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PubMed1981

Postnatal development and differentiation of the secretory elements of the rabbit parotid and submandibular glands.

The development of the secretory elements of the parotid and submandibular glands has been examined in postnatal rabbits. In the submandibular gland, there are 2 principal types of secretory cells, serous and mucous. At birth, these occur in approximately equal proportions, and, by 28 days postnatal, the mucous elements greatly outnumber the serous ones. Initially, development of the parotid gland lags significantly behind that of the submandibular gland. Lobules, which are widely separated at birth, appear compact by 28 days postnatal, at which time also serous acinar cells contain an adult content of secretory granules. In both glands, secretory granules develop within component cells of intercalated ducts by 14 days postnatal. Although the glands appear virtually mature by 28 days postnatal, which corresponds approximately to the onset of weaning, minor structural changes occur over the following 3 postnatal weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Differential binding sites of peroxidase-labelled lectins in the submandibular gland of sucking and adult cats.

The glycosidic residues in the submandibular gland of cat at different ages were studied using a battery of 6 lectins conjugated with horseradish peroxidase as histochemical reagents. The submandibular glands of sucking and adult cats showed diversities in the reaction intensity or in the localization of binding sites. The morphologically distinct secretory tracts appear to produce different types of oligosaccharides in sucking and adult subjects. The sugars that can be defined as growth markers in the cat submandibular gland seem to be alpha-L-fucose, N-acetyl-D-glycosamine and beta-galactose. The data originated from this research have been compared with biochemical data previously obtained by the authors on the cat submandibular gland during growth.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Mouse embryonic submandibular gland epithelium loses its tissue integrity during early branching morphogenesis.

During the development of the mouse submandibular gland, the epithelium undergoes not only shape changes to produce extensively branched lobules and stalk, but also changes in cell arrangement from a cell mass to a cavitated cell sheet. The present study examined the organization in the developing epithelium of intercellular adhesion systems and of actin-containing microfilaments. E-cadherin and beta-catenin, which are components of cell-to-cell adherens junctions in epithelial cells, were distributed along the cell periphery of almost the entire epithelium of the submandibular gland at all stages examined and were mainly localized at the apical region of the oral epithelium. Actin-containing microfilaments, which are associated with cell-to-cell adherens junctions, showed a distribution similar to that of those molecules. In contrast, although the distributions of desmoplakins I/II, major desmosomal proteins, and ZO-1 (a tight junction protein) were seen in the oral epithelium and proximal stalk of the submandibular gland epithelium, signals representing these molecules were absent from or much reduced in the submandibular gland epithelium of the cell mass at the 12- and 13-day stages. In the 14-day gland, they strongly appeared in the cells facing the appearing lumens, whereas they were weakly scattered within the terminal lobules that were still a part of the cell mass. These findings suggest that cell-to-cell adhesion systems are differentially regulated during the epithelial morphogenesis of the submandibular gland and that the integrity of the submandibular gland epithelium is lost during the early stages of development, indicating the tissue to be a rather plastic structure.

Actins↗
PubMed2006

Establishment of submandibular gland allotransplantation model in miniature swine.

BACKGROUND: Autologous transplantation of the submandibular gland (SMG) into the temporal fossa with microvascular anastomosis has been successfully applied in severe xerophthalmia patients as a permanent tear substitute. However, severe xerophthalmia can be accompanied by salivary gland dysfunction, making such autotransplantation unsuitable. Therefore, SMG allotransplantation might be a solution. The aim of this study was to assess the technical feasibility of submandibular gland allotransplantation. METHODS: Twelve miniature swine were randomized to serve as donors or recipients. One SMG was transplanted between a donor and a recipient. The donor SMG was revascularized by microvascular anastomosis of its vascular pedicle to the recipient lingual artery and external jugular vein. The secretory duct was implanted into the vestibule of the mouth through a subcutaneous tunnel. No immunosuppressive agent was administered. The results were assessed by visual inspection of the secretion, and histopathological examination of the transplanted SMG. RESULTS: Technically, all surgical procedures were successful. Clear secretion flowed out of the duct as soon as blood supply of the transplanted submandibular gland was reestablished. The secretion of the gland lasted for 5 days. As expected, an acute rejection reaction occurred after surgery because no immunosuppressive agents were used. Secretion from the transplanted SMG ceased within 5 days. CONCLUSIONS: A model of SMG allotransplantation can be established in miniature swine. The technique of submandibular gland allotransplantation is feasible.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Trauma, especially of the submandibular glands, causes release of epidermal growth factor into bloodstream in mice.

Submandibular glands in mice were traumatized by handling and then removed. Immunoreactive epidermal growth factor (EGF) in serum increased after 5 min and continued to increase, reaching at 1 h a peak of 50-fold normal in males and twice normal in females. If after traumatization the glands were repositioned with their blood supply intact, maximal increase of serum EGF at 1 h was 190-fold control values in males and 2-fold in females. In male mice, incision of abdominal wall skin led to a 15-fold increase of EGF in the serum; this rise was absent 3 days after sialoadenoectomy. After traumatization, repositioned submandibular glands lost 80% of their EGF; after the abdominal wall incision, only 30%. Following removal of submandibular glands, decrease of EGF level in serum was very slow: to 60% of the initial value after 3 days and to 40% after 10 days. By the HPLC characteristics, immunoreactive EGF in control serum and at its peak were indistinguishable. Urinary excretion of EGF was significantly elevated only when its serum level was 190-fold normal. We conclude that traumatized submandibular glands discharge into circulation a large part of their stored EGF. A similar but much less pronounced process takes place after abdominal skin incision. The presence of EGF in serum after its slow decline in sialoadenoectomized mice shows that a fraction of circulating EGF may recirculate prolonging its apparent half-life.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Morphological characteristics of submandibular glands of miniature pig.

BACKGROUND: Miniature pig (minipig) is increasingly used as a large animal model for a variety of biomedical studies. Little information is available in the literature on anatomy, histology and sialograghy of the submandibular gland of the minipig. The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphology of a miniature pig's (minipig) submandibular gland as a large animal model for further biomedical studies. METHODS: Five minipigs were subjected to sialographic, anatomic, histologic, histochemical and ultrastructural evaluations for submandibular glands. RESULTS: Sialograms showed a long, horizontal main excretory duct and a pear-shaped gland located inferoposterior to the angle of the mandible. The submandibular glands lied superficial to the suprahyoid, and infrahyoid muscle groups, and were covered by the inferior portion of the parotid gland. The submandibular glands were characterized by a mixed parenchyma of mucous and serous secretory acini. Alcian blue (AB) staining and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reactions demonstrated that minipig submandibular glands synthesized and secreted acid mucous substances by serous cells and polysaccharide, and neutral mucous substances, by mucous cells. CONCLUSION: The submandibular gland of the minipig is considered a useful large salivary gland animal model for biomedical studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Immunocytochemical localization of renin in kidneys and submandibular glands of SWR/J and C57BL/6J mice.

By using antibodies against highly purified submandibular gland renin, renin was localized immunocytochemically at the light and electron microscopic level in the submandibular glands and kidneys of adult male SWR/J and C57BL/6J mice. In accord with the data of Wilson et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1185, 1977), renin was demonstrable only in the submandibular glands of SWR/J mice (high strain), where it was confined to the secretory granules of the granular convoluted tubules. In the kidneys of both strains, renin was confined to epithelioid cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Electron microscopically immunostaining was restricted to the granules of the juxtaglomerular epitheliod cells. Morphometric analyses suggested that the kidney of the C57BL/6J mice contained more immunoreactive complexes per unit volume of cortex than SWR/J mice kidney. The data indicate that submandibular gland renin cross-reacts with kidney renin, but that genetic controls of these polypeptides in the two organs are independent.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Epidermal growth factor in the submandibular gland and serum of mice with muscular dystrophy: chemical properties in dilute gland extracts.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been measured in extracts of submandibular glands from mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy. RIA results show that adult male and female dystrophic mice have significantly less submandibular gland EGF than do unafflicted controls. Despite the differences in gland content of the protein, serum levels of EGF are similar in both dystrophic and control animals. Furthermore, submandibular gland concentrations of amylase are normal in the dystrophic mice, indicating that not all proteins synthesized by the glands are affected. Gel filtration studied reveal that the elution properties of EGF in extracts of glands from dystrophic and control animals are indistinguishable. Unexpectedly, the chromatographic profiles indicate that most of the EGF in gland extracts elutes as a low molecular weight protein when the molecule is studied at low, biologically active concentrations; only a small portion of the protein is associated with a high molecular weight complex. Under the same experimental conditions, submandibular gland nerve growth factor maintains its association with other components in a high molecular weight form.

Amylases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A peptide from the submandibular glands modulates inflammatory responses.

BACKGROUND: The cervical sympathetic trunk-submandibular gland (CST-SMG) axis plays an important role in inflammation. An immunoregulatory heptapeptide, submandibular gland peptide T (SGP-T), was isolated from submandibular glands, and several of its biological activities have been identified. RESULTS: SGP-T reduced shock-induced hypotension and allergen-induced disruption of migrating myoelectric complexes and the magnitude of smooth muscle contraction. The heptapeptide inhibited the influx of neutrophils into carrageenin-soaked sponges. CONCLUSION: SGP-T has several biological activities that collectively help explain the ability of the CST-SMG axis to regulate inflammation.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1978

[Secretion pressure of human submandibular gland (author's transl)].

The secretion pressure as well as the resistance of Glandula submandibularis towards retrograde instillation of water are determined electromanometrically. The results are compared with such measurements carried out by the same method in the parotid gland. The pressure behaviour of the submandibular gland corresponds with some quantitative differences to the behaviour of the parotid gland. The differences show the generally lower secretion power of submandibular gland. However there are no differences in the resistance against a retrograde instillation of water between submandibular and parotid gland. The connections of the observed and calculated parameters and clinical patterns are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Intraspecies variation in methacholine-stimulated esterase release from mouse submandibular gland.

Esterase release was investigated in male and female submandibular glands of 5 strains of mice (ICR/BR, ND/4BR, SW/BR, DDS/Cox and C57BL/6BR) using dispersed cells prepared by treatment with collagenase and hyaluronidase. The muscarinic-cholinergic agonist methacholine stimulated esterase release in C57BL/6BR, DDS/Cox and SW/BR females and DDS/Cox males in a dose-dependent manner, but did not stimulate esterase release in ICR/BR and ND/4BR strains of both sexes. The percentage release of esterase over control in response to methacholine in females was of the descending order: C57BL/6BR, DDS/Cox, SW/BR, ND/4BR, ICR/BR. There was a close relationship between the percentage release of esterase by methacholine and the esterase activity in homogenate of submandibular gland. The lower the esterase content in the homogenate of mouse submandibular gland, the higher the percentage release of esterase by methacholine stimulation in the dispersed cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptors in the submandibular gland tumors of female rats.

The localization of estrogen receptors (EsR) in the tumor tissues of submandibular glands was examined in female rats, using the indirect immunoperoxidase method in combination with the in situ hybridization technique. Tumors were experimentally produced by 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA), and the tumor tissues were fixed with formalin or paraformaldehyde and then embedded in paraffin. In the DMBA-induced submandibular gland tumors, immunoreactivity to EsR-peroxidase conjugate was found in nuclei of the tumor cells which occupied the peripheral rim of the tumor cell nests. In contrast, the reactivity in the normal submandibular glands without tumor was mostly confined to nuclei of the duct cells. When EsR mRNA expression was analyzed in the tumor tissue by in situ hybridization with a cDNA probe, its distribution was identical with that of immunoreactivity to EsR. These data suggest that the ductal cells of the submandibular gland are responsive to ovarial steroids, and that estrogens may play an important role in the maintenance of growth of the submandibular gland tumors.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗