[Studies on combined injuries. 3. On the effectiveness of radiation-protective substances in a combination of radiation stress and skin wound].
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Animals↗
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Results for “RADIATION PROTECTION”
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[Utilization of instruments and equipments for radiation protection in the radioisotope laboratories and radiation areas (author's transl)].
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Animal Feed↗
[Utilization of instruments and equipments for radiation protection in the radioisotope laboratories and radiation areas (III) (author's transl)].
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Laboratories↗
[Current status of the problem of radiation protection in space flight].
This review of radiation protection in space flight considers specific features of radiation effects (the composition of radiation, space-time changes of fluxes of charged particles, nonuniform radiation fields in spacecraft modules, formation of secondary radiations, etc) and the major sources of radiation hazards in space (Earth radiation belts, solar and galactic cosmic radiations). The paper presents estimates of the equivalent dose of protons and electrons of the Earth radiation belts at various orbits, as well as radiation characteristics of certain proton solar flares and galactic cosmic radiation. The paper also discusses the present-day criteria of radiation safety used in calculations of the shielding of manned spacecraft. The paper gives the standards of allowable radiation levels used in the USSR.
Cosmic Radiation↗
Consensus radiation protection practices for academic research institutions.
Under the auspices of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, a set of consensus guidelines for Radiation Protection Practices has been developed for biomedical research using radioactive materials. The purposes of the guidelines are (1) to promote good radiation protection practices consistent with the needs of biomedical research, the ALARA principle, and regulatory requirements; (2) to establish common goals and consistent practices within radiation safety programs; and (3) to build a meaningful partnership between radiation safety professionals and the biomedical research community. These practices are intended to enhance radiation protection and the efficiency of the research staff. The consensus guidelines will lessen the variability in radiation safety practices that is evident among many academic research institutions and will encourage better acceptance and regulatory compliance by users of radioactive materials in biomedical research.
Academies and Institutes↗
[Computer-assisted combined management of physical radiation protection and quality control of X-ray diagnostic equipment].
A software for the computer-assisted management of radiation protection and quality control of radiodiagnostic equipment is described. The code was written in DB3-plus language. In addition to some independent archives on X-ray diagnostic systems identification, it includes technical and radiation protection checks, environmental dosimetry in the controlled areas and on workers. The data can be searched through a key field and periodical radiation protection reports and action reports can be printed. The software programs can also perform some "intelligent" operations such as the calculation of controlled areas range and the classification of X-ray diagnostic systems and workers. This is done by retrieving the information from the archives. The software can be updated, revised and modified very easily, due to the non-connection of the archives. It is also very simple to connect DB3-plus archives with many other software packages to process and elaborate data. This software is the core of an integrated system we are developing to store and process data from diagnostic X-ray systems control meters and from our TLD personal dosimetry equipment.
Computer Systems↗
The role of the ICRP in radiation protection--a view from industry.
It is the objective of this paper to discuss some aspects concerning the role and importance of the ICRP. Here, this is done with a background of practical radiation protection in industry. The author organises and controls radiation protection for a worldwide operating company, for which efficiently realised radiation safety is as relevant for its workplaces as for its products and services. According to the author's subjective observation, the ICRP has a decreasing importance in operational radiation protection. However, there are growing demands on the ICRP as it is the only basis for internationally compatible regulations and standards. It is the merit of the ICRP that an international comparison of legal protection systems and concepts should give a much more homogeneous picture than that for any other safety and protection issue. The most valuable asset of the ICRP is its credibility as a scientific authority solely committed to the effective protection of people. But its success also brings with it an obligation: there is an increasing need for more effective communication to non-experts. This and other expectations for the future are briefly discussed.
European Union↗
[Different levels of radiation protection in tumor cell population].
It is postulated the presence of various systems of protection in tumor cell population. This systems have different mechanisms and are induced by the level of damage. From the analysis of the literature and own experiments the author maintains that there are not less than three levels of tumor cell population protection. 1. The radiation induced protection system is engaged after relative low radiation doses (1-4 Gy). Basic mechanism is stimulation of intracell DNA repair. 2. Repopulation is restore of number of cells, which were in a radioresistant state at the moment of irradiation. This second protection level is induced by radiation with doses 4.5-10 Gy. 3. Nonspecific protection mechanism opposing hard destruction effects functions at cell population level after irradiation with doses above 10 Gy. As a result of radioinduced fusion of lethally damaged cells, and also as a result of generation of polyploid and multinuclear cells and other reorganization processes aroused by radiation in high doses, viable somatic cell hybrids and genetically changed cells may be formed. In this case repopulation may occur owing to irradiated tumor cell progeny proliferation appeared after indicated processes.
Animals↗
Radiation protection and medical practice with special reference to health physicists and the Health Physics Society.
This paper broadly examines the historical development of radiation protection in medical practice through an examination of the interactions of those concerned with radiation protection and medical practice with emphasis on the last half century and on the role played by health physicists and the Health Physics Society. Included is a brief discussion of the relevant activities of various federal agencies and other organizations including the Atomic Energy Commission and successors and the U.S. Public Health Service; the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and International Commission on Radiological Protection; and the Health Physics Society, American Board of Health Physics, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Society of Nuclear Medicine, and Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors and related scientific and professional bodies.
Government Agencies↗
Radiation protection guidelines for the practicing orthodontist.
This article summarizes the most recent (December 2003) dental x-ray guidelines from the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements report #145. The guidelines are intended for all dental health-care providers. They address radiation dose limits for occupational and nonoccupational exposure and radiation protection for operators, patients, and the public. Equipment design can play an important role in radiation protection, and recommendations from the guidelines are discussed.
Cephalometry↗
Mixed high energy photon and electron radiation fields for calibrating radiation protection dosemeters.
According to ISO 4037-3, calibrations of radiation protection dosemeters with photon radiation of energies above 3 MeV are performed under conditions of charged particle equilibrium. No information is provided concerning how to determine the response of dosemeters to radiation fields in the more general case when these conditions are not fulfilled. This paper deals with the production of mixed high energy photon and electron fields characterised by a lack or an excess of charged particles relative to conditions of equilibrium and describes a new procedure for the dosimetry in such fields. Through variation of the charged particle fluence fraction with respect to a nearly constant photon fluence, Hp(10) and H'(10) values varied by up to a factor of 1.74. The above mentioned basic study was utilised in the recent IAEA intercomparison (Co-ordinated Research Project 1996-1998) and EURADOS 'trial performance test' (1996-1998) for individual monitoring of photon radiation in testing response characteristics of individual dosemeters in non-charged particle equilibrium conditions.
Air Pollution, Radioactive↗
[Radiology and radiation protection in dental medicine. 1: Biological effects resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation].
The different types of biological effects produced by ionizing radiations are reviewed. Among the early effects following an acute exposure, the bone marrow syndrome and the intestinal syndrome are briefly described. They are unlikely to appear in the current conditions encountered in dental radiology. As far as skin exposure is concerned (e.g. fingers, hands), acute reactions (moist desquamation, ulceration, etc.) require high doses which are encountered only in accidental conditions. However, chronic dermatitis after repeated low dose exposure is one of the major risks in dental radiology (even without previous acute lesions), if the recommendations of radioprotection are not followed. The danger is ultimately the transformation into a radio-induced skin cancer. Among the late effects, after chronic exposure at low doses, cancer induction and the genetic effects are the most important. The risk coefficient for cancer induction is expressed by the number of lethal cancers induced per unit dose. In his last report (1988), the UNSCEAR assessed the risk coefficient between 4.5 and 7% for an absorbed dose of 1 Gy (low-LET radiation, high dose delivered at high dose rate). A low doses and low dose rates (X-and gamma rays), the UNSCEAR recommends to reduce the above risk coefficients by a factor between 2 and 10. The risk coefficient at low doses is difficult to evaluate since the rate of radio-induced cancers is small compared to the spontaneous cancer incidence. The risk of a severe genetic effect is about 1/3-1/4 of the risk of lethality from radio-induced cancer. Finally, the characteristics of the stochastic and non-stochastic effects are described. The acute effects, the late radiodermatitis and the cataract are examples of non-stochastic effects, while cancer induction and the genetic effect are stochastic effects. In the Appendix, the most important quantities and units, used in radiation protection, are presented.
Bone Marrow↗
[Radiation protection in mammography].
According to the generally held view, objections in terms of radiation hygiene are less important in individually indicated mammographic investigations. Radiation protection in mammography is restricted to the carcinogenic side effect of radiation exposure in mass screening of asymptomatic women. A dose-proportional carcinogenic side effect independent of the dose distribution in time is also to be assumed in the small dose range. The International Radiation Protection Commission therefore requires a cost-benefit analysis to including costs for all mass X-ray examinations. It is indispensable to consider each age group separately in order to arrive at a rational and medically acceptable result. Cost/benefit analyses integrated over all age groups obscure important decision indicators with their positive results throughout. In a differentiated consideration, one arrives at a minimum age of entry for participation of asymptomatic women in regular mass screening. This depends on the dose requirement of the system used. The available recommendations tend to be restrictive in the case of relatively high dose requirement, and can be interpreted more extensively in the case of lower dose requirement. Inclusion of younger age groups with very low incidence which is possible in terms of risk criteria after a major lowering of the dose requirement leads to a low specific benefit and high specific costs, i.e. to a poor cost/benefit relation. Objections to the cost/benefit analyses undertaken could be shown to be based on the neglect of an age-differentiated consideration, one-sided selection of material, selective interpretation of the literature, inadmissible generalizations, the highlighting of relatively implausible assumptions, fundamental errors and argumentations colored by professional interest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Age Factors↗
[Radiation protection of the environment: anthropocentric and eco-centric principles].
The second half of the XX century was dominated in the field of radiation protection of the environment by the anthropocentric concept stated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). According to this concept "if man is adequately protected by radiological standards then biota are also adequately protected". At the end of the XX--beginning of the XXI centuries in the area of area of radiation protection of nature an ecocentric strategy is beginning to develop where emphasis has swung to the protection of biota in their environment. Inadequacy of ICRP's anthroposentric concept is reported. Issues are discussed such as ecological dosimetry, nonequidosal irradiation of man and biota, criteria for estimating radiation induced changes in biota and man, as well as the need to harmonize permissible exposure doses to man and biota. An urgent need is stressed to develop a single (synthetic) concept of radiation protection which simultaneously ensures protection of human health and biota well-being in their environment. This concept is to be based on the recognition of the integrity of socio-natural ecosystems where man and biota are considered as a unity.
Animals↗
Radiation protection dosimetry for diagnostic radiology patients.
The radiation protection of patients undergoing medical X-ray examinations is governed by the principles of justification and optimisation. Radiation dosimetry is required to inform medical practitioners of the levels of exposure and hence the risks from the diagnostic procedures that they have to justify and to assist the operators of X-ray imaging equipment to determine whether their procedures are optimised. This paper describes the main dosimetric methods that have been developed to meet these requirements. Suitable radiation risk projection models are used to predict the risks to patients in the UK from computed tomography examinations, as a function of age at exposure and sex, and show that the lifetime risk of fatal cancer can reach 1 in 1000 for children. The concept of 'diagnostic reference levels' as an aid to the optimisation of medical exposures is described, and progress in implementing them in the UK is reported.
Adolescent↗
Radiation protection problems for the space station and approaches to their mitigation.
With the advent of a permanent manned space station the longstanding problems of radiation protection in manned spaceflight have acquired an immediacy. This paper endeavors to emphasize the gaps of our knowledge which must be closed for effective radiation protection. The information that is required includes the accurate determination of the exposure inside the space station to the various components of tile ionizing radiation, the evaluation of the biological importance of the different radiation qualities and the depth dose distribution of the less penetrating component. There is also the possibility of an interaction with weightlessness. It is necessary to establish adequate radiation protection standards and a system of dosimetric surveillance. There is a need for studies of possible methods of hardening selective shielding of the space station. Spaceflight experiments, which might contribute to the solution of some of these problems are discussed.
Atlantic Ocean↗
IAEA Occupational Radiation Protection Programme.
The objective of the IAEA Occupational Protection Programme is to promote and assist in establishing an internationally harmonised approach for optimising occupational radiation protection. Guidance for IAEA Member States is provided through the hierarchical Safety Standards Series: Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. A set of three Safety Guides on occupational radiation protection has been published, jointly sponsored by the IAEA and the International Labour Office. Complementary advice, either topic specific or practice specific, is published as Safety Reports in other IAEA publications. In view of the technical difficulties associated with the introduction of the new radiation quantities for measurements and reporting, the IAEA assists its Member States by offering annual dosimetry intercomparisons. The purpose of this paper is to present the current and future IAEA activities in support of occupational radiation protection in the IAEA Member States.
Austria↗
[Radiation protection of the patient in nuclear medicine].
More emphasis should be put on radiation protection since the use of radioisotope- and X-ray procedures for the patient evaluation is steadily increasing. In adults carcinogenesis is the major risk factor. Because of the high sensitivity of the fetus to ionizing radiation special precautions are necessary for the use of radioisotopes in females in the reproductive age. Careful consideration of the benefit of investigations with radioisotopes is considered as the most effective radiation protection measurement.
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗