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The social construction of unreality: a case study of a family's attribution of competence to a severely retarded child.

Some families develop unusual or extreme versions of reality and sustain them in the face of a torrent of ostensibly discrediting and disconfirming information. Although the psychological dynamics and functions of such shared constructions have been amply considered, little is known about the routine transactions through which these unusual versions of reality are created and maintained. This paper examines the "reality work" of a family that attributed high levels of performance and competence to the severely retarded youngest child. Observation of videotaped interaction between family members and the child revealed practices that presupposed, "documented," and sustained the family's version of the child's competence. The practices are similar to those characteristic of interaction between adults and preverbal children. The implications of this similarity for the analysis of cases of folie à famille are discussed.

Adolescent↗

Folie à deux in Japan -- analysis of 97 cases in the Japanese literature.

In order to clarify the characteristics of folie à deux in Japan, we examined a total of 97 cases of folie à deux in the Japanese literature covering a period of 90 years, and compared them with the cases reported in Western countries. About 75% of the Japanese cases occur in two individuals, and of these are family cases. The most common combinations are mother-child and married couple. Mother-child combinations are much more common than father-child combinations. Female subjects are more often involved than males. The most common diagnosis for the dominant partner is schizophrenia, and the most common diagnosis for the submissive partner is paranoid reaction. Delusion is the most common symptom shared by both partners in Japan. Comparing these Japanese cases to Western ones, sister-sister combinations are less frequent, younger subjects influence the older ones more, and acute religious delusion is more common in Japan than in Western countries.

Adolescent↗

Shared delusions of doubles.

This is the first report of two partners in a folie à deux situation manifesting identical Capgras delusions. It is postulated that the Capgras syndrome developed as a result of interaction between a dominant patient with primarily paranoid psychopathology and a submissive one with primarily organic dysfunction. The submissive "neuro-organic" partner experienced a non-delusional misidentification that acquired a delusional component and developed into the Capgras syndrome as a result of elaboration by the dominant paranoid partner, who subsequently "imposed" the Capgras delusion on the submissive partner. The submissive patient, and, to a lesser extent the dominant patient, had evidence of organic cerebral dysfunction.

Adult↗

Familially accumulated schizophrenia (folie à cinq) in association with Stein-Leventhal syndrome.

The authors describe the psychosis of both parents and their three daughters. The psychosis of the father and three daughters corresponds to the paranoid schizophrenias (more specifically, the affective paraphrenias), while the mother's psychosis is largely the result of induction. All 3 daughters suffer from surgically confirmed Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Such a close association of the two diseases cannot be by chance.

Adolescent↗

Induced hallucinatory psychosis (folie à deux hallucinatoire): pathogenesis and nosological position.

A rare case of a folie a deux in a married couple is presented. The inducing partner (IND) suffered from paranoid hallucinatory psychosis and induced similar symptomatology in his wife. Different from most cases reported in the literature, the induced partner (recipient, REC) also experienced auditory hallucinations (commenting and conversing voices). While the IND recovered fully with a combination of psychotherapeutic as well as neuroleptic treatment, the REC was cured by the psychotherapeutic intervention and the recovery of the IND alone. According to the criteria of current diagnostic systems (DSM, ICD), both patients should have been classified as schizophrenic, due to the presence of the described auditory hallucinations. We conclude that the presence of hallucinations is less specific for a certain diagnosis than implied by such categorical systems and should be regarded as nosologically non-specific symptoms. Modern neurocomputational models of psychopathology, dimensional approaches in the description of hallucinations, as the findings of new functional brain imaging studies support this view. We propose a multidimensional diagnostic process of hallucinations and to classify cases such as the one presented as 'induced hallucinatory psychosis' or 'folie a deux hallucinatoire'.

Adult↗

Folie Imposée.

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Adult↗