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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Automatic social behavior as motivated preparation to interact.

The authors propose that automatic social behavior may result from perceivers preparing to interact with primed social group members. In Study 1, participants primed with a disliked outgroup (gay men) showed evidence of interaction preparation (aggression) rather than direct stereotypic trait expression (passivity). In Study 2, participants with implicit positive attitudes toward the elderly walked more slowly after "elderly" priming, but participants with negative attitudes walked more quickly, results consistent with a preparatory account; the reverse was found priming "youth." Study 3 demonstrated that the accessibility of a primed category follows a pattern more consistent with that of goal-related constructs (including post-goal-fulfillment inhibition) than that of semantically primed constructs. Implications for the function of stored knowledge are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Social behavior problems in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a chronic, progressive pediatric disease that affects both muscle and brain. The objectives of the study were to examine parent reported behavior in children with DMD, investigate the influence of chronic illness, intellectual ability and etiology on behavior, and determine whether a specific behavioral profile is associated with DMD. Parental ratings of boys with DMD (n = 181) on the Child Behavior Checklist behavior scales were examined and compared to reported findings of children with other chronic illnesses, unaffected siblings of boys with DMD (n = 86), and children with cerebral palsy (CP) (n = 42). Increased ratings of general behavior problems were reported, and neither physical progression nor intellectual level contributed to behavioral ratings. Among the children with DMD, the Social Problem behavior scale had the greatest number of "clinically significant" ratings (34%). Between-group comparisons showed significantly more boys with DMD were rated as having social behavior problems than either the sibling or CP comparison groups. In addition to the increase in reported behavioral problems likely related to the effects of chronic illness, boys with DMD may be at heightened risk for specific social behavior problems. The specificity of the findings of the behavior profile in DMD may be partially due to the lack of dystrophin isoforms in the central nervous system, and not solely a reactive response to the illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The role of the bar context and social behaviors on women's risk for aggression.

The present study is an initial examination of the extent to which the environmental characteristics of bars and social behaviors that women engage in when drinking in this setting are associated with bar-related aggression. As expected, several environmental characteristics (e.g., young patrons, pool playing) and social behaviors (e.g., alcohol consumption, leaving the bar with strangers) were associated with more severe bar-related aggression experienced by women during the past year. These results shed light on the significant problem of bar-related aggression against women and can potentially be used to develop prevention and educational programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Locomotor activity and social behavior of old rats after preweaning undernutrition.

Rat pups were undernourished from birth to 25 days of age by giving them a nipple-ligated mother and a normal lactating mother for alternate periods of 12 hr/day, thus providing adequate full-time maternal care. Male and female rats undernourished neonatally had greater locomotor activity than controls in old age (16-20 months)mfemales were more activive than males, irrespective of neonatal undernutrition. At the age of 24 months, social behavior was recorded at various times of the day for pairs of male rats (1 previously undernourished and 1 control). With one minor exception, undernourished animals did not differ significantly from controls in the incidence of the various behavioral items that were scored. Neonatal social factors may compensate for possible negative effects of neonatal undernutrition on later social behavior.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1998

Applying social, behavioral and evaluation research to developing country HIV prevention programs.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role that social, behavioral and evaluation research played in a 6-year global HIV prevention program working in 45 developing countries. METHODS: Computerized review of project database inventories: 320 research abstracts, 591 subproject abstracts, on-line literature search of project peer-reviewed literature, and hand review of 390 final project reports and country evaluations. DESIGN: Research included descriptive, correlational, ethnographic, survey, quasi-experimental and experimental designs. RESULTS: Over 400 social, behavioral and evaluation studies were conducted and consisted of program-related research, controlled intervention research and multi-year competitive research grants to advance the science of HIV prevention. Program research involved extensive use of qualitative methodologies and the development of innovative research tools such as rapid ethnographic assessments, behavioral surveillance surveys, and targeted intervention research. Intervention studies and multilevel evaluations of prevention programs in 19 countries demonstrated that HIV prevention has changed knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in target groups. Triangulating the results of a variety of data sources and methodologies, and increasing reliance on surveillance of behavioral trends among targeted population groups helped to circumvent numerous methodological problems. CONCLUSION: Linking research to program interventions is a critical component of effective HIV prevention but operationalizing the linking process remains a major challenge.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2004

Altered social behavior in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor-deficient mice.

The olfactory bulb plays a critical role in odor discrimination and in processing olfactory cues controlling social behavior in mammals. Given that the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type 1 receptor (PAC1) is highly expressed in the olfactory bulb, we examined its role in regulating olfaction and social investigation. We found that olfactory detection of nonsocial stimuli was similar in PAC1-deficient mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. In contrast, PAC1-deficient mice displayed markedly abnormal social behaviors. PAC1-deficient mice exhibited a faster decrease in social investigation after repeated exposure to social cues or ovariectomized female urine compared with WT mice. Moreover, PAC1-deficient females exhibited delayed affiliative behavior when housed with novel males, and PAC1-deficient males displayed excessive sexual mounting toward both females and males as well as reduced aggression and increased licking and grooming toward intruder males. In aggregate, these results uncover PAC1 signaling as an important factor in the development and/or functioning of neural pathways associated with pheromone processing and the regulation of social interactions in mice. In turn, these studies raise the potential clinical relevance of PACAP signaling dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by social reciprocity impairments such as autism spectrum disorders.

Aggression↗
PubMed1995

Effects of concurrent exposure to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the social behavior of baboons.

Our previous research has demonstrated that 30 or 60 kV/m electric fields (EF) reliably produce temporary increases in the performance of three categories of baboon social behavior: Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. The experimental design included 6 week preexposure, exposure, and postexposure periods with experimental and control groups, each with eight subjects. Here, we report two experiments that evaluated the effects of combined EF and magnetic fields (MF) on baboon social behavior. One experiment demonstrated that exposure to 6 kV/m EF and 50 microT (0.5 G) MF produced Period x Group interactions for Stereotypy and Attack, but the previously observed increases in Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy did not occur. A second experiment demonstrated that exposure to 30 kV/m EF and 100 microT 1.0 G MF did not produce the same magnitude of increases in Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy observed previously with 30 kV/m EF alone. The exposed group exhibited decreased performance rates for several behavior categories during exposure with further declines during postexposure. The control group showed fewer downward trends across periods.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Altered social behavior and sexual characteristics in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) living downstream of a paper mill.

Several environmental contaminants have been found in paper mill effluent including substances with androgenic properties. The presence of androgenic substances in paper mill effluent was also indicated in the present study which demonstrated masculinized anal fins of female mosquitofish from the paper mill effluent contaminated Fenholloway River. In addition, when compared to the nearby Econfina River, which does not receive paper mill effluent, fewer females from the contaminated river were pregnant, they were smaller and their estradiol concentration exhibited greater variation. Males from the Fenholloway River and the Econfina River had similar sperm counts, but the testes were larger and greater variation in testosterone concentration was observed in male fish from the Fenholloway River. In males and females from the Fenholloway River, liver weights were increased and computer-aided behavior analysis demonstrated a reduction in their social behavior when compared to reference fish. We conclude that a number of sexual characteristics were affected in mosquitofish living in the paper mill contaminated Fenholloway River, with possible adverse effects on the reproduction of this population.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

Mental, motor, and social behavior of infants with cleft lip and/or cleft palate.

This is a report of analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal samples of the mental, motor, and social behavior of children with cleft lip and/or palate as measured by the Bayley Scales for Infant Development. Seventy-five patients of the Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic were the subjects for the sample. The longitudinal sample consisted of 28 of these Ss for whom there were complete data at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in mental and motor functioning. In both analyses, the social behavior of patients with oral-facial clefts was more passive than the Bayley normative sample. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1984

Kittens as therapists: social behavior sequences in isolated squirrel monkeys after exposure to young nonconspecifics.

Squirrel monkeys that had been exposed to repeated separations from cloth surrogates were given continuous access to domestic kittens. Information-theoretic measures showed that these monkeys exerted greater constraint on behaviors of adult feral squirrel monkeys than did monkeys who had not received previous kitten exposure. The latter monkeys displayed a behavioral encapsulation characterized by increased susceptibility to the constraint imposed by their own preceding behaviors and a decreased susceptibility to constraint from other monkeys' behaviors. In addition, kitten-reared monkeys displayed a high level of positive social behaviors, particularly following noncohesive or divisive behaviors by another monkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Solitary and social behavior of male rats in the open-field.

The short-term effects of anxiolytic drugs have been assessed with tests of social affiliative behavior in rats. These tests must be completed in a brief time span, yet must include measures both of solitary activity and social behavior to dissociate affiliative from sedative and hypermotive drug effects. This study demonstrates that a paradigm of observation of alternating periods of solitary and social behavior of male rats yields data in accord with facts known about rats tested in separate, uninterrupted periods of solitary and social behavior. Agreement was obtained on the reliability of group and intersession behavior, on the levels of behavior, on the changes in behavior over trials and on the correlations between behaviors characteristic of rats tested separately in the two situations.

Aggression↗
PubMed1986

Effects of ovariectomy, social instability and social status on female Macaca fascicularis social behavior.

The effects of ovariectomy, social instability and social status on affiliative and agonistic behavior were studied in 44 females housed in 10 unimale groups. Five of the groups contained ovariectomized females and five groups contained intact females. The membership among three groups of intact females (n = 13) and three groups of ovariectomized females (n = 13) was reorganized every three months (unstable), and the other groups were left undisturbed (stable) for the 22 month study. The behavior of each female was recorded during 160 (stable) or 190 (unstable) 15 min focal observations of each subject. The social status of each female was determined by outcomes of agonistic interactions. It was hypothesized that the effects of social instability and status would be more pervasive than the effects of ovariectomy. It was found that ovariectomy reduced interfemale affiliation and increased male-female agonism. Social instability increased submissions to males and females and time spent alone, and decreased interfemale affiliation. Dominant animals were more aggressive and less submissive than subordinates. Thus, ovariectomy influenced both isosexual and heterosexual social interaction, implying mediation of these behaviors, at least in part, by ovarian hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Delay versus deviance in autistic social behavior.

The pattern of acquisition of social, communication, and daily living skills was examined for autistic children, compared to retarded and normal controls, by quantifying intradomain scatter on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Autistic children were matched to normal children and mentally retarded children on Vineland raw scores; group differences in scatter were examined for each domain of adaptive behavior. Autistic children had significantly more scatter on Communication and Socialization than both control groups. Item analyses showed that the autistic children had particular weaknesses on items reflecting attention to and pragmatic use of language, as well as play and reciprocal social interaction; the autistic children had particular strengths on items reflecting written language and rote language skills, and rule-governed social behavior. The number of items showing consistent group differences, however, was small, suggesting that although autistic development appears sequentially deviant and not merely delayed, individual autistic children derive their scatter from different items, and are a developmentally heterogeneous group.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

[The sequential structures of social behavior and their developmental changes in rats bidirectionally selected for emotionality].

Eighteen colonies of Tsukuba High Emotional (THE) and 17 colonies of Low Emotional (TLE), each one composing of one female and two male rats, were reared for about two months. During this period, intruder tests and intra-colony observations were conducted once a week. Social behavior of colony residents was coded sequentially with 17 items in a microcomputer. Transitions in chi 2 tests were visualized in a tree structure. The sequential structures of social behavior were compared between two strains of rat in the course of social dominance organization. Although TLE males were more aggressive than THE males, dominant males of both strains had almost the same transition structure constructed of four common sequentially bound item-groups; alpha group (bite, lunge, aggressive groom), beta group (on-top related items), gamma group (chase, lateral display, boxing, on-back), and delta group (flight, retreat, defensive upright). beta items were found to be sequentially located after bite in alpha group. delta group was disappeared with dominance organization. But there were some differences in inter- and intra-group structures between THE and TLE.

Aggression↗
PubMed1982

A possible olfactory component in the effects of diazepam on social behavior of mice.

The means by which diazepam alters the social behavior of male LAC mice was investigated by analyzing 6-min dyadic social encounters between untreated, individually housed resident males and experimentally manipulated, group-housed intruders. Experiment 1 showed that at 24h and particularly 14 days after access to 0.125 mM diazepam solution, drugged intruders were attacked more when placed into a resident's home cage than were intruders receiving vehicle. After 24h, but not 14 days of treatment, drugged intruders performed fewer elements of static flight. However, on both occasions they showed proportionally less flight behavior relative to the amount of aggression residents directed towards them. In experiment 2, intruders marked with mouse urine taken from donors which had ingested the 0.125 mM diazepam solution for 24 h were attacked considerably more by residents than were intruders marked with water or normal mouse urine. Urine samples taken after 14 days of drug treatment evoked additional increases in sexual and investigatory elements in unmarked residents. The results show that, in pairs of mice, the rise in aggression associated with sustained diazepam treatment, unlike the changes in flight, arises indirectly and probably through a drug-induced change in the olfactory properties of mouse urine.

Aggression↗
PubMed1986

The effects of television form and violent content on boys' attention and social behavior.

An experiment is reported that examined the independent effects of television content (violence) and television formal features (action level) on children's attention to programs and their postviewing social behavior. Pairs of preschool boys participated in two experimental sessions in which they saw animated and live television programs that varied in violent content (high or low) and formal features (high or low action level). They then played with toys that contained cues for either aggressive or prosocial interaction. Rapid character action facilitated visual attention to the programs; violent tv content did not facilitate attention. On measures of social behavior, strong effects of toy cues were found independently of television treatment effects. Aggressive toys produced aggressive behavior, and prosocial toys produced prosocial behavior; these patterns included some nonspecific, generalized influences in addition to direct demands of the play materials. Violent tv content led to changes in subjects' style of interaction and was also associated with increases in some prosocial behaviors. Television action level had no systematic effects on subjects' behavior. Results are discussed within the theoretical frameworks of observational learning and general arousal. Implications for children's television programming are also discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1989

Isolation-induced social behavioral deficit: a proposed model of hyperreactivity with a behavioral inhibition.

The behavior of mice isolated for 7-9 days (isolated mice) was compared to that of mice reared in groups (grouped mice). The method consisted of counting the number of escape attempts of the mice placed under an inverted beaker. When individually observed the isolated mice attempted to escape slightly but significantly more often than the grouped mice. When a pair of mice (one isolated + one grouped) were tested together, the number of escape attempts of the isolated mice was half of that of the grouped mice: this phenomenon was named the isolation-induced social behavioral deficit. These opposed behaviors may mean the same thing: an hyperreactivity to the novelty. In a variety of new situations under the beaker (presence of a lifeless object, of a grouped mouse or of an isolated mouse), the isolated mice were more reactive than the grouped mice. In conclusion, the social behavioral deficit test may be seen as a model of hyperreactivity with a behavioral inhibition.

Animals↗