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PubMed1990

[The selection of sexual partners of different species by mammals].

It appears biologically sensible that every animal seeks its mating partner within its own species. Sexual contact with alien species may occur when animals are isolated from members of their own species, particularly, however, after they have been raised in the environment of alien species. Copulations of this nature do not, as a rule, result in offspring, although an entire series of bastards among closely related species is known. Among domestic animals bastardization is partly planned systematically as this has advantages in comparison to original forms. Sodomy, i.e. interspecific sexual contact between a human being and an animal, was already described in ancient times.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Preparations for AIDS vaccine trials. Retention, behavior change, and HIV-seroconversion among injecting drug users (IDUs) and sexual partners of IDUs.

The likelihood that subjects in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine efficacy trials will alter their behavioral risks for HIV infection over time must be considered in evaluating the feasibility of such trials and in estimating the necessary sample sizes to be enrolled. Potential subjects for future vaccine efficacy trials include injecting drug users (IDUs) and others who may be difficult to retain in studies and who may alter HIV-risk-related behaviors substantially over time. We have investigated behavior change, retention, and HIV seroconversion among 577 New York City resident IDUs and sexual partners of IDUs enlisted between July 1 and December 31, 1992. We attempted to see all subjects every 3 months for interviews, blood donation and HIV testing. We were able to retain 68% of subjects in the study through the third scheduled recall at 7.5-10.5 months after enlistment. HIV seroconversion through March 1, 1994, was 1.33/100 person-years at risk. There was a significant inverse relationship between HIV seroconversion and retention at the 9-month recall after adjusting for age, gender, and the amount of locator information provided by subjects at enlistment. Among subjects seen at each of the scheduled visits at 3, 6, and 9 months after enrollment, modest but statistically significant behavior changes that reduced risk were observed in self-reported drug injection frequency, heroin injection frequency, sexual contact with IDUs, and sharing of needles/syringes. The magnitude of these changes in risk, however, was small and may be transient. The behavior changes observed to date do not appear to be large enough to substantially alter calculations of sample sizes needed in future HIV vaccine efficacy trials.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Examination of men with nongonococcal urethritis and their sexual partners for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from 39 (52%) of 75 men who had nongonococcal urethritis and from 28 (37%) of their sexual partners. Of the partners of men with Chlamydia-positive nongonococcal urethritis, 64% excreted Chlamydia, compared with 8% of the partners of men with Chlamydia-negative nongonococcal urethritis. In contrast, an apparently sexual mode of transmission was not observed with Ureaplasma urealyticum. Rates of recovery of U. urealyticum from men with nongonococcal urethritis whose cultures were Chlamydia-positive and those whose cultures were Chlamydia-negative were the same. Significant seroconversion was detected bythe single-antigen immunofluorescence test in about 50% of patients who had Chlamydia-postive cultures.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Tactile contact is required for early estrogen treatment to alter the sexual partner preference of female zebra finches.

Sex steroid actions during early development appear to play a role in the development of sex differences in sexual partner preference (SPP, preference for males vs. females) in several species of mammals and in the socially monogamous pair bonding zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Female finches treated with estrogen as nestlings exhibit varying degrees of masculinized SPP as adults, but only if they have been housed in all-female groups during the juvenile and young adult period, suggesting that the estrogen effect may involve social experience and possibly sexual imprinting. Because tactile contact is important for consolidation of imprinted preferences in this species, it was predicted that early estrogen treatment would alter preferences of females only if they were allowed to have tactile contact with other females. Subjects were injected with estradiol benzoate or with oil (normal controls) daily for the first 2 weeks post-hatching. At age 45 days, they were housed in a mixed sex aviary (normal controls), in an all-female aviary allowing tactile contact (group EB-TC), or in an all-female aviary with no tactile contact (group EB-NTC). At 100+ days, birds were given two-choice SPP tests followed by aviary tests of SPP. EB-TC females did not show the sex-typical preference for male stimuli, and differed significantly from the controls on several measures. EB-NTC females preferred males and never differed significantly from controls. These results show that tactile contact after age 45 days is essential for an EB effect on SPP, supporting the hypothesis that hormones and sexual imprinting together contribute to SPP.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Relationship between sexual partners influences rates and correlates of condom use.

A common finding in studies of heterosexual young adults is that condom use is more likely with casual partners than with regular partners. However, few studies have examined whether correlates of condom use differ with different partners. In this study, 103 heterosexual men and women completed a condom use diary for a period of up to 6 months. Condom use during sexual encounters with regular partners was mainly determined by established patterns of behavior. In contrast, condom use with casual partners was determined by the interaction between the sexual partners during the encounter, and was not influenced by the attitudes and beliefs of the individual. These differences have implications for interventions. They suggest that condom use with casual partners may be increased by furnishing young adults with skills and confidence for negotiating condom use. For young adults in regular relationships, we must ensure that routine patterns of condom use are appropriate for the levels of risk to which the partners are exposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The low risk of hepatitis C virus transmission among sexual partners of hepatitis C-infected hemophilic males: an international, multicenter study.

To study the transmission rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the female sexual partners of antibody-positive hemophilic males, 106 partners from three hemophilia centers located in Europe, America, and Australia were tested for HCV seropositivity using a first-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-1) and, subsequently, a second-generation ELISA (ELISA-2) and a supplemental recombinant immunoblot assay. Additionally, the cohort was tested for the presence of antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and hepatitis B virus markers. No female partner was HCV antibody-positive using the ELISA-1 test, whereas five were seropositive by the ELISA-2 test. Three of these five female partners were seropositive on the supplemental test, the remaining two having indeterminate results, for an overall prevalence of 2.7%. Thus, even with the use of sensitive testing, the prevalence of HCV infection remains low in this cohort, showing that the efficiency of heterosexual transmission of HCV is poor.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1984

[Cellular immune deficiency and polylymphadenopathy in the male sexual partners of a woman who died of acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS)].

A report is presented on a woman who died of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and her two sexual partners. One of the men had generalised lymphadenopathy and the other severe depression of helper-T-cells with cutaneous anergy, symptoms which may be observed in the prodromal state of AIDS. Apart from regular sexual contact with the woman, the two men had no further risk factors for AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Sexuality, partner relations and contraceptive practice after termination of pregnancy.

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of termination of pregnancy (TOP) on women's sexual well-being, the couple and contraceptive practice. In a prospective qualitative and quantitative study, 103 women undergoing induced abortion by vacuum aspiration were interviewed before the abortion and 6 months later. The interview was performed by means of a questionnaire including open and closed questions, and two psychological tests (Locke-Wallace and Horowitz). After TOP, the majority of women did not report changes in their sexual behavior and satisfaction. Eighteen per cent of women reported a decrease in sexual desire and 17% reported orgasmic disorders. About one-third of women described psychosomatic symptoms, but a minority were traumatized by the event. Ninety-eight per cent of the women were informed about, and had practiced, contraception in the past; 69% had actually used some kind of contraception during the menstrual cycle that had resulted in pregnancy (31% had had unprotected intercourse). Six months later, 83% practiced contraception, and only 17% did not. Fourteen out of 84 couples separated after TOP (one in six). Six months after TOP, the large majority of women interviewed seemed able to cope with TOP. A minority presented some persisting sexual dysfunction and/or some psychosomatic symptoms.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1986

Transmission of lymphadenopathy-associated virus/human T lymphotropic virus type III in sexual partners. Seropositivity does not predict infectivity in all cases.

To investigate transmission of lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV)/human T lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) in long-term sexual partners, and the relationship between lymphadenopathy-associated virus seropositivity and transmission, nine couples (five heterosexual and four homosexual) at increased risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were studied. In two heterosexual couples, transmission of lymphadenopathy-associated virus from a seropositive man at increased risk to his monogamous wife occurred. In one couple, the wife of a man with hemophilia had lymphadenopathy-associated virus antibody and decreased T helper cells; in the other couple, the wife of a bisexual intravenous drug-user had AIDS. Neither woman had a recognized AIDS risk except marriage to a seropositive man at increased risk. However, study of the other couples revealed that regular sexual contact with seropositive persons over long periods did not always lead to evidence of lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection. This study suggests that presence of lymphadenopathy-associated virus antibody does not always indicate a high degree of infectivity.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Discordant sexual partnering: a study of high-risk adolescents in San Francisco.

BACKGROUND: In sexual networks, bridge members engaging in discordant partnering play key roles in maintaining and transmitting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) within a population. GOAL: The goal was to characterize adolescents likely to engage in discordant sexual relationships with main and casual sex partners. STUDY DESIGN: Egocentric data about adolescents and their most recent sex partner(s) collected over 6 months were analyzed with use of logistic regression. RESULTS: History of STI, drug use, and meeting venue were significantly associated with discordant sexual partnering among high-risk adolescents. Participants with histories of high-risk behavior, e.g., hard drug use or STI, were more likely to have had a recent, dissimilar partner than those with lower-risk profiles. Particular meeting venues, such as clubs and street locations, were more likely to be associated with age-discordant, race-discordant, and drug use-discordant partnerships for females. CONCLUSION: Bridge members of adolescent sexual networks were more likely to have a history of STI, hard drug use, or meeting their sex partner through particular venues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evidence of shared Epstein-Barr viral isolates between sexual partners, and low level EBV in genital secretions.

Epstein-Barr virus is present in the saliva of most persistently infected individuals and is generally thought to be spread by close oral contact. However, there are now several reports of EBV in genital secretions, suggesting the possibility of sexual transmission between adults. The present study was undertaken to investigate the risk of sexual transmission of EBV. PCR analysis was used to examined the degree to which a group (n = 11) of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) shared the same viral isolates as their sexual partners, and compare this to the extent of isolate sharing among a different group (n = 18) of IM patients and their non-sexual contacts. There was significantly more sharing of EBV isolates among the IM/sexual-contact pairs than among the IM/non-sexual-contact pairs (P = 0.0012). Female cervical (n = 84), male urethral (n = 55), and semen (n = 30) samples from asymptomatic, unselected volunteers were analyzed for the presence of EBV DNA, revealing 7%, 5%, and 3% to be EBV positive, respectively. Fractionation of cervical and urethral samples into cellular and supernatant fluid components showed EBV to be mainly cell-associated. Quantitation of EBV in these samples gave levels of below 10 EBV genomes per microg of DNA. Overall the findings support the possibility that EBV could on occasions be transmitted sexually, however, the low levels detected in genital secretions compared to saliva suggest that this is not a major transmission route. The finding of small quantities of cell-associated virus suggests a latent infection; thus EBV is probably in the B lymphocyte rather than in the epithelial cell component of the secretions.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age differences between sexual partners in the United States.

CONTEXT: Researchers have examined the age of partners of young women at first intercourse and of young women who have given birth, but little is known about the age of partners of young women in current sexual relationships or young women who have had an abortion. METHODS: Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) were used to examine age differences between women and their current partner and women's use of contraceptives at last intercourse, by marital status and by the age difference between women and their partner. Data from the NSFG and the 1994-1995 Alan Guttmacher Institute Abortion Patient Survey, with supplemental information from other sources, were used to estimate 1994 pregnancy rates for women by their age and marital status, according to the age difference between the women and their partner. RESULTS: Among all sexually active women aged 15-44, 10% had a partner who was three or more years younger, 52% a partner who was within two years of their age, 20% a partner who was 3-5 years older, and 18% a partner who was six or more years older. In contrast, 64% of sexually active women aged 15-17 had a partner within two years of their age, 29% a partner who was 3-5 years older, and 7% a partner who was six or more years older. Among women younger than 18, the pregnancy rate among those with a partner who was six or more years older was 3.7 times as high as the rate among those whose partner was no more than two years older. Among women younger than 18 who became pregnant, those with a partner who was six or more years older were less likely to have an unintended pregnancy (70%) or to terminate an unintended pregnancy (21%) than were those whose partner was no more than two years older (82% and 49%, respectively). Among women younger than 18 who were at risk of unintended pregnancy, 66% of those who had a partner who was six or more years older had practiced contraception at last sex, compared with 78% of those with a partner within two years of their own age. Young women who were Catholic and those who had first had sex with their partner within a relatively committed relationship were less likely to be involved with a man who was six or more years older than were young women who were Protestants and those who first had sex with their partner when they were dating, friends or had just met. Young women who had ever been forced to have sex were twice as likely as those who had not to have a partner who was 3-5 years older. CONCLUSION: Although the proportion of 15-17-year-old women who have a much older partner is small, these adolescents are of concern because of their low rate of contraceptive use and their relatively high rates of pregnancy and birth. Research is needed to determine why some young women have relationships with an older man, and how their partner's characteristics affect their reproductive behavior.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1981

[Survey of gonococcal and meningococcal infections. Results from a systematic study of patients from an urban dispensary and sexual partners (author's transl)].

Over a period of 28 months, 605 strains of gonococci and 302 strains of meningococci have been isolated in an urban dispensary. The study was particularly concerned with the identification of gonococcal and meningococcal strains isolated from the patients sexual partners and with epidemiological distribution of the two species. There was only little seasonal variations in the occurrence of gonococcal infections. The frequency of meningococcal infections (which are only poorly transmitted, by the nasopharyngeal route) varied inconsistently during the period covered.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Seroconcordant sexual partnerings of HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the sexual behaviors of HIV-positive men with their seroconcordant partners and to determine the factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in these sexual partnerings. METHODS: The data were drawn from the baseline assessment of a randomized controlled intervention study of 1168 HIV-positive men who have sex with men recruited from mainstream gay venues, AIDS service organizations, and public/commercial sex environments. RESULTS: Of the 1168 men, 596 engaged in sexual experiences with other HIV-positive men, and 371 of the 596 (62%) practised UAI with their seroconcordant partners. Those who engaged in UAI expressed less self-evaluation with regard to their unsafe sexual practices, had higher levels of hedonism associated with unsafe sex, and were more likely both to inject recreation drugs and use methamphetamine in particular. Furthermore, these participants expressed less concern with regard to HIV re-infection, infection with other sexually transmitted infections, and the transmission of pathogens causing opportunistic infections. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that at least three sets of factors predispose HIV-positive men to engage in unsafe anal sexual behaviors with their concordant partners: a decreased belief that infection with other pathogens or re-infection with HIV present health problems; less evaluation of sexual activities and behaviors; more hedonistic expectations of sex and higher levels of sexual compulsivity, as well as recreational drug use with and without sex.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Immunodeficiency in female sexual partners of men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Because the current outbreak of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among previously healthy adults may be caused by a transmissible biologic agent, and because it may be preceded by immunologic abnormalities with or without a prodromal illness, we studied seven female sexual partners of male patients with the syndrome. The male patients were all drug abusers. One of the seven women was found to have the full-blown syndrome, a second had an illness consistent with the prodrome of AIDS (generalized lymphadenopathy, lymphopenia, and a decreased ratio of helper to suppressor T cells), and four others had generalized lymphadenopathy or lymphopenia, with or without a decreased ratio of helper to suppressor T cells. Only one woman had no abnormalities. These findings suggest that AIDS may be transmitted between heterosexual men and women.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Sexual enjoyment and orgasm postpartum: sex differences and perceptual accuracy concerning partners' sexual experience.

The sexual relations of parents at the postpartum stage have been researched relatively often, but still there exist serious research deficits (for example, neglect of male partners, of the later postpartum stages beyond the third month, and neglect of sexual feelings, enjoyment and orgasm). The aim of this study was to gain more knowledge about German couples' sexual enjoyment and orgasm with regard to non-genital tenderness, French kissing, breast stimulation, manual-genital stimulation, cunnilingus, fellatio, vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse and masturbation at seven months postpartum. As part of a larger longitudinal study 60 women and men (30 couples) answered a newly developed Sexual Preferences Questionnaire (SPQ), which assesses sexual activity and enjoyment. Descriptive data about sexual enjoyment, sex/gender differences and perceptual differences between self-report and reports of partners' enjoyment are analyzed and SPQ data are validated with interview and other questionnaire data (PFB-tenderness). Both genders find the same activities most pleasant (tenderness, vaginal intercourse, receiving manual-genital stimulation) and most exciting (intercourse, receiving manual-genital and oral-genital stimulation) and reach orgasm most easily through intercourse, masturbation and receiving manual-genital stimulation. But men generally describe a higher sexual enjoyment and overestimate their partners' enjoyment, especially with regard to female orgasm through intercourse. The results are critically discussed with regard to limitations and strengths of the sample and the method.

Adult↗