Mechanisms of Action of LCPUFA Effects on Infant Growth and Neurodevelopment. Arlington, Virginia, USA. May 14-15, 2002. Symposium proceedings.
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Animals↗
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Results for “Neurodevelopment”
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Alzheimer's disease linking neurodegeneration with neurodevelopment.
An association has recently been suggested between several of the genes and proteins that play a central role in early neuronal development, particularly in neuronal migration and axon elongation, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This paper reviews the work of several investigators who have hypothesised the involvement of three pathways known to be active participants in neuronal maturation (those involving Notch, Reelin, and Wnt intracellular signalling) and also in the neurodegenerative events underlying AD. The choice of these intracellular pathways is based on the observation that there exist several points of convergence among these systems and amyloid precursor protein processing and neurofibrillary tangle formation. Pharmacological manipulation of the Notch/Wnt/Reelin intracellular signalling pathways may thus represent a novel approach to the regulation of neurodegenerative processes in AD.
Alzheimer Disease↗
[Early experiences and environment: their impact on neurodevelopment and the creation of mental processes].
Neurosciences have contributed to give support to the significance objects (mother, father, among others), affects, environment and different early experiences have in the unfolding and development of the child's mental structure and in this manner to throw light on intersubjective and intrapsychic relationships. This review focused on the impact of early mothering experiences and of the environment on molecular events linked to the processes of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and the construction of circuits of processing and signalling, mainly in the hippocampus (structure connected with the processes of learning, memory and the control of response to stressors). Therefore, normal development,as well as mental pathology, is not the mere result from the action of present stressors (synchronic view), but its deepest roots lie in the matrix generated by the early experiences between mother and child and the environment inputs (diachronic view). Therefore, early experience, as well as secure attachment, can modulate the individual resilience in the face of future adversity.
Age Factors↗
[Neurodevelopment of extremely low birthweight infants born in Erasmus Hospital between 1992 and 2001].
Survival of extremely low birth weight infants has dramatically improved in the last decade of the twentieth century. The objective of our study was to evaluate the neurological evolution of the surviving infants because frequent motor, sensitive and psychological disturbances are related. Prospective, longitudinal study in a population of newborns, nursed in our neonatal intensive care unit and born between 1992 and 2001 with less than 1.000 g and/or less than 28 weeks of gestational age (GA). Neurological assessment of outcome was made using the neurodevelopmental score (O.M.S. 1988) at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months. Neurological follow-up every year and neuropsychological testing at 3, 5 and 8 years. Only children with at least 2 years of follow-up were included. The children were grouped in 3 categories: M (major neurological handicap), m (minor neurological handicap), N (normal neurological outcome). To evaluate the evolution with time, we compared the results from the first period (1992 to 1996) to the second part of this decade (1997 to 2001). Mortality fell from 38% (27/70) in the first period (1992-1996) to 18% (8/44) in the second one (1997-2001) (p = 0.02) including neonates of less than 25 weeks GA. Neurodevelopmental status improved and severe brain lesions decreased (25% with intraventricular haemorrhage III & IV and cystic periventricular leukomalacia versus 6% in the second period) (p = 0.017). Major handicap fell from 26% (9/34) to 16% (5/31) and normal neurological evolution raised from 15% (5/34) to 48% (15/31) (p = 0.013). With the survival of newborns less than 28 weeks, the severe ocular complications increased: 6% (5/79). In conclusion, mortality and quality of life have significantly improved in the past 10 years in our service. Severe brain lesions have decreased under a better multifactorial management. Nevertheless when the gestational age of the surviving babies diminishes, ocular sequelae increase. We still think that prematurity remains a burden for the child, his family and the society.
Brain↗
Schizophrenia and neurodevelopment.
Schizophrenia is characterised by the psychotic symptoms of hallucinations and delusions, accompanied by variable degrees of loss of insight. Whilst there is heterogeneity in the clinical profile, and presumably in the pathogenesis of what is currently called 'schizophrenia', it has become absolutely clear over the past decade that schizophrenic symptoms are consequent upon serious brain dysfunction. This new perspective has laid to rest a variety of 'crazy' theories, including the notion that mental illness was a myth, or that schizophrenia could be caused by faulty child rearing. The use of dopamine-blocking drugs has led to an improvement in symptom control, and diminished the need for prolonged hospital stays. It was hoped that the clear relationship between antipsychotic activity and dopamine blockade would help to elucidate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, but to date no consistent abnormalities of the dopamine system have been found. Nevertheless, we have learned much about both the aetiology of schizophrenia and the origin of particular symptoms. Much of this has stemmed from increased understanding of the brain abnormalities underlying the disorder.
Adolescent↗
[Autism, neurodevelopment and early detection].
INTRODUCTION: Autistic disorder is briefly explained and defined in the light of recent research. DEVELOPMENT: From the perspective offered by ontogenesis and the acquisitions that take place during normal development, we present an updated vision of the genesis of autistic disorder and also review the most significant data provided by the different studies that have been conducted on the subject. Detection of the disorder is clearly a difficult task before the age of one year and, in any case, the earliest symptoms are clearly linked to the social and communicative interaction that characteristically takes place at the end of the infant's first year of life. CONCLUSION: Early detection of the disorder is made possible precisely because of alterations in social and communicative development and, in general, the appearance of psychological functions that play a significant role in the process of humanisation. The article concludes by pointing out the need for further studies that focus on the possible alteration of earlier socio-emotional and affective manifestations.
Autistic Disorder↗
The effect of maternal diabetes during pregnancy on the neurodevelopment of offspring.
As many as 10% of pregnancies are complicated by maternal glucose intolerance. With the risk of diabetes and gestational diabetes rising because of the obesity epidemic, that figure is likely to rise. Many obese individuals suffer from the metabolic syndrome, which makes them more prone to glucose intolerance when they are pregnant. Among the potential risks posed by poor maternal glucose control are those to the developing fetal brain. The goal of this article is to acquaint physicians with the results and clinical implications of studies conducted at the University of Minnesota on outcomes of infants of diabetic mothers and, in particular, on the role of iron deficiency in differential brain processing.
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
Rett syndrome in Sweden. Neurodevelopment--disability--pathophysiology.
Rett syndrome (RS), a complex and severely disabling neuromotor disorder affecting young girls, was not internationally recognized until in the middle eighties. In Austria and Sweden only, there are clinical experiences since the sixties. The aims of this study were to 1) define the nucleus group of RS in Sweden, 2) develop a frame of defined stages for describing the clinical progress of disease, 3) identify early developmental patterns and their predictivity, 4) give the natural history of neuromotor impairments and disability in adults, 5) analyse the period of clinical regression as to developmental profiles, patterns and progression of symptoms, 6) search informative neurophysiologic correlates to clinical symptoms and signs. By a 6 year (1984-90), nationwide search procedure, comprising an information and tracing program, a travelling consultant program, and a neuropediatric and laboratory examination program, 88 females were added to those 17, observed in Sweden during the sixties and seventies. By March, 1990, 105 females, aged 19 months-44 years (median 17 1/2 years), had entered this series, which was considered representative for the nucleus group of RS in Sweden. 97/105 females (92.3%) fulfilled the criteria for classic RS, according to internationally accepted clinical criteria, and 8 (7.7%), represented so called "formes frustes". The prevalence for classic RS in the south-west region of Sweden was 1:12.000-13.000 girls, the birth years 1965-76 and 1960-84. Based on 29 females with RS, aged 13-28 years, a clinical staging system was constructed and evaluated in 1985, emphasizing the main different phases of the disorder throughout life. This staging system was found a valuable tool for clinical assessment, documentation, and research approach, and has become internationally accepted and widely used. Further experiences have given rise to minor adjustments, which are proposed. By scrutinizing early documentation from 10 girls, at referral aged 20 months-6 1/4 years (median 3 1/4 years) and retrospectively applying the Denver Developmental Screening Test frames, early achievements, signs and symptoms were reconstructed in 1986. Although characteristic neuromotor and neurobehavioural patterns of help for early suspicion, and even subtle signs, possibly reflecting a disorder already during the first months of life, could be identified, predictive clinical manifestations of diagnostic value were not found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Neurodevelopment of monitored versus nonmonitored very low birth weight infants: the importance of family influences.
Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental delays. Follow-up programs have been instituted as one form of secondary prevention, to identify delays early and refer affected children to intervention. To examine the relationship between follow-up care and later development, 82 neonates who weighed 1500 g or less at birth were followed to 36 months of age. Effectiveness of care was assessed by neurodevelopmental status of 45 patients who participated and 37 patients who failed to participate in annual post-neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) monitoring service. At the outset, the groups had similar medical and socioeconomic status characteristics. However, by the third year of life, the monitored patients had a 14-point General Cognitive Index (GCI) advantage over the nonmonitored group. Examination of family process variables, family organization styles, and mother-child behaviors revealed significant differences between the groups, and suggested that monitored patients were raised in more normal, supportive home environments. Correlation and stepwise regression analyses indicated that mother-child behaviors and quality of the home environment were most predictive of 3-year intellectual development, with neonatal and biological measures adding to the predictive classification of neurosensory delays. It is suggested that an infant's medical record, mother-child behaviors, and overall quality of home environment be measured prior to hospital discharge, followed by home-based intervention where indicated.
Child Development↗
Normal neurodevelopment in four young children treated with bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia or aplastic anemia.
Longitudinal neurodevelopmental studies of four consecutive young children treated by bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia or aplastic anemia are presented. The children, the only four children less than 2 years of age who have received bone marrow transplants for these diseases at UCLA Medical Center, ranged in age from 36 weeks to 24 months at the time of transplantation. Conditioning involved high-dose cyclophosphamide treatment; three also had total body irradiation prior to bone marrow transplantation. Their respective outcomes after follow-up times of 28 months to 71 months posttransplantation are remarkable for normal somatic growth and normal development of intelligence, language, perception, and motor coordination. These findings indicate that future therapeutic studies of infants and young children with acute leukemia or aplastic anemia using total body irradiation, cyclophosphamide, and bone marrow transplantation are not contraindicated by risks of debilitating neurodevelopmental sequelae.
Anemia, Aplastic↗
Effect of halothane on brain 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase during neurodevelopment in the rat.
Chronic exposure to anesthetic concentrations of halothane during the prenatal and early postnatal periods inhibits the incorporation of the leucine into myelin subcellular fractions in the rat. The enzyme 2',3' - cyclic nucleotide 3' - phosphodiesterase (CNPase) has been widely used as a myelin marker. To determine the effect of halothane on the developmental profile of CNPase, two groups of pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 500 p.p.m. or 250 p.p.m. halothane, eight hours per day, five days per week from the third day after conception through postnatal day ten. Control animals were exposed to air alone. CNPase activity was significantly decreased by 500 p.p.m. halothane (34%) and by 250 p.p.m. halothane (29%) at postnatal day 17. Brain and body weights in both halothane treated groups were also less than control animals throughout the measurement period. The data indicates that chronic pre- and postnatal halothane exposure at low levels delays myelination in the rat.
2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases↗
The long-term effects on neurodevelopment in infants exposed prenatally to PCP.
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Aging↗
Neonatal cerebral ultrasound and neurodevelopment.
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Central Nervous System↗
Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy.
OBJECTIVE: To compare pregnancy outcome prospectively after phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy with outcome in matched mother-child pairs exposed to nonteratogens to evaluate the relative fetal safety of these drugs. DESIGN: A prospective, controlled, and blinded observational study. PATIENTS: Thirty-six mother-child pairs exposed to carbamazepine monotherapy and 34 pairs exposed to phenytoin monotherapy, all prospectively studied, were compared with mother-child pairs exposed to nonteratogens. The controls were matched for maternal age, time of consultation, obstetric history, and socioeconomic status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary end point of interest was the children's global IQ measured by either the Bayley or the McCarthy scale according to their ages. SETTING: A teratology consultation program and two neurology services in Toronto, Ontario. RESULTS: Children exposed to phenytoin in utero had a mean (+/- SD) global IQ 10 points lower (95% confidence interval, 4.9 to 15.8 points) than their matched controls (113.4 +/- 13.1 and 103.1 +/- 25.1; P = .038). The Reynell language development scores followed a similar trend, with children exposed to phenytoin scoring significantly lower than their controls. Phenytoin-exposed children had a global IQ of 84 or less significantly more often than the control group (P < .01). Children exposed in utero to carbamazepine did not differ from their controls on any of the neurobehavioral tests. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests a clinically important negative effect of phenytoin on neurobehavioral development, independent of maternal or environmental factors, causing a substantial number of children to achieve a lower score than expected on cognitive tests. No similar effects could be shown after gestational use of carbamazepine.
Carbamazepine↗
Role of Olf-1 and Pax-6 transcription factors in neurodevelopment.
The Olf-1 transcription factor is expressed in olfactory sensory neurons where it regulates the expression of genes that encode components of the odorant signal transduction cascade and contributes to the terminal phenotype of these sensory neurons. We examined the pattern of expression of Olf-1 protein during mouse embryogenesis and observed Olf-1 expression transiently in a subset of neural precursor cells in the CNS and peripheral nervous system. The expression of Olf-1 protein was enriched in sensory components and coincided with postmitotic cells and the initiation of overt differentiation within the nervous system. The spatial and temporal patterns of Olf-1 expression during development suggest a role in neurogenesis that is common among different neural cell types. In parallel, the expression pattern of Pax-6, a transcription factor that is widely expressed in the developing nervous system, including the visual and olfactory systems, was examined with a C-terminal antibody. In the retina, Pax-6 protein is detected in the lens, the cornea, and the neural and pigmented retinas. In the olfactory epithelium, Pax-6 protein is expressed exclusively in cells of non-neuronal lineage, including sustentacular cells, basal cells, and Bowman's glands. The nonoverlapping, cellular localization patterns of Pax-6 and Olf-1 demarcate distinct cell lineages within the developing olfactory epithelium.
Aging↗
Neurodevelopment of surviving infants at age two years, with a birthweight less than 2000 g and cared for in neonatal intensive care units (NICU)--results from a population based longitudinal study in Taiwan.
All surviving infants from nine neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in a southern city and county of Taiwan were followed up and assessed at 2 y of age if they had a birthweight of less than 2000 g and were born between February 1, 1993 and January 31, 1994. The assessments included: neurological, growth and general health. A comparison group of normal birthweight and full-term infants without congenital anomalies, matched by birth month and sex to the NICU survivors was also studied with respect to the same outcome measures. A developmental delay (either a severe neurological deficit or Mental Development Index < 68 or Psychomotor Development Index < 68) was present in 21 (15.4%) of the cases, compared to 3 (2.5%) of the controls (P < 0.0004). Significant correlates of developmental outcome for the cases were birthweight, gestational age, and maternal education. The very low birthweight (VLBW) children (< 1500 g) in our study cohort had a comparatively higher incidence of severe neurological deficits (and cerebral palsy) than that reported by other similar studies in developed countries. The incidence of abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome remained high in the graduates of NICU at 2 y of age, compared to that in normal controls. The findings have important implications in future health policy making regarding postnatal management of the surviving infants of NICU in developing countries such as Taiwan.
Case-Control Studies↗
Effects of diet on the neurologic development of children at 5 years of age: the STRIP project.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of diet, serum cholesterol concentrations, and apolipoprotein E phenotype on neurodevelopment of 5-year-old children. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, 4.4-year cohort study in 496 children. Fat-modified diet was introduced to intervention families of 7-month-old infants. Control children consumed an unrestricted diet. Nutrient intakes, serum cholesterol, and neurodevelopment were studied. The groups were combined in univariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: In 13-month-old boys (girls), energy intake was 996 (938) kcal, fat intake 26.6 (26.4) percent of energy (E%), and protein intake 17.2 (17.4) E%. In 5-year-old boys (girls), the intakes were 1484 (1364) kcal, 32.1 (31.9) E%, and 15.5 (15.9) E%, respectively. The intakes of total fat and saturated fat and serum cholesterol were not associated with neurodevelopment. In boys, high intake of protein at 5 years, high intakes of protein at 4 years and cholesterol at 2 years, and high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids at 3 years predicted favorable outcomes in the tests of speech and language skills, gross motor function and perception, and visual motor skills, respectively. Apolipoprotein E phenotype did not influence the test performance. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate restriction of dietary fat has no unfavorable effects on neurodevelopment in early childhood. However, the quality of fat and the relative intake of protein may influence neurodevelopment of the boys.
Apolipoproteins E↗
Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage.
BACKGROUND: Preterm infants are at risk of periventricular haemorrhage. This can damage the brain and lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including cerebral palsy. It has been suggested that vitamin K might improve coagulation in preterm infants. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of vitamin K administered to women at risk of imminent very preterm birth to prevent periventricular haemorrhage and associated neurological injury in the infant. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and bibliographies up to January 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of vitamin K administered parenterally or orally to women at risk of imminent preterm birth. The primary outcomes were neonatal mortality, neonatal neurological morbidity, as measured by the presence of periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) on ultrasound during the first week of life, and long term neurodevelopment. Secondary outcomes included other neonatal morbidity and any maternal side effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Eligibility, trial quality assessment and data extraction were done independently by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials were included, involving more than 420 women. The trials were of variable quality. Antenatal vitamin K was associated with a non-significant trend to a reduction in all grades of periventricular haemorrhage (relative risk (RR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-1.00) and in severe PVH (grades 3 and 4) (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.45-1.25) for babies receiving prenatal vitamin K compared with control babies. This trend disappeared when poorer quality trials were excluded. Information on neurodevelopment was given for a small sample of children in one trial and no differences were seen. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin K administered to women prior to very preterm birth does not appear to be able to significantly prevent periventricular haemorrhages in preterm infants.
Cerebral Hemorrhage↗