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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Spatial applicability of emission factors for modeling mobile emissions.

Driving cycles are used to create mobile emission factors. Emission factors are, in turn, used to estimate mobile source inventories, provide standards for new vehicle emissions testing, and facilitate comparisons of laboratory experiments. This study examines the spatial representativeness of the driving cycles underlying California's CO, THC, and NOx emission rates that are applied when estimating regional mobile emissions inventories. Sixteen randomly selected vehicles were tested on a laboratory dynamometer using driving cycles representative of driving in different cities. A total of 214 tests, with repetitions, representing six driving cycles, were conducted on the 16 vehicles. We used a random effects analysis of variance to statistically examine the differences in the resulting emission rates. The study results suggest that California mobile source pollutant inventories prepared using emission rates based on the standard drive cycle may be off by as much as 30% for regions where traffic congestion and roadway networks differ significantly from those of Los Angeles.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2003

Application of laser-based ion mobility (IM) spectrometry for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) and petroleum products in soils.

The capability of laser-based IM spectrometry to detect PAC and petroleum products (oils) in model matrices, laboratory reference (LR) materials and in real-world contaminated soil samples was demonstrated. Quantitative IM investigations of PAC-doped PVC films yielded detection limits in the ppm range for single PAC. The potential of IM spectrometry for in situ analysis was demonstrated by the analysis of PAC-containing certified reference (CR) material, and of petroleum product-containing LR materials and real-world soil samples. The calibration of IM signals obtained from oil-doped LR materials was also possible, and detection of oils with concentrations below 100 mg kg(-1) was achieved. The in situ analysis of real-world contaminated soils with the IM and LIF techniques was in good accordance with ex situ reference investigations.

Lasers↗
PubMed2003

Drag force, diffusion coefficient, and electric mobility of small particles. I. Theory applicable to the free-molecule regime.

The transport of small particles in the free-molecule regime is investigated on the basis of gas kinetic theory. Drag force formulations were derived in two limiting collision models-namely, specular and diffuse scattering-by considering the potential force of interactions between the particle and fluid molecules. A parametrized drag coefficient equation is proposed and accounts for the transition from specular to diffuse scattering as particle size exceeds a critical value. The resulting formulations are shown to be consistent with the Chapman-Enskog theory of molecular diffusion. In the limit of rigid-body interactions, these formulations can be simplified also to Epstein's solutions [P. S. Epstein, Phys. Rev. 23, 710 (1924)].

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Analytical method for ubiquinone-9 and ubiquinone-10 in rat tissues by liquid chromatography/turbo ion spray tandem mass spectrometry with 1-alkylamine as an additive to the mobile phase.

We investigated the application of 1-alkylamines, as additives to the mobile phase, to a quantification method for ubiquinone-9 (CoQ9) and ubiquinone-10 (CoQ10) in rat thigh muscle and heart using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the optimization of the analytical method, we found that 1-alkylamines mixed with CoQ9 and CoQ10 in the turbo ion sprayed solution formed the 1-alkylammonium adduct molecules of these compounds during the ionization process and that the intensity of the adduct ions was considerably higher than that of the protonated molecules ([M+H]+) of these compounds. Furthermore, we investigated a variety of 1-alkylamines in the mobile phase for LC-MS/MS analysis to select the most appropriate 1-alkylamine for higher sensitivities of CoQ9 and CoQ10. After these examinations, we found that methylamine was the most suitable additive for the mobile phase, allowing a 12.5-fold gain in signal intensity in the full ion mass spectrum compared with that without methylamine. The internal standard (IS) used was ubiquinone-11 (CoQ11) for each analyte. The analytes and IS were extracted with methanol from the tissue homogenates at neutral pH and were injected into an LC-MS/MS with a turbo ion spray interface. The calibration curves for CoQ9 (5-500 microg/g in thigh muscle and 50-10,000 microg/g in heart) and CoQ10 (1-500 microg/g in thigh muscle and 10-10,000 microg/g in heart) showed good linearity. The method was precise; the relative standard deviations of the method for rat thigh muscle were not more than 13.5 and 9.0% for CoQ9 and CoQ10, respectively, and those for rat heart were not more than 6.7 and 5.4% for CoQ9 and CoQ10, respectively. The accuracies of the method for both rat thigh muscle and heart were good, with the deviations between the nominal concentration and calculated concentration of CoQ9 and CoQ10 typically being within 12.3 and 4.3%, respectively. This method provided reliable concentration levels for CoQ9 and CoQ10 in rat thigh muscle and heart.

Amines↗
PubMed2003

Establishing the reliability of Mobility Milestones as an outcome measure for stroke.

UNLABELLED: Baer GD, Smith MT, Rowe PJ, Masterton L. Establishing the reliability of mobility milestones as an outcome measure for stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:977-81. OBJECTIVE: To establish intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability of a standardized measure of mobility, "mobility milestones," incorporating sitting balance, standing balance, and walking ability. DESIGN: Repeated-measures reliability study by using video data of patients with stroke. SETTING: Physiotherapy and rehabilitation departments in Scotland. PARTICIPANTS: Forty physiotherapists recruited from within the Lothian region: 20 senior physiotherapists with at least 3 years of experience working with neurologic patients and 20 staff grade physiotherapists with less than 12 months of experience working with neurologic patients. INTERVENTION: Videotape comprising 40 clips (36 original clips, 4 repeated clips) of stroke patients of differing levels of ability attempting the mobility milestones was produced. After a short training session in the interpretation and application of the mobility milestones, each physiotherapist viewed the tape separately and scored whether the milestone had been achieved or not. This was repeated at a separate test session 2 weeks later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Score for each mobility milestone. RESULTS: Kappa statistics were used to determine interrater reliability and showed good (.61-.80) to very good (.81-1.0) reliability for 3 of 4 milestones. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to determine intrarater reliability of the 4 repeated clips and showed 75% of all subjects had high (ICC(2,1)=.91-1.0) reliability. The ICC(2,1) for test-retest reliability showed a similar pattern, with 70% of subjects showing good (.81-.90) or high (.91-1.0) reliability. CONCLUSIONS: The mobility milestones showed favorable levels of reliability when used by experienced or novice physiotherapists. The milestones can be adopted as a simple clinical outcome measure for use with stroke. Further research is required to establish reliability levels when the measure is used by different rehabilitation professionals.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Reviewing mobile phases used on Chiralcel OD through an application of data mining tools to CHIRBASE database.

During the past decade, thousands of compounds have been resolved on Chiralcel OD (a cellulose-based chiral stationary phase) under diverse eluting conditions. Many researches have documented the effects of mobile phase on enantioselectivity for a given family of samples but today no comprehensive study aimed at identifying the associations between the structural features present on solute and appropriate mobile phase conditions has yet been proposed. In this review of mobile phases used on Chiralcel OD, we try to go far beyond a simple enumeration of eluting conditions and an effort is made to explore the utility of data mining tools for assessing the knowledge contained in CHIRBASE database. We have extracted from CHIRBASE the chemical features of 2363 chiral compounds separated on Chiralcel OD and their corresponding mobile phases. This data set was submitted to data mining programs for molecular pattern recognition and mobile phase predictions for new cases. Some substructural characteristics of solutes were related to the efficient use of some specific mobile phases. For example, the application of CH3CN/salt buffer at pH 6-7 was found convenient for reversed-phase separation of compounds bearing a tertiary amine functional group. Furthermore, a cluster analysis allowed the arrangement of the mobile phases according to similarity found in molecular patterns of solutes. A decision tree, which may lead to a more rational choice of the mobile phase under reversed-phase conditions, is also proposed.

Carbamates↗
PubMed2003

[Construction of DICOM-WWW gateway by open source, and application to PDAs using the high-speed mobile communications network].

The author constructed a medical image network system using open source software that took security into consideration. This system was enabled for search and browse with a WWW browser, and images were stored in a DICOM server. In order to realize this function, software was developed to fill in the gap between the DICOM protocol and HTTP using PHP language. The transmission speed was evaluated by the difference in protocols between DICOM and HTTP. Furthermore, an attempt was made to evaluate the convenience of medical image access with a personal information terminal via the Internet through the high-speed mobile communication terminal. Results suggested the feasibility of remote diagnosis and application to emergency care.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2002

Semi-empirical relationships between effective mobility, charge, and molecular weight of pharmaceuticals by pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis: applications in drug discovery.

Relationships between effective mobility (m(eff)), calculated charge (Z(c)), and molecular weight (MW) are semi-empirically derived for pharmaceuticals using pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis (PACE). We determined the m(eff) at 12 different pH points (2.0-11.4) of 66 pharmaceutical-like compounds ranging in MW from 79 to 825 g/mol. Plots of the observed m(eff) values versus Z(c)/MW(x ) (where x is a fractional coefficient) gave linear relationships. For anions, it was found that the best correlation (R(2) = 0.9666) exists when the fractional coefficient is equal to 0.4920, resulting in the equation m(eff) = 0.1853 (Z(c)/MW (0.4920)). For cations, the best linear relationship (R(2) = 0.9861) gave the equation m(eff) = 0.3888 (Z(c)/MW (0.6330)). The m(eff), Z(c)/MW(x) relationships were then applied to: (i) developing a technique for selecting an appropriate pH to achieve optimal separation of pharmaceuticals and (ii) determining the maximum charge of a molecule in the pH range of determination of negative log of the dissociation constants (pK(a)) by PACE, thus enabling the correct choice of model equation to be automated without structure analysis.

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical↗
PubMed2004

Low-dose radiation (LDR) induces hematopoietic hormesis: LDR-induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells into peripheral blood circulation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the stimulating effect of low-dose radiation (LDR) on bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) proliferation and peripheral blood mobilization. METHODS: Mice were exposed to 25- to 100-mGy x-rays. Bone marrow and peripheral blood HPCs (BFU-E, CFU-GM, and c-kit+ cells) were measured, and GM-CSF, G-CSF, and IL-3 protein and mRNA expression were detected using ELISA, slot blot hybridization, and Northern blot methods. To functionally evaluate LDR-stimulated and -mobilized HPCs, repopulation of peripheral blood cells in lethally irradiated recipients after transplantation of LDR-treated donor HPCs was examined by WBC counts, animal survival, and colony-forming units in the recipient spleens (CFUs-S). RESULTS: 75-mGy x-rays induced a maximal stimulation for bone marrow HPC proliferation (CFU-GM and BFU-E formation) 48 hours postirradiation, along with a significant increase in HPC mobilization into peripheral blood 48 to 72 hours postradiation, as shown by increases in CFU-GM formation and proportion of c-kit+ cells in the peripheral mononuclear cells. 75-mGy x-rays also maximally induced increases in G-CSF and GM-CSF mRNA expression in splenocytes and levels of serum GM-CSF. To define the critical role of these hematopoietic-stimulating factors in HPC peripheral mobilization, direct administration of G-CSF at a dose of 300 microg/kg/day or 150 microg/kg/day was applied and found to significantly stimulate GM-CFU formation and increase c-kit+ cells in the peripheral mononuclear cells. More importantly, 75-mGy x-rays plus 150 microg/kg/day G-CSF (LDR/150-G-CSF) produced a similar effect to that of 300 microg/kg/day G-CSF alone. Furthermore, the capability of LDR-mobilized donor HPCs to repopulate blood cells was confirmed in lethally irradiated recipient mice by counting peripheral WBC and CFUs-S. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that LDR induces hematopoietic hormesis, as demonstrated by HPC proliferation and peripheral mobilization, providing a potential approach to clinical application for HPC peripheral mobilization.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Optimisation Issues of High Throughput Medical Data and Video Streaming Traffic in 3G Wireless Environments.

In this paper we describe some of the optimisation issues relevant to the requirements of high throughput of medical data and video streaming traffic in 3G wireless environments. In particular we present a challenging 3G mobile health care application that requires a demanding 3G medical data throughput. We also describe the 3G QoS requirement of mObile Tele-Echography ultra-Light rObot system (OTELO that is designed to provide seamless 3G connectivity for real-time ultrasound medical video streams and diagnosis from a remote site (robotic and patient station) manipulated by an expert side (specialists) that is controlling the robotic scanning operation and presenting a real-time feedback diagnosis using 3G wireless communication links.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Solution chemistry influence on metal mobility in biosolids-amended soils.

Many studies have implicated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as an important contributor to the elevated mobility of trace metals in soils amended with biosolids. Few of these studies, however, have quantified both DOC and metal concentrations. We completed laboratory leaching column studies on a dryland Platner loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Paleustoll) and an irrigated Osgood sand (loamy, mixed, mesic Arenic Ustollic Haplargid), both with a history of biosolids application. The soils were neutral to slightly alkaline in pH prior to amendment. We performed an additional application of biosolids to one set of columns in the laboratory at a rate of 28 Mg ha(-1) to investigate the effect of time following application on metal mobility. The effect of electrolyte concentration was studied by using both distilled water and simulated irrigation water. Biosolids application increased both DOC and Cu in the column effluents resulting in a positive correlation between Cu and DOC across application treatments for both soils. Both Cu and Pb were mobilized under conditions of low electrical conductivity (EC). This may be the result of the release of a strong metal-binding component of DOC under these conditions. Conversely, Zn mobility was positively correlated with EC, suggesting that either cation exchange or the formation of inorganic complexes influences Zn mobility. Anodic stripping voltammetry measurements indicated that only a small percentage of the total dissolved metals existed as free ions or inorganic complexes; the remainder appears to be complexed to DOC.

Carbon↗
PubMed1997

[A new type of IP3-sensitive highly selective calcium channels of low conductance in the plasma membrane of carcinoma A 431 cells].

Application of 0.2-15.0 mM inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) to excised plasma membrane patches from A 431 cells induced activity of low conductance channels that were highly selective for Ca2+ and Ba2+. With 100 mM Ca2+ or 105 mM Ba2+, the channel conductance was 1.1 pS for the minor conductance substrate. The dose response curve gave an apparent binding constant of 0.18 microM IP3. The channel open probability displayed a strong potential dependence: it decreased markedly upon depolarization, and the half-maximum value was achieved at 73 mV. The dependence of channel activity on the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration was bell shaped, but markedly different from that reported for endoplasmic IP3 receptor. The same channels were detected in intact cells upon application of calcium mobilizing reagents. The activity induced in cell attached mode disappeared after patch excision but could be resumed by application of IP3. The data obtained argue for IP3 acting directly on plasma membrane Ca2+ channels.

Barium↗
PubMed2004

Environmental barriers and mobility in Taiwan: is the Roy adaptation model applicable?

This study tested Roy's adaptation model by exploring the relationship between environmental stimuli, specifically barriers, and the mobility, and instrumental behaviors of hip-fractured elderly persons after surgery in Taiwan. A prospective study was conducted 3 months after hospital discharge with 87 elderly persons with hip fracture who had received surgery at a medical center in northern Taiwan. After controlling for prefracture conditions, subjective environmental barriers significantly diminished the walking ability, self-care ability, and role performance of hipfractured elderly persons. The findings of this study lend to suggestions for intervening with hip-fractured elderly persons after surgery.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Direct navigation on 3D rotational x-ray data acquired with a mobile propeller C-arm: accuracy and application in functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Recently, three-dimensional (3D) rotational x-ray imaging has been combined with navigation technology, enabling direct 3D navigation for minimally invasive image guided interventions. In this study, phantom experiments are used to determine the accuracy of such a navigation set-up for a mobile C-arm with propeller motion. After calibration of the C-arm system, the accuracy is evaluated by pinpointing divots on a special-purpose phantom with known geometry. This evaluation is performed both with and without C-arm motion in between calibration and registration for navigation. The variation caused by each of the individual transformations in the calibration and registration process is also studied. The feasibility of direct navigation on 3D rotational x-ray images for functional endoscopic sinus surgery has been evaluated in a cadaver navigation experiment. Navigation accuracy was approximately 1.0 mm, which is sufficient for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. C-arm motion in between calibration and registration slightly degraded the registration accuracy by approximately 0.3 mm. Standard deviations of each of the transformations were in the range 0.15-0.31 mm. In the cadaver experiment, the navigation images were considered in good correspondence with the endoscopic images by an experienced ENT surgeon. Availability of 3D localization information provided by the navigation system was considered valuable by the ENT surgeon.

Algorithms↗