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PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the territory of the city of Bari in outside and inside environments].

In this study we measured the levels of the high frequency field in the proximity of non-ionizing radiation sources (wireless transmitting stations for mobile telephones and radio and television transmitters) in nine districts of the city of Bari. The measurements were taken both inside and outside closed environments. For the indoor measurements we took into account electromagnetic field generating equipment (VDT, electric domestic appliances, mobile telephones) in working and non-working order and with the windows open and shut respectively. We carried out these measurements according to the methods laid down in the Italian regulation CEI ENV 50166-2 of May 1995, as shown in the enclosure to the Ministerial Decree of 10.9.98 n.381. The electromagnetic field levels near wireless transmitting stations for mobile telephones are certainly modest when we consider that they never exceeded the limits established by the aforesaid Ministerial Decree. On the contrary radio and television equipment creates a much greater source of exposure. The electromagnetic field levels are certainly superior to those of the wireless transmitting stations although they never exceed, except in one isolated case, the values established by the Ministerial Decree 381/98.

Cell Phone↗
PubMed2006

The effectiveness of mass media in changing HIV/AIDS-related behaviour among young people in developing countries.

OBJECTIVES: To review the strength of the evidence for the effects of three types of mass media interventions (radio only, radio with supporting media, or radio and television with supporting media) on HIV/AIDS-related behaviour among young people in developing countries and to assess whether these interventions reach the threshold of evidence needed to recommend widespread implementation. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of studies that evaluated mass media interventions and were published or released between 1990 and 2004. Studies were included if they evaluated a mass media campaign that had the main objective of providing information about HIV/AIDS or sexual health. To be eligible for inclusion studies had to use a pre-intervention versus post-intervention design or an intervention versus control design or analyse cross-sectional data comparing those who had been exposed to the campaign with those who had not been exposed. Studies also had to comprehensively report quantitative data for most outcomes. FINDINGS: Of the 15 programmes identified, 11 were from Africa, 2 from Latin America, 1 from Asia, and 1 from multiple countries. One programme used radio only, six used radio with supporting media, and eight others used television and radio with supporting media. The data support the effectiveness of mass media interventions to increase the knowledge of HIV transmission, to improve self-efficacy in condom use, to influence some social norms, to increase the amount of interpersonal communication, to increase condom use and to boost awareness of health providers. Fewer significant effects were found for improving self-efficacy in terms of abstinence, delaying the age of first sexual experience or decreasing the number of sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS: We found that mass media programmes can influence HIV-related outcomes among young people, although not on every variable or in every campaign. Campaigns that include television require the highest threshold of evidence, yet they also yield the strongest evidence of effects. This suggests that comprehensive mass media programmes are valuable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Public awareness of aspirin and sources of aspirin information in a rural Iowa community.

One hundren fifty households in a rural Iowa community were surveyed to determine the frequency and reasons for aspirin use, their awareness of aspirin effects, and their sources of aspirin information. Of those surveyed 82 percent used aspirin to some extent and 59 percent used it at least monthly. The frequency of aspirin use was indirectly associated with age. The number of correct aspirin effects mentioned was 1.8 +/- 1.1 with 89 percent mentioning analgesia as an effect of aspirin. Nineteen percent mentioned mental relaxation as an effect of aspirin. The number of correct effects mentioned was associated directly with education and indirectly with age but was not associated with the frequency of aspirin use. The number of information sources mentioned was 1.3 +/- 0.7 with 34 percent mentioning television and radio advertising as a source of aspirin information. Awareness of gastrointestinal irritation and antipyretic effects and the number of correct effects mentioned were each associated with mention of television and radio advertising as an information source. Use of aspirin for fever was associated with mention of physicians as an information source. Seventy-two percent of the respondents indicated a desire for more information with physicians mentioned as the desired source of additional information by 69 percent of respondents.

Aspirin↗
PubMed1996

Establishing a community network for recruitment of African Americans into a clinical trial. The African-American antiplatelet stroke Prevention Study (AAASPS) experience.

A major aspect of a clinical trial is the ability to successfully recruit patients. There is a paucity of information concerning the nuances of recruiting study patients, especially those from minority communities. As minorities generally have been underrepresented in the health-care system, they may be less likely to participate in clinical trials or other studies. Thus, a strategy is needed to overcome this potential shortfall. One of our solutions has been the development of a community network to help disseminate information about our program. We believe that a key aspect has been the involvement of community members during pre-trial planning, community awareness programs, and our Community Advisory Panel. We also believe that it may be a major error to bring a health-care initiative unannounced into a targeted community without extensive pre-program planning in cooperation with that community. As our community awareness scheme suggests (Figure), there are many possible avenues to heighten awareness about a health-care program. While the church remains an important institution for religious and cultural activities in the African-American community, we have found that the news, television, and radio media also can be a powerful source for spreading awareness. Thus, we recommend creating awareness about an initiative through a "grassroots" approach of church and community organizations, along with a global approach through news, television, and radio media. As part of the awareness promotion campaign, it must be emphasized that the study is safe and provides benefits to enrollees. The success of health programs is largely dependent on community acceptance, which must be established in the pre-program planning stages of the initiative. This concept of obtaining community approval and acceptance prior to program initiation is not a new one, nor does it exclusively apply to the African-American community. Community leaders and members need to have a vested interest in such a program and a sense of empowerment. Through this type of communication, patient enrollment and community satisfaction can be substantial. Such success can serve as a springboard for other targeted health-care studies or programs in high-risk communities.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

Are drinkers interested in inexpensive approaches to reduce their alcohol use?

This study examined whether adult drinkers would be willing to receive self-help and other minimal contact aids designed to help them drink more moderately. A total of 316 adults eighteen years of age and older residing in two adjacent communities in northwest Arkansas participated in a mail survey. Drinkers most frequently requested newspaper articles on how to drink more moderately (20.7%), followed by television and radio programs (15.5%). Over one-fourth (26.2%) of adult alcohol users reported an interest in receiving one or more of the aids to limit drinking. Heavier drinkers were more likely than lighter drinkers to be interested in television and radio programs, contests and cash awards, and newspaper articles aimed at helping them to drink more moderately (p's less than or equal to .01). Drinkers who were interested in receiving one or more self-help alcohol aids reported higher levels of alcohol consumption, and greater motivation to limit their alcohol use (p's less than or equal to .01). These data suggest that a considerable number of alcohol users would like to receive inexpensive aids to help them to drink more moderately.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

[The fight against AIDS among adolescent girls: the impact of the 2003 Carnival campaign by the Brazilian Ministry of Health].

In 2003, the Brazilian Ministry of Health launched a nationwide campaign aimed at promoting condom use by adolescent girls. The "Carnival Campaign" was broadcast on television and radio from February 16 to March 3 and targeted adolescent girls (13-19 years), a group which had shown an increase in the number of cases of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The MoH hired Kelly Key, a Brazilian pop singer, to star the television and radio ads and deliver the campaign message. One of the objectives was to empower girls and encourage them not to be ashamed of purchasing condoms or of demanding that their partners use them. The article presents the results of a nationwide survey with 1,006 adolescent girls in 86 municipalities, sponsored by the MoH. The results show that campaign materials reached the main target public and were evaluated in a very positive light. Finally, the survey data show that the Carnival Campaign had important effects, stimulating discussions in the adolescent social environment and reinforcing positive attitudes towards condom use.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗