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PubMed2006

Strategies for reducing the risk of Lyme borreliosis in North America.

The incidence of Lyme borreliosis continues to increase in the United States. In 1991, when Lyme borreliosis first became a nationally reportable disease to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a total of 9470 cases were reported; in contrast, by 2002 a total of 23,763 cases were reported, >2.5x the total in 1991. Area-wide acaricides can be highly effective in killing nymphal Ixodes scapularis, with >95% of nymphs killed in studies using cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, or carbaryl. The majority of residents living in households within the area hyperendemic for Lyme borreliosis will not, however, consider the use of area-wide acaricides. A survey of communities in 4 states (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York) demonstrated that <25% of the populace have used area-wide acaricides on their own property. In searching for alternative methods of reducing Lyme borreliosis risk, host-targeted methods have been proven to be effective. Newly developed methods include the use of acaricides applied to deer feeder stations. This method is called the 4-poster method and has been shown in trials to reduce populations of nymphal I. scapularis by 69%. In addition, rodent-targeted bait boxes containing fipronil have been shown to eliminate ticks on mice and negatively impact the population of questing I. scapularis and reduce the proportion of these ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Host eradication can also be utilized. On Monhegan Island, Maine, white-tailed deer were totally eradicated from the island from 1999 to 2000. By 2004, no immature I. scapularis could be found on rodents on Monhegan Island. Landscape management practices can also be utilized to reduce the risk of Lyme borreliosis as can personal protection procedures including regular tick checks. These practices have been nicely summarized in a new Tick Management Handbook produced by Dr. Kirby C. Stafford III with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Although there is no magic bullet available to completely eliminate the risk of Lyme borreliosis from large geographic areas, the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices holds the prospect for reducing and managing Lyme borreliosis risk in the future.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Prenatal development of the palatine gland of rats.

The present study aimed to elucidate the prenatal development of the rat palatine gland. Parasagittal 5 microm thick serial sections made from Wistar rats at embryonic days (E) 17 to 22 were stained with haematoxylin-eosin (HE), Alcian blue-Kernechtrot or immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as a marker of proliferating cells. Additionally, three-dimensional images of developing glandular parenchyma were reconstructed from serial HE sections with a personal computer. At E 17, several thickenings of the palatal epithelium had appeared which thereafter became the epithelial cords. Branching and lumenization commenced at E 20, and immature acini were observed at E 21. Three-dimensional reconstruction showed that the proximal part of the epithelial cord differentiated into the duct, and the distal part of the epithelial cord differentiated into the acinus. In immunohistochemical staining, there were many BrdU-positive cells in the epithelial cords including thickenings of the palatal epithelium, ducts, and acini. The BrdU labeling index of the cells of the epithelial cord was the highest (statistically significant) of the three in the primitive palatine gland. In conclusion, during the development of the rat palatine gland, epithelial cords with very high proliferative activity arise from the palatal epithelium, and then the proximal part of the epithelial cord differentiates into the duct, and the distal part of the epithelial cord differentiates into the acinus. Proliferation of these glandular parenchyma contributes to the growth of the developing palatine gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Psychological symptom profiles in patients with chest pain.

Five-hundred and thirty-two patients with ischaemic-like chest pain referred for symptom-limited exercise thallium myocardial perfusion studies, were assessed on a range of psychosocial measures. Three groups of patients were identified on the basis of their perfusion studies: (1) normal thallium perfusion; (2) current myocardial ischaemia; and (3) past myocardial infarction (but no current ischaemia). There were no significant psychological differences between these groups on a wide range of measures which included depression, state and trait anxiety, Type A behaviour, personality, suppression of affect, locus of control, alexythymia, and hypochondriasis. Significant differences were identified, however, on measures of anger and coping style. Subjects with no current ischaemia (normal thallium perfusion and those with past myocardial infarction) had higher scores on 'immature coping' and 'anger in', than subjects with current myocardial ischaemia. These findings are discussed in the light of other published research.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Relationship of personality to dissociation and childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder.

BACKGROUND: Dissociation is a prominent feature in some individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet our understanding of the meanings and implications of prominent dissociation in BPD remains limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dissociation and childhood trauma in BPD and to explore the relationships of dissociation and trauma to various personality features of BPD. METHODS: Twenty BPD subjects and 24 healthy comparison subjects of similar age and gender were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-short form, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Relationship Style Questionnaire, and the Schema Questionnaire. RESULTS: The BPD group exhibited greater dissociation and childhood trauma, as well as greater pathology in most personality variables, compared with the healthy group. Dissociation in BPD was not significantly related to total childhood trauma, but only to emotional neglect, which accounted for 23% of the variance in dissociation scores. CONCLUSION: Within the BPD group, dissociation was associated with fearful attachment and immature defenses, while total childhood trauma and emotional neglect were associated with overconnection and disconnection schemata. This is a preliminary study with a small sample size, yet the correlates of dissociation in BPD merit further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A developmental approach to diagnosis and treatment in a transitional living program.

We hope that the reader has been able to vicariously share with us in the excitement of work in a transitional living program. The young people with whom we share this environment stand on the threshold of adult life. They have suffered medical, psychological, environmental, and social insults. Psychosocial developmental assessment helps us define the details of threats to the foundations of adult personality functioning. These young men and women are woefully unprepared for self-care, social interaction, occupational choice, and adult personal relationships. The premise of transitional living is that relationship-based milieu therapy,guided by psychoanalytic develop mental principles, provides an opportunity to heal these conflicted and immature young people to a degree that can tip the scale of their future lives toward productivity, self-esteem, and commitment. Like residential therapy, transitional living provides milieu therapy, corrective education, and psychotherapy. Unlike residential therapy, transitional living is also embedded in the urban community. It facilitates the transition from dependent childhood to independent living by intensive work with the psychological conflicts and physical and social barriers to success in making this important step.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Alpha rhythm and the pineal gland.

Alpha rhythm is classically described as a bilateral posterior rhythm of substantially constant frequency in the range of 8-13 Hz which is enhanced by mental relaxation and blocked by attention. Since the full expression of alpha rhythm has been shown to occur coincident with puberty, it is possible that the establishment of alpha rhythm is subject to neuroendocrine influences which govern psychosexual maturation. There is ample evidence to indicate that the pineal gland is implicated in cerebral maturation and psychosexual development. Nocturnal plasma melatonin levels have been shown to decline progressively throughout childhood reaching a nadir at puberty. Since administration of melatonin has been reported to block alpha rhythm, it is proposed that the progressive decline in melatonin secretion during childhood facilitates the maturation of the alpha rhythm. Consequently, the presence of alpha rhythm could be used as a neurophysiological marker for the activity of the pineal gland and disorders associated with absent or delayed maturation of the alpha rhythm such as autism, dyslexia, personality disorders, epilepsy, Tourette's syndrome, and schizophrenia might be related to disturbances of pineal melatonin functions in early life. Moreover, since the EEG patterns associated with cerebral immaturity (i.e., slowing, absence of alpha activity) are more pronounced in the left hemisphere, this hypothesis implies differential influence of the pineal gland on hemispheric maturation potentially accounting for the vulnerability of the left hemisphere to cerebral insults.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed2000

The causes and costs of crime and a controversial cure.

In spite of recent modest decreases, the epidemic of crime that began in the United States in the early 1960s has left us with a rate of violent crime that is still some 300% higher than it was 40 years ago. The usual suspects--poverty, the easy availability of street drugs and handguns, violent television programs--cannot account for this ominous trend. The fact that African Americans are responsible for nearly half of this violence, although they constitute only about one-eighth of the U.S. population, is the principal reason why the great improvement in race relations made over the past half-century has reached an asymptote. White fears, and Black resentment of these fears, are a grave threat to further progress. It is argued here that the main reason for this epidemic of crime and violence is the rapid recent increase in the proportion of the young people aged 15 to 24 who have grown up unsocialized. It is argued further that most of these feral youngsters are sociopaths, defined as genetically normal children whose failure of socialization was due to their being domiciled with an immature, overburdened, unsocialized, or otherwise incompetent parent or parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Quality of life and personality disorders in heroin abusers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the personality disorders (PD) and personality profile of heroin-abusers and their quality of life (QoL), and to investigate the correlation between the two. METHOD: One hundred and eighty heroin-abusers during their residential treatment participated in the study. The Structured Clinical Interview-II (SCID-II) allowed the identification of two subgroups of heroin-abusers on the basis of presence/absence of a PD. All patients filled in the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the McGill QoL Questionnaire (MQOL) and an anamnestic sheet. A control group of 63 non-clinical subjects was recruited. RESULTS: Abusers with a PD differ in their personality profile from abusers without PD and score lower on the total MQOL. As regards TCI scales, novelty seeking (NS), reward dependence (RD) and self-directedness (SD) predict the age of onset of the abuse, while cooperativeness (C) is a predictor of the number of community admissions. DISCUSSION: Low scores on self-directedness and cooperativeness in abusers support the hypothesis of an immature character and relational difficulties. Novelty seeking is the only dimension which is altered both in abusers with and without a PD and is not strictly dependent on Axis II comorbidity. QoL is lower in abusers than in controls, according to their physical, psychological and existential suffering. Last, an interesting link emerged between personality and perceived QoL.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of flagging, walking, trapping, and collecting from hosts as sampling methods for northern deer ticks, Ixodes dammini, and lone-star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (Acari:Ixodidae).

Ticks were sampled by flagging, collecting from the investigator's clothing (walking samples), trapping with dry-ice bait, and collecting from mammal hosts on Fire Island, NY, U.S.A. The habitat distribution of adult deer ticks, Ixodes dammini, was the same in simultaneous collections from the investigator's clothing and from muslin flags. Walking and flagging samples can both be biased by differences between investigators, so the same person should do comparative samples whenever possible. Walking samples probably give a more accurate estimate than flagging samples of the human risk of encountering ticks. However, ticks (such as immature I. dammini) that seek hosts in leaf litter and ground-level vegetation are poorly sampled by walking collections. These ticks can be sampled by flagging at ground level. Dry-ice-baited tick-traps caught far more lone-star ticks, Amblyomma americanum, than deer ticks, even in areas where deer ticks predominated in flagging samples. In comparisons of tick mobility in the lab, nymphal A. americanum were more mobile than nymphal I. dammini in 84% of the trials. Therefore, the trapping bias may result from increased trap encounter due to more rapid movement by A. americanum, although greater attraction to carbon dioxide may also play a role. Tick traps are useful for intraspecific between-habitat comparisons. Early in their seasonal activity period, larval I. dammini were better represented in collections from mouse hosts than in flagging samples. Apparently, sampling from favored hosts can detect ticks at low population levels, but often cannot be used to get accurate estimates of pathogen prevalence in questing ticks.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Nosocomial epidemic of echovirus type 7 in a neonatology department].

Epidemiology, clinical features and laboratory results of a nosocomial outbreak of Echovirus 7 infections are described. After the admission of the index case with presumably perinatal infection to the neonatology unit, 3 additional babies from the total of 16 patients on the ward were infected. A 5th baby in another unit was also infected; this baby shared in part the nursing staff with the other group. Clinical symptoms of the infection were fever (5 children), gastrointestinal (5) and neurological symptoms (4), apnea and bradycardia (1), and a fine macular rash (1). Five of the 24 persons of the staff suffered from a febrile gastroenteritis during this period. The virus was isolated from stool swabs, throat swabs, urine, blood and CFS. An augmented percentage of immature neutrophils in the peripheral blood count was the only laboratory value found to be abnormal in all of the children. We measured neutralizing antibodies against this virus in an immunoglobulin preparation for i.v. use (Sandoglobulin), to get information about its prophylactic value in these cases. We could not detect any neutralizing antibodies.

Cross Infection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality factors and psychiatry specialty attraction].

INTRODUCTION: In this article, we analyse the possible rapport between the determined trends of personality and the Psychiatry Specialty and we try determinate the existence of certain Profiles of Personality in the students who feel attracted by this specialty. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We analyse 1484 students of second year of Medicine Faculty's of the Valencia University (Spain). An anonymity interview about the sociodemographics characteristic and vocational interests of the students has done. We determinate their personality profile with the Test of personality 16 PF of Cattell. We analyse the dates with an t-Student Test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The population analyses was of predominantly feminine (62.7%) and with an age medium of 20 years. The Psychiatry specialty was chose by the 8.06% of the students. These students tend be in reference with the another students sensitive, immature emotionally, insure. (I+) and unstable, impulsive, untidy (Q3-). The bibliographic revision tend to confirm this tendency.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

A questionnaire study of psychological background factors in U.S. Navy aircraft accidents.

A questionnaire concerning life changes, personality factors, and adjustmental and leadership qualities of U.S. Naval aircrewmembers involved in aircraft accidents was sent to investigating flight surgeons during 1977-78. The responses were divided into two groups: those who were causally involved in accidents and those who were not. In order to cross-validate the results, data were collected and analyzed during 1979. Results indicate that aircrewmembers in the process of deciding about staying in the service are more likely to fall into the causally involved group. So were those who had trouble with interpersonal relationships, had no sense of humor or humility concerning themselves, were immature, or had recently lost a friend or family member through death.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed2003

[Increased incidence of depression and its socio-cultural background in Japan].

INTRODUCTION: It is often pointed out that the incidence of monopolar depression, new type depressions and protracted depression has increased. Why have such types of depression been appearing more frequently than before? We should not overlook the possibility that changing modern society could actually result in increased depression. DISCUSSION: After World War II, a period of rapid industrialization occurred in Japan. The younger generation largely moved to urban areas, leaving older people behind and collapsing traditional rural communities. This population shift resulted in two major changes among Japanese people. One is external, in occupational life. The other is internal, in the mentality of the younger generation. Industrialized society brings a variety of occasions for new adaptation. Each time a transfer to another workplace, promotion, demotion, retirement, residential changes or other such occasion takes place, an adaptation to a new environment must be made. Middle-aged individuals with typus melancholicus, who a generation ago would have been able to adapt themselves without problem, are likely to break down easily due to the difficulties posed by modern society. Most show mild monopolar depression without intense psychomotor inhibition and without severe anxiety. It is rare for them to fall into severe depression because they display a rather asthenic premorbid personality, as emphasized by von Zerssen. In modern society children are indulged without any confrontation with their father. As a result, children are brought up less adept at introjecting paternal authority and identifying with social norms than those brought up a few generations ago under traditional communities, while tending to be narcissistic and dependent following the strong maternal relationship. Some of them can become depressed following trivial events. As a result, new types of depression have been observed, such as bipolar II disorder, which consists of escaping-type depression (Hirose, T.), and immature-type depression (Abe, T. et al). Both types are observed at a younger age than that seen with typus melancholicus. Their appearance reflects the above-mentioned changes in the mentality of the younger generation. Whether with escaping--or immature-type depression, patients are not norm-oriented and are rather more narcissistic than typus melancholicus individuals. The escaping-type is, however, more intelligent and asthenic and displays less plain dependency than the immature-type, which can switch to bipolar I over the long-term. Regarding clinical pictures, the former is characterized by mild psychomotor inhibition and a tendency towards withdrawal from their reality The latter is characterized by marked anxiety/agitation, suicidal tendencies, and aggression towards key relationship and authority figures. Here, I refer to depression protracted by psychosocial factors. Both monopolar depression in the typus melancholicus personality and new type depressions can present as prolonged or repeated depressive phases in the presence of disadvantageous environment to which the patient returns. In the case of typus melancholicus individuals, if an environment to which they could not adapt themselves remains unchanged, or if a new form of order is not implemented, partial recovery with antidepressants is seen, but not full recovery. In the case of escaping- or immature-type depression, patients can recover if they re-enter protective environments, but if they don't, repeated depressive phases occur. CONCLUSION: 1) The increased incidence of depression is attributable to the appearance of new types of depression among young people, and the augmentation of monopolar depression among middle-aged typus melancholicus individuals. 2) Changes to modern society have influenced the premorbid personality of young depressives on the one hand, and increased the frequency of potential catalysts for depression among the middle-aged on the other. 3) Modern society may well facilitate recurrence and relapses for both types of depressive.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed1976

The replacement child--a developmental tragedy: some preliminary comments.

Some of the clinical and theoretical issues thought to be involved in the psychology of "replacement children" are discussed. A developmental framework is proposed within which to view such children. The replacement child is becoming an identifiable clinical syndrome, and a developmental framework is sorely needed to encourage more systematic research. A replacement child perceives his status differently on both a cognitive and emotional level within the context of each developmental phase, and the affective and associative links need to be reworked each time. We view the status of being a replacement child as a developmental interference insofar as demands are placed on the child's immature ego which he might not yet be equipped to cope with.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Host defense development in gut and related disorders.

The gastrointestinal tract serves as an important interface between ingested elements from the external environment and the internal milieu of the person. Maturation of this intestinal barrier appears to occur along with the normal development of other organ systems. Evidence is presented for this maturational process, and the relation of this immature barrier to certain disease states seen in the neonatal period (e.g., infectious diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, and allergic disease) is discussed.

Celiac Disease↗
PubMed2004

Human cytomegalovirus: clinical aspects, immune regulation, and emerging treatments.

After initial infection, human cytomegalovirus remains in a persistent state with the host. Immunity against the virus controls replication, although intermitent viral shedding can still take place in the seropositive immunocompetent person. Replication of cytomegalovirus in the absence of an effective immune response is central to the pathogenesis of disease. Therefore, complications are primarily seen in individuals whose immune system is immature, or is suppressed by drug treatment or coinfection with other pathogens. Although our increasing knowledge of the host-virus relationship has lead to the development of new pharmacological strategies for cytomegalovirus-associated infections, these strategies all have limitations-eg, drug toxicities, development of resistance, poor oral bioavailability, and low potency. Immune-based therapies to complement pharmacological strategies for the successful treatment of virus-associated complications should be prospectively investigated.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

A mathematical model of CD8+ lymphocyte dynamics in HIV infection.

The previously developed mathematical model of CD4+ lymphocyte dynamics in HIV infection incorporated a homeostatic mechanism regulating production of both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. The model simulated the CD4+ lymphocyte dynamics well, but simulation of CD8+ lymphocyte values was not satisfactory, because simulated numbers of these cells increased even at later stages of infection, when no further increase was observed in infected individuals. Modifications of the model were attempted to obtain better simulation results assuming the influence of HIV infection on CD8+ lymphocyte maturation. Satisfactory results were obtained, if the influx of immature CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was constrained by HIV infection. This modified version was then used for simulation of the anti-CD8 antibody administration effect in HIV-infected persons.

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes↗