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Sampling and data collection methods in the National Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs.

A nested sampling design is described in which school districts are selected, schools within those districts that cover grades one through 12 are selected, and finally students within each of the grades are selected. The article describes how nutritional status information is collected from each student, economic and food expenditure data are collected from the students' parents, and information on food services is collected from district and school administrators. Sample weighting and adjustments for nonresponse bias are discussed in the appendix.

Adolescent↗

Nutritional programming of adult disease.

Intrauterine and early neonatal life is a period of physiological plasticity, during which environmental influences may produce long-term effects. Both undernutrition and overnutrition during this period have been shown to change disease risk in adulthood. These effects are influenced by the type, timing and duration of inappropriate nutrition and by the previous nutritional environment and may not be reflected in changes in body size. An understanding of the interaction between nutrient imbalance and alteration of gene expression is likely to be the key to optimising future health outcomes.

Animals↗