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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Assessment of the musculoskeletal system.

Assessment of food animal lameness provides a great challenge but also can be extremely rewarding for the practitioner. An accurate diagnosis is essential if treatment, control, and prevention are to be successful. All facets of veterinary medicine and animal science must be applied in order to make an accurate diagnosis. The complaint, history, and signs are the basic considerations in arriving at an accurate assessment and determining the cause so that lameness problems can be solved.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Vitamin D in the aging musculoskeletal system: an authentic strength preserving hormone.

Until recently, vitamin D was only considered as one of the calciotrophic hormones without major significance in other metabolic processes in the body. Several recent findings have demonstrated that vitamin D plays also a role as a factor for cell differentiation, function and survival. Two organs, muscle and bone, are significantly affected by the presence, or absence, of vitamin D. In bone, vitamin D stimulates bone turnover while protecting osteoblasts of dying by apoptosis whereas in muscle vitamin D maintains the function of type II fibers preserving muscle strength and preventing falls. Furthermore, two major changes associated to aging: osteoporosis and sarcopenia, have been also linked to the development of frailty in elderly patients. In both cases vitamin D plays an important role since the low levels of this vitamin seen in senior people may be associated to a deficit in bone formation and muscle function. In this review, the interaction between vitamin D and the musculoskeletal components of frailty are considered from the basic mechanisms to the potential therapeutic approach. We expect that these new considerations about the importance of vitamin D in the elderly will stimulate an innovative approach to the problem of falls and fractures which constitutes a significant burden to public health budgets worldwide.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system. Part 1. Fundamental principles.

Magnetic resonance imaging has become a powerful tool for diagnosing many orthopaedic disorders. To use the technology appropriately and understand the nature of the images, it is important that the referring orthopaedic surgeon be familiar with the underlying principles of image formation. In this article, the author discusses the underlying physical phenomena, the instrumentation used for magnetic resonance imaging, and the principal determinants of the appearance of the image, in particular, the different pulse sequences. Paramagnetic contrast agents also are discussed briefly, and a few considerations regarding patient safety are addressed.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[Dynamic MR tomography in the diagnosis of inflammatory and tumorous space-occupying lesions of the musculoskeletal system].

In 216 inflammatory and tumorous lesions of bone and soft tissue, dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging was performed. For that purpose, 12 FLASH sequences (TR = 40 ms/TE = 10 ms/NSA = 2/flip angle = 90 degrees) were acquired within 4 minutes; and Gd-DTPA bolus injection was administered following the first sequence. Slopes from the signal intensity curves were calculated. Estimated slopes allowed an assessment of the malignant potential of a lesion with an accuracy of 88%. Further more, a reliable differentiation between vital and necrotic tissue and between tumour and peritumoral edema was reliably possible. With this technique, response of malignant tumours to preoperative chemotherapy was correctly predicted in 83% of the cases. No differentiation of inflammatory from tumorous lesions was possible.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Gene therapy and tissue engineering in repair of the musculoskeletal system.

Historically, surgeons have sought and used different procedures in order to augment the repair of various skeletal tissues. Now, with the completion of the Human Genome Project, many researchers have turned to gene therapy as a means to aid various ailments. In the orthopedic field, many strides have been made toward using gene therapy and tissue engineering in a clinical setting. In this review, several studies are outlined in different areas that gene therapy has or will influence orthopedic surgery. Gene therapy and tissue engineering can aid in fracture healing and spinal fusions by inducing bone formation, ligamentous repairs by increasing the production of connective tissue fibers, intervertebral disc disease by creating potential replacements, and articular cartilage repairs by providing means to improve cartilage. As we continue to see great contributions, such as the few mentioned here, this field will continue to mature and develop.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Infectious diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system in children and adolescents.

Many infectious organisms can lead to musculoskeletal symptoms in children. This article reviews recent studies on rheumatic fever, invasive group A streptococcal infections, septic infections of bones and soft tissues, reactive arthritides caused by viruses, fungi or bacteria, and Lyme disease. The search for etiologic organisms in chronic arthritis continues. Although Koch's postulates are not fulfilled in most cases of infectious arthropathies, progress has been made in diagnosing and treating these diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system in children.

Pediatric applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) differ from those in adults primarily with respect to the focus on congenital and developmental abnormalities and those pathologic conditions that are unique to children. Sedation is often required for younger children to avoid motion. Quality diagnostic images also require the use of appropriate sizes of surface and planar coils. MRI is an excellent method to evaluate bone marrow involvement and soft-tissue extension of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. In children, it is important to be aware of the changes in normal bone marrow signal that occur with maturation and with the normal progression of the replacement of red marrow by yellow marrow. Aplastic and hypercellular anemias have differing MRI features. The high-contrast resolution of the soft tissues, including the spinal cord, and the capability for direct imaging in any plane make MRI an excellent modality for the evaluation of the spine, including congenital malformations.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed2001

Phosphate, the renal tubule, and the musculoskeletal system.

A component of ATP, phosphate is at the hub of the energy-related mechanisms operative in muscle cells. Together with calcium, phosphate is involved in bone tissue mineralization: thus, a chronic alteration in the metabolism of phosphate can induce bone and joint disorders. Diagnosis of chronic hypophosphatemia. Serum phosphate, calcium, and creatinine should be assayed simultaneously. Serum calcium is increased in hypophosphatemia caused by hyperparathyroidism and decreased in osteomalacia. Urinary phosphate excretion should be measured in patients with a normal serum calcium level and a serum phosphate level lower than 0.80 mmol/L. A decrease in urinary phosphate excretion to less than 10 mmol/24 h strongly suggests a gastrointestinal disorder, such as malabsorption, antacid use, or chronic alcohol abuse. In patients with a urinary phosphate excretion greater than 20 mmol/24 h, the maximal rate of tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmPO4) and the ratio of TmPO4 over glomerular filtration rate (GFR) should be determined to look for phosphate diabetes. Manifestations and causes of phosphate diabetes in adults. Moderately severe phosphate diabetes in adults manifests as chronic fatigue, depression, spinal pain, and polyarthralgia, with osteoporosis ascribable to increased bone resorption. Although many cases are idiopathic, investigations should be done to look for X-linked vitamin D-resistant rickets missed during childhood, a mesenchymatous tumor, or Fanconi's syndrome with renal wasting of phosphate, glucose, and amino acids. Management of phosphate diabetes. Phosphate supplementation and, in patients with normal urinary calcium excretion, calcitriol produce some improvement in the symptoms and increase the bone mineral density. Whether dipyramidole is clinically effective remains unclear.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of the musculoskeletal system in children and adolescents receiving anticonvulsant monotherapy with valproic acid or carbamazepine.

OBJECTIVE: To examine bone development in children and adolescents who have uncomplicated idiopathic epilepsy and had received monotherapy with carbamazepine or valproic acid for at least 1 year. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients from 6 to 19 years of age (18 girls) were studied. Total bone mineral content (BMC) and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density were measured at the distal radius using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Maximum isometric grip force was determined with a standard dynamometer. Alkaline phosphatase activity and deoxypyridinoline (a marker of bone resorption) were assessed in serum and urine, respectively. RESULTS: Trabecular volumetric bone mineral density was significantly decreased in the entire group (z score mean +/- standard deviation: -0.62 +/- 1.04) and in the subgroup using valproic acid (-0.75 +/- 1.18). In the carbamazepine subgroup, there was a similar but nonsignificant trend (-0.50 +/- 0.90). Total BMC and isometric maximum grip force were normal in the entire study population (0.10 +/- 1.22) and in the 2 subgroups. The relationship between BMC and grip force was similar between patients and healthy participants. Urinary levels of deoxypyridinoline were significantly elevated above normal in the whole study population (1.35 +/- 2.00) and in both the valproic acid and the carbamazepine subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Bone turnover can be increased, but bone mass is adequate in children and adolescents who have uncomplicated idiopathic epilepsy and who receive monotherapy with carbamazepine or valproic acid.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Functional evaluation of the musculoskeletal system under an autonomous life support regimen based on data on blood biochemical indices].

The functional state of the musculo-skeletal system of healthy male volunteers of three age groups (Group 1--19-21 years, n = 16; Group 2--25-43 years, n = 26; Group 3--48-59 years, n = 30) was evaluated. The subjects were kept in an enclosure for 30 days. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), calcium, P1 were measured in blood. The test subjects of the three groups showed a decrease of CPK, LDH, AAT and creatinine. The correlation coefficient between the enzymes varied from 0.64 to 1.00. By the end of the study alkaline phosphatase increased in the Group 1 and 2 subjects and decreased in the Group 3 subjects. Calcium variations were less distinct. The Pi content declined significantly in the Group 3 subjects. Some of the Group 3 subjects who performed regular exercises during the study exhibited smaller decreases of CPK, LDH, AAT and greater stability of calcium and phosphorus.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Imaging of the musculoskeletal system: magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and computed tomography.

In the last decade, musculoskeletal imaging has rapidly expanded largely due to the imaging capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound. These modalities have increased the clinical understanding and mechanisms of arthritis and are assuming increasing importance in the diagnosis of arthritis; more recently, they have been used to monitor therapy. This chapter reviews recent imaging studies relevant to rheumatic diseases.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

[Differential therapy of chronic pain syndromes of the musculoskeletal system in primary health care].

For treatment of chronic non-malignant musculoskeletal pain syndromes to be successful, simultaneous medical and psychosocial interventions are required. We provide different treatment options for chronic pain disorders for the primary care physician who is not a trained psychotherapist. We stress that the physician must adopt a particular therapeutic attitude towards his patient. We further emphasize the elaboration of a biopsychosocial disease model with the patient, cognitive-behavioral interventions, treatment of associated sleep disorders, the use of a rational drug therapy regimen, physical therapy, relaxation techniques, and involvement of the social environment. Such treatment strategies may help primary care physicians to treat their patients suffering from chronic pain more successfully and with greater patient satisfaction.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1992

MRI of the musculoskeletal system.

MRI is rapidly altering the presurgical evaluation for many forms of musculoskeletal pathology, and the indications for MRI will undoubtedly continue to grow. Because of the complexity of this modality and the ability to totally "miss" pathology by the inappropriate choice of imaging plane or pulse sequence, cooperation between the orthopedic surgeon and the radiologist is essential. A close working relationship is required for maximum diagnostic information to be obtained with each examination and for optimal patient care.

Hip Joint↗
PubMed1994

Computed tomographic imaging of the musculoskeletal system. Current status.

Computed tomography has emerged as the "workhorse" of specialized musculoskeletal imaging. It provides rapid, detailed, clinically relevant studies of bones, joints, and associated soft tissues. Applications in trauma, inflammatory disease, neoplasia, pediatric orthopedics, and joint reconstruction are discussed. Advances in prosthetic design, radiation oncology applications, and data acquisition techniques will also be addressed.

Fractures, Bone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virtual reality simulator for osteotomy and fusion involving the musculoskeletal system.

In this study, the three-dimensional virtual reality simulation system described herein provides preoperative simulation to verify that the osteotomy and fusion procedures chosen to treat musculoskeletal defects are appropriate. The system also provides an excellent means of training surgeons in new operations without putting patients at risk, and may be especially useful for difficult surgical procedures often performed in orthopedics, craniofacial disease, or plastic and reconstructive surgery departments. The system can be used to teach intern and train resident doctors, and is a planning tool for visiting staff.

Adult↗