitation goals of the Kyoto Protocol that was negotiated in 1997.

Birth Rate↗

Evaluating graduate and undergraduate nursing students' computer skills to determine the need to continue teaching computer literacy.

1. INTRODUCTION. This descriptive study examined undergraduate and graduate nursing students' perceptions of their computer literacy skills to determine whether faculty should continue teaching basic computing skills in nursing programs. As in Bryson's study [1] the computer literate nurse is one who understands the concepts of hardware, software, and operating systems; who is able ot use the computer to learn; and who is able ot use such applications as word-processing, spreadsheets, and databases. Zeimer [2] predicted that by 1994 students entering nursing schools would be prepared to use computers and that further teaching of computer skills would not be needed. Some faculty, however, have felt that students are not entering nursing programs prepared to use computers. 2. TOOLS. A Level of Computer Experience (LCE) tool was developed to measure the computer literacy skills of students entering the first of three Masters' level nursing informatics courses over a six-year period. The instrument's 25 items determined experience with: operating systems, hardware, learning tools, applications, and information systems (IS) life cycle (design, selection, implementation, evaluation and project management). The instrument was modified for undergraduate students; this eliminated the items relating to the IS life cycle since these items reflect advanced skills. The resulting instrument was composed of the first 16 items of the original Level of Computer Experience tool. For each item, a four pint Likert scale allowed respondents to choose from the words "none," "some," "moderate," and "extensive" to describe their level of experience. For scoring purposes each word was assigned a numerical value as follows: none = 1, some = 2, moderate = 3, and extensive =4. 3. DATA. The LCE was administered to 65 sophomore nursing students and 74 graduate nursing informatics students. Undergraduate scored 4 items (use of microcomputer, use of IBM type computer, keyboard skills and use of WordPerfect). This score was above the 2 or 'some' experience level. Mean scores for all other items ranged between 1 and 2. Graduate informatics students also had higher mean scores for the 4 items. No mean scores reached the 'moderate' level for either group. One-way analysis of variances showed significant differences between the undergraduate and graduate students on the item concerning use of statistical packages. 4. CONCLUSIONS. In this population, both graduate and undergraduate nursing students continue to possess low levels of computer literacy skills. Since many students come into nursing programs without the capability of using information technology in practice, schools need to continue providing a way for students to obtain computer literacy skills.

Baltimore↗

Peritoneal dialysis training: a multisensory approach.

Undertaking peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy poses a challenge to all patients with renal failure. The potentially high risk of infection makes it essential that patients undertaking PD have adequate training and ongoing support. Over recent years, increasing numbers of elderly patients, patients with significant learning disabilities, and patients with marked comorbidities have been accepted onto renal replacement therapy programs. For those undertaking PD in particular, this has posed new educational challenges. The Community Dialysis Team recognized an area of weakness in their current training program for these patient groups. The degree of literacy skills as well as the volume of written material and the amount of medical terminology used did not result in a user-friendly training program. A collaborative approach involving various members of the multidisciplinary team designed an appropriate training program for patients with learning disabilities. The new program included (1) a photographic bag-exchange procedure; (2) the provision of simple, step-by-step instructions on audiotape; (3) a new assessment sheet where words were replaced with symbols; (4) a redesigned daily record sheet (used to monitor clinical parameters); and (5) a simple contact card. The quality of the new training program was assessed by a small pilot study evaluation. The reduction of training times and the satisfactory peritonitis rates suggest that the new multisensory training program could be successfully implemented. The use of pictorial aids and more symbols, with less focus on the written word, made PD training a viable option for many individuals, including elderly patients and those with learning disabilities. The increased use of pictorial aids and symbols may also be helpful in training patients where there is a language barrier as well as the pediatric population.

Comorbidity↗

[Eating disorders prevention: does school have a role to play?].

Eating disorders are widespread among adolescents in Western Countries. Some prevention programs have been developed. They target knowledge about eating disorders, eating attitudes or behaviour and media literacy and self-esteem. Unfortunately, most eating disorder prevention programs have not demonstrated some efficacy to decrease eating pathology on the long term. An other strategy to prevent eating disorders would be to integrate obesity in the objectives of these programs. These interventions would help to reach a greater number of adolescent and to avoid side effects of both preventive efforts.

Adolescent↗

Screening and community outreach programs for priority populations: considerations for oncology managers.

The goals of screening and community outreach efforts are to translate knowledge into relevant interventions to enhance health, prevent disease and manage chronic illness. Despite recent progress in the fight against cancer, a disproportionate share of the cancer burden is observed among ethnic minorities and medically underserved populations. Studies consistently link low socioeconomic status to low survival rates for nearly all types of cancer. Cultural differences, low literacy skills, language barriers and limited access to health care pose additional barriers to preventative health care for priority populations. Reaching priority populations with effective, appropriate and measurable ways to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality are key considerations for oncology managers seeking to provide comprehensive screening and community outreach care. This article addresses the importance of culture and literacy when developing screening and community outreach programs for at-risk populations, highlights the value of community partnerships to achieve programmatic goals, and outlines key considerations for creating successful breast screening and community outreach among Hispanic farmworker and rural women.

Agriculture↗

Note on adolescents' time-use and scientific literacy.

This study investigated the relative influence of self-reported, out-of-school experiences on 13-yr.-olds' scientific literacy, including the often studied variables of homework time and television time. Results, based on a national probability sample of 3,116 students, indicated that time spent doing homework, reading, and viewing television programs with an educational focus had significant and positive independent influences on scientific literacy net of home environment and students' background factors. Viewing television programs that emphasized entertainment negatively contributed to scientific literacy. The number of hours of television viewed was unrelated to literacy. Factors associated with the transition to adolescence, dating, and peer relations, were negatively related to scientific literacy. Findings were discussed in regard to improving students' performances in science.

Achievement↗

Interactive video in health care: blending patient care, computer technology, and research results.

This article illustrates one method of combining research results and computer technology to produce a "high-tech" patient-education program that has demonstrated its applicability in clinical practice. A videodisc entitled The Story of Maria was produced as part of a large primary care research project along the southwestern U.S.-Mexico border. A needs assessment of approximately 200 Hispanic mothers preceded the scripting of the videodisc. The paper presents an overview of the production process, as well as a description of some special technological features, including the bilingual soundtrack, touchscreen control, and careful design of instructions to eliminate the need for literacy. Pilot testing of the interactive video program in two community health centers in the U.S.-Mexico border area indicates that the program is not only fulfilling its purpose, but also being enthusiastically received by the patients.

Adult↗

Promoting WID in Jordan.

Founded in 1977, the Queen Alia Fund (QAF) has been promoting social development in Jordan for 15 years by providing social services, and educational and vocational training at the grassroots. The fund, which is the country's principal nongovernmental organization (NGO), operates a network of over 40 community development centers. Under its women's programs, the fund targets such areas as literacy, health, skill training, family planning (FP) and the environment. Princess Basma Bint Talal, chairperson, QAF, introduced the activities of the fund and expressed concern for population issues in Jordan during a meeting with JOICFP Deputy Executive Director Yasuo Kon on October 13 in Tokyo. "Jordan has a very high birthrate and rapid population expansion," she said. "This places very big burdens on services; so we are now very concerned with trying to relieve this situation." Noting that FP is a very sensitive issue in Jordan. Princess Basma said that a program for birth spacing had recently been adopted nationally. She added that both JOICFP and QAF shared many mutual priorities in their approaches including a shared emphasis on health education activities. "We'd very much like to see a fostering and promoting of relations between Japanese and Jordanian NGOs, particularly in this field, and we would be delighted if we could explore the possibility of further cooperation through some of the services we offer in Jordan in this regard," she said.

Asia↗

Improvement in maternal health literacy among pregnant women who did not complete compulsory education: policy implications for community care services.

This paper examined factors that influence the improvement in maternal health literacy among pregnant women in Paraguay, including those who did not complete compulsory education but participated in a community-based antenatal care program. Structured interviews were conducted to evaluate the pregnant women's maternal health literacy during their first, second, and third visits to the program in the Caazapa Region. The associations between individual maternal health knowledge scores and its gains, healthcare personnel capabilities, available health facility equipment, community social network, and living environment were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. The mean maternal health knowledge score from 124 women who completed three-consecutive assessments increased between the first and third interviews. Higher capabilities of healthcare personnel and better living environment were significantly related to gains in the maternal health knowledge score (p<0.01). Wider application of a community-based antenatal care program to meet the needs of those who are functionally illiterate in the standard language of the country, training for community healthcare personnel to improve capabilities, and resources for social network in the community would contribute to the improvement in maternal health literacy.

Adolescent↗

Health literacy and shared decision making for prostate cancer patients with low socioeconomic status.

Quality of life (QOL) considerations are important in the treatment decision making process for prostate cancer patients. Although patient involvement in the treatment decision process has been encouraged, low health literacy can limit patient understanding of the complex information about treatments and their probable QOL outcomes and is a barrier to patient participation in the decision-making process. The objectives of the study were to evaluate (i) knowledge, level of satisfaction, and treatment preferences and intentions of men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer after participation in a CD-ROM shared decision making program; and (ii) the relationship between prostate cancer knowledge and health literacy. Thirty newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients from two Veteran's Administration (VA) hospitals in Chicago completed a demographic questionnaire and participated in an interactive CD-ROM shared decision making program. Subsequently, knowledge of prostate cancer, satisfaction with the information in the computer CD-ROM program, treatment preferences, and likelihood of following treatment preferences were assessed using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Health literacy was assessed using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM). The Pearson correlation test was used to assess the relationship between health literacy and prostate cancer knowledge. The chi2 test and the Fischer exact test were used to evaluate relationships between patient demographics and other variables. More than three-quarters of the patients rated the information in the CD-ROM as "very satisfactory" (highest possible rating). Two-thirds of the patients (21 of 30) selected a treatment after participation in the CD-ROM program and 90.5% of these patients stated that they were very or somewhat likely to adhere to their selection. However, prostate cancer knowledge was variable, with one-third of the patients scoring 69.9% or lower. Participants' health literacy was equivalent to a 7th-8th grade reading level (mean = 57.1+/-10.9), and more than one-third of participants (36.7%) had lower than 9th grade literacy levels. Participants' prostate cancer knowledge was correlated with health literacy (Pearson correlation rhor = 0.65, rhop = 0.0001). Patients were satisfied with the interactive shared decision making CD-ROM program, and two-thirds of patients were able to select a preferred treatment based on the information presented in the program that they intended to follow. However, prostate cancer knowledge scores varied among participants after participation in the CD-ROM program, raising doubts that patients were adequately informed to make appropriate choices regarding their treatment. Lower prostate cancer knowledge scores corresponded to lower literacy scores, indicating that low literacy may have hindered patient understanding of the shared decision making program. The development of shared decision making tools should include collaborative efforts with the target population to improve the success of shared decision making programs among patients with low health literacy.

Aged↗

Health literacy and health-related knowledge among persons living with HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUND: Functional health literacy is associated with illness-related knowledge, understanding, and treatment perceptions for several chronic illnesses. This study examined health literacy in relation to knowledge and understanding of HIV/AIDS. METHODS: Persons living with HIV/AIDS recruited from AIDS service organizations and HIV clinics completed the Test of Functional Health Literacy for Adults (TOFHLA) reading comprehension scale and measures of health status, knowledge and understanding of health status, perceptions of primary care givers, and perceptions of anti-HIV treatments. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of the sample scored below the cutoff for marginal functional health literacy on the TOFHLA. Controlling for years of education, persons of lower health literacy were significantly less likely to have an undetectable HIV viral load, somewhat less likely to know their CD4 cell count and viral load, and lower health-literacy persons who knew their CD4 count and viral load were less likely to understand their meaning. Lower health literacy was also related to misperceptions that anti-HIV treatments reduce risks for sexually transmitting HIV and beliefs that anti-HIV treatments can relax safer-sex practices. CONCLUSIONS: Poor health literacy creates barriers to fully understanding one's health, illness, and treatments. Misperceptions of treatment in the case of HIV infection creates danger for potentially transmitting treatment-resistant strains of HIV. These results have implications for patient education and treatment programming for people who have poor health-literacy skills and are living with HIV/AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

[Phonological awareness improvement in primary school students].

BACKGROUND: Phonological awareness in primary school students. AIM: To verify the improvement of phonological awareness in primary school students after a speech and language stimulation program. METHOD: 20 students with the worst results in the first literacy exam were selected. Phonological awareness tests were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the stimulation program. RESULTS: Most of the subjects demonstrated to have a notion about phonological awareness activities. CONCLUSION: Students demonstrated improvement, suggesting the effectiveness of the program.

Awareness↗

Female education and maternal mortality: a worldwide survey.

OBJECTIVE: In terms of social and political development, women's human rights have not evolved in many developing countries to the same extent as they have in the developed world. We examined the relationship between women's status and human development and maternal mortality. METHODS: Using polynomial regression analysis with a sample of 148 countries, we investigated the impact of gender-related predictors, including education, political activity, economic status, and health, and human development predictors, such as infant mortality and Human Development Index, using data from the United Nations Human Development Report 2003. RESULTS: The Human Development Index and Gender Development Index are powerful predictors of both maternal and infant mortality rates. Female literacy rate and combined enrolment in educational programs are moderate predictors of maternal mortality rates. CONCLUSION: Strategic investment to improve quality of life through female education will have the greatest impact on maternal mortality reduction.

Educational Status↗

Mental health literacy of those with major depression and suicidal ideation: an impediment to help seeking.

Mental health literacy is the knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders that aid their recognition, management, or prevention, and is an important determinant of help seeking. This has relevance in suicide prevention, particularly for those with major depression, the clinical condition most frequently associated with suicidal behavior. In this study of a random and representative community sample, a vignette depicting classical features of major depression was presented to subjects along with questions related to mental health literacy. The responses of those with major depression, as delineated by the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders instrument, both with and without suicidal ideation, were compared to those of a third group of respondents. The results demonstrated that despite increased professional contact by those with major depression and suicidal ideation, there were few differences among the three groups on either open-ended or direct questions related to mental health literacy. This indicates that increased professional contact in itself was not related to increased mental health literacy, and suggests that more specific psychoeducational programs are required.

Adult↗