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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Pectoralis major muscle and tendon tears: diagnosis and grading using magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy and utility of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the detection and grading of pectoralis major muscle and tendon tears. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: A retrospective review was carried out of 10 patients referred for MR imaging for suspected pectoralis muscle injury and possible operative therapy. The pectoralis muscle and tendon were imaged using thin (3-4 mm) axial sections with a variety of sequences combined for anatomical delineation (T1-weighted SE or PD SE) and fluid detection (T2-weighted SE, T2-weighted FSE with fat suppression, or STIR). Surgical correlation was available in six patients. Clinical follow-up was available in four patients treated by nonoperative therapy. RESULTS: MR imaging identified five complete tears, four partial tears and one normal tendon. One complete and one partial tear were at the myotendinous junction. The remaining seven injuries were at the enthesis. Surgical correlation consisted of five complete tears and one partial tear. One complete and one partial tear were at the myotendinous junction with the remaining four complete tears at the enthesis. The MR interpretation and surgical findings were in agreement in all six cases. All four patients treated with nonoperative therapy demonstrated improvement at a clinical follow-up examination, with restoration of function and strength consistent with a healed prior partial injury. CONCLUSION: MR imaging is accurate and useful in detecting and grading tears involving the pectoralis major muscle and tendon, facilitating the identification of patients with complete tears who are candidates for operative therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Bilateral asymmetric deficiency of the pectoralis major muscle.

We observed a rare, bilateral congenital deficiency of the pectoralis major muscle in a 72-year-old female cadaver in our gross anatomy dissection laboratory. The outward appearance of the anterior thoracic wall, which included well-developed breasts, revealed no obvious abnormalities. Upon dissection, the following features were observed: 1) on the left side, the sternal portion of the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major muscle was absent, the costal portion of the sternocostal head and the clavicular head were both well developed, a normal pectoralis minor was present, and the deltoid and subclavius muscles were not hypertrophied as is often the case when the pectoralis major muscle is deficient; 2) on the right side, the entire pectoralis major muscle was absent and the pectoralis minor, deltoid, and coracobrachialis muscles were infiltrated with connective tissue and fat; and 3) on both sides, the lateral pectoral nerves were absent and the medial pectoral nerves were present. The absence of the lateral pectoral nerves suggests that the deficiencies in the pectoralis major muscles are congenital malformations resulting from a developmental failure of the embryonic muscles rather than a sequel to polio or Poland's syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle.

BACKGROUND: Total or near-total rupture of the pectoralis major muscle is a rare injury. Fewer than 200 cases have been reported in literature, many of them in single case reports. There is discrepancy regarding whether this kind of injury should be treated operatively. HYPOTHESIS: Early surgical treatment is necessary to obtain optimal functional recovery following total or near-total ruptures of the pectoralis major muscle. STUDY DESIGN: A case series of 33 operatively treated pectoralis major ruptures combined with a meta-analysis of the previously published cases in the English literature. METHODS: The authors have retrospectively analyzed 33 operatively treated cases of total or near-total ruptures of the pectoralis major muscle. They have also analyzed the previously published cases and the final outcomes of their treatment. The difference in outcome between groups of acute operation, delayed operation, and conservative treatment in both their own material and meta-analysis was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Both the case series and the analysis of the cases from the literature showed that early operative treatment is associated with better outcome than delayed treatment. The delayed operation was associated with better outcome than the conservative treatment. CONCLUSION: Early surgical treatment by anatomic repair gives the best results in the treatment of total and near-total ruptures of the pectoralis major muscle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Balloon expansion of the pectoralis major muscle flap in sternoplasty: a biomechanical and histologic study in a rat model.

The pectoralis major advancement flap is currently the most popular technique for reconstruction of the anterior chest in patients with sternotomy wounds. Recently, the SpaceMaker balloon was introduced for rapid expansion of the pectoralis major muscle intraoperatively. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biomechanical and histologic effects of this expansion technique in a rat model. The upper 2 cm of the sternum was resected in 54 male rats. Reconstruction with balloon-assisted pectoralis muscle expansion was performed in 24 rats (study group). Another 24 rats underwent reconstruction with simple muscle advancement without expansion. Submuscular insertion of a catheter for expansion, without inflation, was performed in the remaining six rats (sham group). Rats were killed either immediately or 2 to 4 weeks after surgery. Thirty-eight rats, including 16 after reconstruction with expansion, 16 after reconstruction without expansion, and six in the sham group, were killed immediately after surgery. Sixteen rats were killed 2 to 4 weeks after surgery, eight rats for each reconstruction technique. Before the animals were killed, the biomechanical properties of the muscles were tested with weights to calculate stiffness (in newtons per meter) and compliance gain (in percent). After the animals were killed, biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic analysis. Results indicated significantly lower muscle stiffness in the study group compared with the others immediately after surgery (p = 0.0000), although the difference failed to achieve statistical significance 2 to 4 weeks later (p = 0.76). In the study group, the compliance gain was 74.4 percent immediately after surgery but only 3.4 percent 2 weeks to 1 month postoperatively. Histologic examinations in all groups immediately and 2 to 4 weeks after surgery revealed regular muscle striation with no signs of inflammation. The elastic stiffness of the rat pectoralis major muscle is significantly reduced following rapid intraoperative expansion and returns to normal 2 to 4 weeks later.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

An unusual case of an intramuscular lipoma of the pectoralis major muscle simulating a malignant breast mass.

INTRODUCTION: Intramuscular lipomas of the pectoralis major muscle are rare and may mimic malignant breast tumours. CLINICAL PICTURE: A 58-year-old Chinese woman presented with a 2- year history of an enlarging left breast mass. Clinical examination revealed a palpable hard mass in the left breast. TREATMENT: Standard mammographic views revealed a radiolucent mass deep in the left pectoralis major muscle. The mass was homogeneously hypoechoic with smooth margins on ultrasound. OUTCOME: Surgical excision of the mass was performed. Histological diagnosis was an intramuscular lipoma of the left pectoralis major muscle. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of the radiolucent density and submammary location of a pectoralis major muscle lipoma is important as it allows the correct diagnosis to be made.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Microstructure and thermal characteristics of Thai indigenous and broiler chicken muscles.

The microstructure and thermal characteristics of Thai indigenous (Gallus domesticus) and broiler chicken (commercial line CP707) biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles were determined. Perimysium thicknesses were 14.2 microm for biceps femoris muscle and 7.10 microm for pectoralis muscle of indigenous chicken muscles, thicker than those of broiler muscles, which were 9.93 microm for biceps femoris muscle and 3.87 microm for pectoralis muscle (P < 0.05). Five endothermic peaks with peak transition temperatures (Tp) of 54.9, 61.7, 65.4, 70.6, and 76.1 degrees C were obtained for broiler pectoralis muscle, whereas only 3 endothermic peaks (Tp of 56.6, 62.6, and 74.9 degrees C) were obtained for broiler biceps femoris muscle. Thai indigenous biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles had endothermic peaks with Tp ranges of 53.5 to 54.8, 60.7 to 61.9, and 75.9 to 76.9 degrees C. The fiber diameters of Thai indigenous chicken muscles were greater (P < 0.05) than those of the broiler, 31.7 vs. 20.4 microm for biceps femoris muscle and 28.9 vs. 26.6 microm for pectoralis muscle, respectively. After cooking at 80 degrees C for 10 min, the fiber diameter of indigenous chicken muscles significantly decreased while those of the broiler significantly increased. The mean of sarcomere lengths of the raw muscles ranged from 1.56 to 1.64 microm and decreased to 0.92 to 1.32 microm (P < 0.001) for broiler muscles and 1.22 to 1.35 microm (P < 0.001) for indigenous chicken muscles after cooking. The perimysium and endomysium of broiler muscles melted after cooking at 80 degrees C, however, only slight disintegration was observed in these tissues in the indigenous chicken muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Anomalous insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle: ultrasound findings].

PURPOSE: With anomalous insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle, its distal fibers pass over the coracoid process instead of inserting on it, following sometimes a trajectory very similar to that of the coracohumeral ligament. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the frequency of detection of this anomalous insertion by ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultrasound demonstrated the abnormal insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle by directly visualizing its fibers slipping over the coracoid process during external and internal rotation of the humerus. Three hundred and three individuals underwent ultrasound of the shoulders (64,7% female, mean age of 45 years), for a total of six hundred and six shoulders; 30% (183/606) were symptomatic. RESULTS: An abnormal insertion was demonstrated in 9,57% of the examined shoulders (58/606), with a statistically significant predominance on the left side (12,2%) compared to the right side (6,9%), and of women (12,2%) compared to men (4,7%). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound demonstrated an abnormal insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle in 9,57% of 606 examined shoulders. There was a female and left side predominance and no significant correlation with symptoms.

Female↗
PubMed1984

Myosin components of the latissimus dorsi and the pectoralis major muscles in the dystrophic chicken.

The myosin composition of the anterior latissimus dorsi, the posterior latissimus dorsi, and the pectoralis major muscles was examined in the inbred White Leghorn dystrophic chicken and its isogenic normal line at different ages during development and maturation. Using the biochemical methods of native gel electrophoresis, one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE), and peptide mapping, it was found that myosin isozyme changes occurred normally in the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle. However, in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle, slow myosin components which were not present in the adult normal muscle were present in the adult dystrophic muscle. In addition, the pectoralis major muscle of the dystrophic chicken failed to undergo the neonatal to adult fast myosin isozyme transition. Our data also showed that muscle cell cultures derived from the pectoralis major muscle of dystrophic chickens expressed identical myosin components to cultures derived from normal embryos. However, since these cultures only produced embryonic myosins even after 1 month in culture, it implied that cells in tissue culture were phenotypically normal because present cell culture conditions were insufficient to induce the fetal to adult isozyme changes.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On the subsarcolemmal localization of phenazine ethosulfate-linked alpha-glycerophasphate dehydrogenase activity in pigeon pectoralis white muscle fibres.

In this study frozen sections of avian striated muscles were incubated for mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate de hydrognease (alpha=GPD) reaction, and the effect of menadione, phenazine methosulfate (PMS) or phenazine ethosulfate (PES) as intermediate electron acceptors was evaluated. Under histochemical conditions, PMS or PES-linked alpha-GPD reaction was poor in the chicken posterior latissimus dorsi and chicken pectoralis muscles. However, PMS or PES-linked alpha-GPD reaction was present characteristically in the subsarcolemmal mitochondria of the "broad white" fibres of the pigeon pectoralis muscle only; the subsarcolemmal mitochondria of the narrow red fibres lacked such a reaction pattern. The above reaction pattern, however, differed when compared with the menadione-linked alpha-GPD reaction. The present histochemical evidence suggests the existence of an inherent heterogeneity in the mitochondrial populations of the different avian striated muscle fibres studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Axillary vertical incision thoracotomy sparing pectoralis major muscle and latissimus dorsi muscle: an approach for patent ductus arteriosus].

The technique of an axillary vertical incision thoracotomy sparing pectoralis major muscle and latissimus dorsi muscle for a closure of patent ductus arteriosus is presented. After an mid-axillary vertical incision, serratus anterior muscle is incised on the third intercostal space between pectoralis major muscle and latissimus dorsi muscle. The space between serratus anterior muscle and rib cage (Spatium intermusc. thoracale) is dissected with a finger, through this space the 3rd intercostal thoracotomy is performed in the axillary and dorsal portion. The ventral part of intercostal muscle is incised from inside of the thoracic cavity for sparing the pectoralis major muscle. We performed this technique in two patients aged 1 year, and secured equally good operative fields as could be secured by the original axillary vertical incision thoracotomy described by Browne.

Axilla↗
PubMed1976

Surgical repair of rupture of the pectoralis major muscle: a case report.

Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle in a healthy male weight lifter is described. Complete avulsion of its insertion was surgically repaired by suturing followed by immobilization for 6 weeks. Two years later the patient won a national championship by lifting 455 lb in bench-press, and has recovered full function of the shoulder.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A case of an anomalous pectoralis major muscle.

We present a case of a right sided accessory head of the pectoralis major muscle located inferior to its abdominal head. This variation was found during a routine anatomy dissection at the American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine. The muscle fibres of the accessory head of the pectoralis major muscle arose from those of the serratus anterior muscle and travelled superolaterally towards the axilla. The accessory muscle terminated by fusing with the tendinous fibres of the pectoralis major muscle as they underwent their normal anatomical rotation before insertion upon the lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus. Although variations in the pectoral muscles are not uncommon, this case appears to be unique in the literature. The possible clinical implications are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

T-tubule endocytosis in dystrophic chicken muscle and its relation to muscle fiber degeneration.

Pectoralis muscles from normal and dystrophic chickens were investigated 2 h after an i.v. injection of horseradish peroxidase, by cytochemical and biochemical techniques to demonstrate peroxidase activity. Light microscopic examination of dystrophic muscles showed that peroxidase activity could be detected inside a population of fibers, in deliminated bodies often restricted to segments of the muscle fiber. Such bodies containing peroxidase were not observed in normal muscle fibers. Electron microscopy of dystrophic muscle fibers revealed that numerous vesicles containing peroxidase were frequently present in fiber regions with signs of cytoplasmic degradation. These vesicles, which occasionally were found to be coated, were 50--100 nm in size and appeared to be derived from t-tubules. Larger (up to 1.7 micrometers) inclusions containing peroxidase and delimited by a single membrane were also present at degenerating areas of dystrophic muscle fibers. These bodies seemed to be formed by fusion between several primary t-tubule vesicles and probably also lysosomes. Vacuoles containing the peroxidase were frequently encountered. Biochemical determination of horseradish peroxidase activity, performed after extensive washing of the muscle tissue, showed that dystrophic muscles contained about twice as much peroxidase as normal control muscles. It is suggested that endocytosis from t-tubules is an early and essential pathological phenomenon in dystrophic muscle fibers, which may be related to lysosomal function and muscle fiber degeneration

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Phosphatase PTEN in chicken muscle is regulated during ontogenesis.

The phosphatase and TENsin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a lipid and protein phosphatase able to inhibit significant actors of cell signaling (i.e. phosphatidylinositol-3'kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways). The aim of this study was to characterize PTEN and to investigate its regulation during ontogenesis in chicken muscle. Pectoralis major muscle was sampled on day 18 of the embryonic period (E18), at hatching (d0) and in fed chickens at 2, 7 and 43 days after hatching (d2, d7 and d43). We first cloned the totality of chicken PTEN cDNA; its translation into a putative protein showed more than 95% sequence identity with that characterized in mammals (humans, mice). PTEN was expressed under two major transcripts in the majority of tissues, including muscles where the expression of PTEN mRNA increased with age (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, the protein levels of PTEN (protein characterized with an apparent molecular weight of 55kDa) and its activity were considerably decreased between the E18 and d43 stages (approximately 8-10-fold reduction, P < 0.001). An association between these decreases and higher phosphorylation levels of two potential indirect downstream targets of phosphatase (i.e. AKT and ERK) was observed only in the early growth phases. It was concluded that phosphatase PTEN was expressed in chicken muscle and that its expression was regulated during ontogenesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Reduction mammaplasty combined with pectoralis major muscle flaps for median sternotomy wound closure.

Sternal wound infection can be a problem in patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery and is usually treated with local flaps. Severe macromastia can cause a large wound dehiscence by inferolateral tension on the skin sutures. Chest wall reconstruction can be achieved by combining muscle flap coverage with reduction mammaplasty. Two musculoglandulocutaneous flaps can be designed, using two superiorly based pectoralis muscle flaps vascularising the medial portion of the glandular breast tissue. The flaps are advanced medially to the sternectomy site and the breast reduction is then completed by adjusting the lateral breast pillar to the medial breast pillar. A case in which this technique was successfully used is reported.

Aged↗