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PubMed1976

Cells containing Langerhans cell granules in human lymph nodes of "atypical hyperplasia" with fatal outcome and leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.

Langerhans cell granules could be found in atypical histiocytes in lymph nodes of three patients with "atypical hyperplasia" with fatal outcome and one patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. These atypical histiocytes might be derived from immature mesenchymal cells in lymph nodes and the Langerhans cell granules might be induced in these cells by a particular condition. Only one of the Langerhans cell granules seemingly associated with the plasma membrane could be observed in these atypical histiocytes and all of the granules were seen within the cytoplasm. Quite a number of Langerhans cell granules were located near the Golgi apparatus. Several atypical granules very similar to the Langerhans cell granules could also be observed in these atypical histiocytes. These Langerhans cell granules were assumed to be directly derived from the Golgi apparatus and/or derived from the atypical granules which were secreted from the Golgi apparatus. The relationship between the Langerhans cell granules and the microtubules must also be considered, because Langerhans cell granules were found near the centrioles and microtubules.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Generalized monocyte deficiency in leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis.

Examination of the blood of 40 patients with leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) revealed a drastic reduction in monocyte numbers (mean 74/microliter) when compared to a normal group of 33 (mean 442/microliter). Repeated blood studies in 8 LRE patients were made over periods of 2 months to 5 years and monocytopenia was observed to be a persistent phenomenon. Similarly, tissues from 29 patients showed an overall decrease in numbers of monocytes/ histiocytes when compared with those of 73 control subjects. Skin window examinations in all 11 patients so studied showed marked reduction or absence of monocyte response to inflammation. 2 exceptional cases to this trend are noted. In one, circulating monocyte levels remained normal over a 14-month period while examinations of blood and marrow in this case showed few hairy cells. In another case, severe and persistent monocyte deficiency was noted during a 2-year period of unsuccessful treatment. When he eventually responded to low dose chlorambucil and his Hb rose from 40-140 g/l and WBC became normal, the number of circulating monocytes also became normal.

Esterases↗

PubMed1973

Relationship of reticuloendotheliosis virus to the avian tumor viruses: nucleic acid and polypeptide composition.

The RNA content and polypeptide composition of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was compared to that of C-type RNA tumor viruses. Two RNA species with approximate sedimentation values of 64S and 4S were observed after sucrose gradient centrifugation of RNA extracted from purified REV. The high-molecular-weight RNA species of REV sedimented slightly faster than that of the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Although these characteristics were consistent with those of other C-type RNA tumor viruses, significant differences were observed when the polypeptide composition of REV was compared with that of RSV possessing envelope determinants of Rous-associated virus RAV-2 and RAV-3. Five polypeptides of which two were glycosylated were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major nonglycosylated polypeptide of REV did not comigrate with that of RSV (RAV-2)-RSV(RAV-3). The majority of the group-specific antigen reactivity resides in this major nonglycosylated polypeptide of avian tumor viruses and comigrates when proteins of several avian tumor viruses are subjected to coelectrophoresis. This difference in the migration of the major polypeptide of REV and RSV(RAV-2)-RSV(RAV-3) may explain the absence of avian tumor virus group-specific antigen in REV.

Alpharetrovirus↗

PubMed1974

Specific serological relationships among partially purified DNA polymerases of avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses, reticuloendotheliosis viruses, and avian cells.

Specific serological relationships were found among the partially purified DNA polymerases of the two groups of avian viruses whose virions contain RNA and a DNA polymerase-the avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses and the reticuloendotheliosis viruses-and three avian species which are natural hosts for these viruses: chickens, turkeys, and Pekin ducks. No relationships were found to DNA polymerases of HeLa cells or Escherichia coli. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that RNA viruses with a DNA polymerase originated from normal cellular components.

Alpharetrovirus↗

PubMed1975

Polypeptide composition of spleen necrosis virus, a reticuloendotheliosis virus.

The polypeptide composition of virions of spleen necrosis virus, a reticuloendotheliosis virus, was determined using electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing, 10 percent polyacrylamide gels. Ten polypeptides were resolved. Four of these were present in minor and somewhat variable amounts. Two proteins, gp71 and gp22, contained D-glucosamine and were located on the outer surface of the lipid envelope, as demonstrated by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and by bromelain digestion. The results suggest that two of the minor proteins, p36 and p26, were also located on the outer surface, although they lacked D-glucosamine. Treatment of the virus with 0.25 percent Nonidet P-40 and 1 percent dithiothreitol produced a subparticle with a buoyant density of approximately 1.31 g/cm-3. This particle was relatively enriched with polypeptides p77, p62, and p50 and contained small amounts of three other polypeptides.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗

PubMed1984

Nucleic acid sequences of the oncogene v-rel in reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T and its cellular homolog, the proto-oncogene c-rel.

Reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T (Rev-T) is a highly oncogenic replication-defective retrovirus which contains the oncogene v-rel. It is thought that Rev-T arose when a virus similar to Rev-A, the helper virus of Rev-T, infected a turkey and recombined with c-rel from that turkey. There is one large c-rel locus in the turkey genome which contains all of the sequences homologous to v-rel (K. C. Wilhelmsen and H. M. Temin, J. Virol. 49:521-529, 1984). We have sequenced v-rel and its flanking sequences, each of the regions of the c-rel locus from turkey that are homologous to v-rel and their flanking sequences, and the coding sequence for env and part of pol of Rev-A. The v-rel coding sequences can be translated into a 503-amino acid env-v-rel-out-of-frame-env fusion polypeptide. We have not detected any sequences in the Los Alamos or University of California-San Diego data bases that are more significantly related to the amino acid or nucleic acid sequence of v-rel than to the randomized sequence of v-rel. Comparison of Rev-A, Rev-T, and c-rel indicates that the v-rel sequences may have been transduced from the c-rel (turkey) locus by a novel mechanism. There are sequences in Rev-A and c-rel that are similar to splicing signals, indicating that the 5' virus-rel junction of Rev-T may have been formed by cellular RNA splicing machinery. Eight presumed introns have presumably been spliced out of c-rel to generate v-rel. There are also short imperfect regions of homology between sequences at the boundaries of v-rel and sequences in Rev-A and c-rel (turkey), indicating that c-rel may have been transduced by homologous recombination. There are many differences between the amino acid sequences of the predicted translational products of v-rel and c-rel which may account for their difference in transformation potential. These sequence differences between v-rel and c-rel include 10 missense transitions, four missense transversions, and three places where Rev-T has a small in-frame deletion of sequences relative to c-rel. Most of the coding sequence differences between c-rel and v-rel are nonconservative amino acid changes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Construction and characterization of a fowlpox virus field isolate whose genome lacks reticuloendotheliosis provirus nucleotide sequences.

Fowlpox virus (FWPV) has been isolated from vaccinated chicken flocks during subsequent fowlpox outbreaks that were characterized by a high degree of mortality and significant economic losses. This inability of current vaccines to induce adequate immunity in poultry could be reflective of an antigenic and/or biologic distinctiveness of FWPV field isolates. In this regard, whereas an infectious reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) provirus is present in the majority of the field viruses' genomes, only remnants of REV long terminal repeats (LTR) have been retained in the DNAs of each vaccine strain. Although it has not been demonstrated whether the partial LTRs can provide an avenue for FWPV to reacquire the REV provirus by homologous recombination, utilizing viruses of which genomes lack any known integrated retroviral sequences could resolve concern over this issue. Therefore, such an entity was created by genetically modifying a recently isolated field strain of FWPV. This selection, in lieu of a commercial vaccine virus, as the progenitor was based on the probability that a virus circulating in the environment would be more antigenically similar to others in this locale and thus might be a better candidate for vaccine development. A comparison in vivo of the pathogenic traits of the parental wild-type field isolate, its genetically modified progeny, and a rescue mutant in whose genome the REV provirus was inserted at its previous location, indicated that elimination of the provirus sequence correlated with reduced virulence. However, even with elimination of the parasitic REV, the modified FWPV was still slightly more invasive than a commercial vaccine virus. Interestingly, both types of attenuated FWPV elicited a similar degree of antibody production in inoculated chickens and afforded them protection against a subsequent challenge by a field virus, the origin of which was temporally and geographically distinct from that of the progenitor strain. Due to its antigenicity being retained despite a decrease in virulence, this REV-less FWPV could potentially be developed as a vaccine against fowlpox.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: "hairy cell leukemia," functional and structural features of the abnormal cell in a patient with profound leukocytosis.

The development of profound leukocytosis in a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) enabled us to obtain purified LRE cells for the investigation of their structural and functional characteristics. The LRE cells of our patient bore surface immunoglobulin and had complement receptors but did not bear Fc receptors and did not form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. By electron microscopy, the cells were observed to contain typical ribosome lamella structures and to phagocytize both 0.81 micron latex particles and complement-coated zymosan particles. They were adherent to both glass and nylon wool fibers. The mitogenic response to erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin was normal to magnitude but delayed chronologically. The binding of 125I-labeled plant lectins was used to characterize the surface topography of LRE cells. Results of these studies indicated that the LRE cell surface differed significantly from the surface of normal T and B lymphocytes and chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. The LRE cells were capable of both stimulating and responding in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. However, the LRE cells were not active as effector cells of either cell-mediated lympholysis, a T cell function, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, a null cell function. In contrast, they were effector cells of lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity showing that they did possess the capacity to function as cytotoxic effector cells. These data indicated that the LRE cells in our patient had surface and functional characteristics of both lymphocytes and monocytes.

Binding Sites↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of reticuloendotheliosis virus in broiler breeder flocks.

Six broiler breeder flocks from two companies in Mississippi were tested at intervals for reticuloendotheliosis (RE) virus infection. Virus was isolated and antibody demonstrated in all six flocks. Infection was first detected at ages ranging from 13 to 47 weeks. Studies showed that neither congenital transmission from grandparent flocks nor treatment with contaminated vaccines was a likely source of infection; thus, exposure to RE virus was assumed to come from the environment. Virus was isolated from litter samples from two of the flocks, but no specific environmental infection source was identified. Infection rates of flocks differed between the two companies. Although adequate controls were lacking, no performance problems due to RE virus infection were apparent in breeder or broiler progeny flocks. However, the RE viruses isolated from these flocks were immunosuppressive and oncogenic when inoculated into day-old chicks. A moderate (3-16%) incidence of neoplasms was induced by contact exposure to these field isolates in the laboratory.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Suppression of the mitogen-stimulated blastogenic response during reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced tumorigenesis: investigations into the mechanism of action of the suppressor.

Splenic lymphocytes from chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are suppressed in their ability to undergo PHA-induced blastogenesis. This suppression can be detected within 72 hr after virus injection and requires active viral infection since i.p. or i.v. injection of UV-inactivated REV does not result in inhibition of the blastogenic response. Suppressor cells from the spleens of REV-infected birds severely inhibit the ability of spleen cells from uninfected chickens to respond to PHA at a ratio of 1:20, suggesting that each suppressor cell may be capable of suppressing more than one target cell. Contact between suppressor and target cells is required for the rapid inhibition of the normal PHA response. The suppressive mechanism is cytostatic in nature, and apparently of host origin since neither REV, nor REV-infected (or transformed) cells mediate the suppression. The ability of the suppressor cells to impair the blastogenic response of spleen cells is sensitive to trypsin, suggesting that an inhibitory protein is exposed on the surface of the suppressor cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Free immunoglobulin light chain synthesis by neoplastic cells in leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis.

Neoplastic cell preparations from four patients with clinically and morphologically well-defined leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) were investigated for their capacity to synthesize immunoglobulin in vitro. Neoplastic cells from all cases synthesized immunoglobulin of the same light chain class as expressed at their cell surface. Labelled IgM and IgD were identified in cell lysates while free light chain was the predominant labelled immunoglobulin product in the LRE culture supernatants. The capacity of LRE cells to synthesize immunoglobulin and free light chain was similar to that of neoplastic cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and provides further evidence for the B-lymphocyte origin of the neoplastic cells in LRE.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1979

Leukopheresis therapy of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (hairy cell leukemia).

Intensive leukopheresis has been valuable in the short-term palliation of chronic lymphocytic and granulocytic leukemias. A 47-yr-old man with refractory leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (hairy cell leukemia) manifested by anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated peripheral leukemia cell counts, generalized lymph node enlargement, and leukemic infiltrative skin disease was treated with serial leukopheresis. Removal of approximately 7 X 10(11) peripheral leukemia cells resulted in marked clinical and hematologic improvement with resolution of enlarged lymph nodes and clearing of skin infiltrates. At the time of this reporting, more than 400 wk since the last leukopheresis, the patient continues to do well. The improvement in all blood counts, reduction in lymph node size, and clearing of skin lesions paralleled the reduction of peripheral leukemia cell load by leukopheresis, suggesting mobilization of leukemia cells from marrow, lymph nodes, and skin. Removal of large numbers of leukemia cells in hairy cell leukemia has the potential of achieving sustained clinical improvement and may be a useful alternative therapy for these patients.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed1977

Absence of a receptor for fixed C3 on the hairy cells of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis.

By the use of a rosette test employing yeast particles coated with C3 activated by the alternative pathway, we have demonstrated that the hairy cells of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) do not possess a receptor for C3. It is also shown that hairy cells display a consistently lower percentage of rosette formation with ox EAC than with ox EA IgM and this is attributed to varying degrees of steric hindrance of IgM or incomplete coating by complement. Blocking with monomeric IgM confirmed this interpretation. These results are used to reconcile previously conflicting reports concerning the presence or absence of a receptor for C3 on the hairy cells of LRE, and to suggest that the disease is accompanied by a severe reduction of normal B lymphocytes.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1984

Absence of lymphocyte ecto-5'-nucleotidase in infants with reticuloendotheliosis and eosinophilia (Omenn's syndrome).

Lymphocytes from three infants with reticuloendotheliosis and eosinophilia ( Omenn 's syndrome) and immunodeficiency were assayed for 5'-nucleotidase activity. B and T lymphocytes from all three patients were totally deficient in ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity, but had normal levels of cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidase. In contrast, cultured lymphocytes expressed normal ectoplasmic and cytoplasmic activities, suggesting that the lymphocyte-restricted enzyme deficiency was not likely a primary genetic defect. The deficiency of lymphocyte ecto-5'-nucleotidase was not associated with any abnormality of deoxynucleoside metabolism. The absence of lymphocyte ecto-5'-nucleotidase may be a characteristic feature of this syndrome and may help to distinguish this disease from others with similar manifestations.

5'-Nucleotidase↗

PubMed1978

Depression of mitogen response in spleen cells from reticuloendotheliosis virus-infected chickens and their suppressive effect on normal lymphocyte response.

Spleen cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes from chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) were depressed in their responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). When spleen cells from uninfected chickens were co-cultured with spleen cells from chickens infected with REV at 2 weeks of age, the PHA response by the normal cells was completely suppressed. Although spleen cells from chickens infected with REV at 6 or 9 weeks of age were also suppressed in their ability to respond to PHA, they did not suppress the mitogenic response of normal cells in mixed cultures.

Aging↗

PubMed1981

Beneficial effect of hepatitis in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.

A patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis had splenomegaly, neutropenia, and a severe underproduction anemia. During a three-year period, the hematocrit was never in the normal range, and periodic transfusions were required. However, after an episode of hepatitis that was positive for B surface antigen, the spleen became smaller, the number of neutrophils increased, the transfusion requirement disappeared, and the hematocrit rose to normal. Several mechanisms for this observation are proposed.

Hepatitis B↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) in serous effusions.

The cytology of two cases of hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) involving pleural and ascitic fluids is described. With the Papanicolaou stain, the cells have a "lymphoid" appearance. The presence of these cells plus knowledge of the clinical history might help the cytologist and/or hematologist in their identification. A tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain will confirm the true nature of such cells and establish the clinical diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Unlike the other members of the leukemia-malignant lymphoma group, the body cavities are rarely involved.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1977

Kinetic properties of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isolated from human spleen with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.

The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was isolated from the spleen of a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. The unique characteristic of the enzyme is its similar reactivity toward p-nitrophenylphosphate, inorganic pyrophosphate ADP, and ATP. When ATP was incubated with the enzyme, the initial products were ADP and inorganic phosphate. The kinetic data confirmed that these substrates were hydrolyzed by the same enzyme. This type of substrate specificity is clearly different from acid phosphatase and pyrophosphatases previously described in the literature.

Acid Phosphatase↗