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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Ophthalmological follow up of preterm infants: a population based, prospective study of visual acuity and strabismus.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prematurely born infants are known to have an increased rate of ophthalmological morbidity. The aim of the present study was to investigate visual acuity and ocular alignment in a population of preterm infants in a geographical area, in infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: A prospective population based study of ophthalmological status of preterm infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less was performed during 3.5 years, with examinations at 6, 18, 30, and 42 months of corrected age. Visual acuity was tested using linear optotypes. Multiple regression analyses were used to analyse independent risk factors for poor vision and strabismus. RESULTS: Poor vision (< 0.3) was detected in 2.5% (6/237) of the children. Of these, only two (0.8%) had a severe visual impairment (< 0.1). Strabismus occurred in 13.5% (31/229). Children with cryotreated ROP and neurological complications ran the highest risk of poor vision and strabismus, according to multiple regression analysis. Among children without a history of ROP or neurological complications, 34% had a visual acuity < 0.7 and 5.9% had strabismus, compared with 61% and 22%, respectively, among the children with ROP or neurological complications. CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of subnormal vision and strabismus in children born prematurely was higher than in a full term population of the same age. On the basis of this study, follow up of all preterm infants screened for ROP is recommended and general guidelines are suggested.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed2003

Strabismus is asymmetrically localised and binds to Prickle and Dishevelled during Drosophila planar polarity patterning.

Planar polarity decisions in the wing of Drosophila involve the assembly of asymmetric protein complexes containing the conserved receptor Frizzled. In this study, we analyse the role of the Van Gogh/strabismus gene in the formation of these complexes and cell polarisation. We find that the Strabismus protein becomes asymmetrically localised to the proximal edge of cells. In the absence of strabismus activity, the planar polarity proteins Dishevelled and Prickle are mislocalised in the cell. We show that Strabismus binds directly to Dishevelled and Prickle and is able to recruit them to membranes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the putative PDZ-binding motif at the C terminus of Strabismus is not required for its function. We propose a two-step model for assembly of Frizzledcontaining asymmetric protein complexes at cell boundaries. First, Strabismus acts together with Frizzled and the atypical cadherin Flamingo to mediate apicolateral recruitment of planar polarity proteins including Dishevelled and Prickle. In the second phase, Dishevelled and Prickle are required for these proteins to become asymmetrically distributed on the proximodistal axis.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗

PubMed1998

Vertical location of the corneal light reflex in strabismus photography.

OBJECTIVE: To improve the clinical documentation of strabismus by mathematically predicting and clinically verifying the location of a fixation target that produces a vertically centered corneal light reflex (first Purkinje image) in clinical photographs of the eye using a standard photographic flash unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mathematical modeling of the corneal light reflex during clinical photography was based on the schematic eye. Clinical photographs were taken using a range of fixation targets located between the center of the camera lens and the center of the flash. Image quality was also assessed subjectively. RESULTS: Optimum vertical centration of the corneal light reflex was predicted and produced when the fixation target was located one fifth of the distance from the center of the flash to the center of the camera lens. Placement of the flash below, rather than above, the camera lens provided more uniform illumination of the patient's eyes and face. Decreasing the distance between the camera lens and the flash minimized the severity of these artifacts. CONCLUSIONS: A poorly positioned corneal light reflex makes it difficult to identify the fixing eye in photographs of patients with strabismus, especially when vertical strabismus is present. Adoption of the aforementioned protocol will reproduce the appearance of coaxially viewed corneal light reflexes and provide much-needed standardization for strabismus case presentation.

Blinking↗

PubMed2002

Intractable diplopia after strabismus surgery in adults.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence of persistent intractable diplopia in adults undergoing surgery for long-standing, constant strabismus and to define tests that may be useful for identifying patients at risk for developing this complication. METHODS: A retrospective medical record review of adults without diplopia undergoing surgery for constant strabismus. RESULTS: Medical records of 424 adult patients undergoing strabismus surgery were studied. Of these patients, 143 (34%) experienced diplopia when tested preoperatively with prisms to simulate the desired surgical outcome. Only 40 patients (9%) had temporary diplopia after surgery, which resolved in all cases by 6 weeks postoperatively. Three patients (0.8%) developed persistent intractable diplopia. Experiencing diplopia with preoperative prism testing was significantly more likely to result in postoperative diplopia than if diplopia was not present preoperatively (P<.001 and P =.04 for temporary and persistent postoperative diplopia, respectively). Preoperative testing had a sensitivity and negative predictive value for temporary postoperative diplopia of 100%, a specificity of 73%, and a positive predictive value of 28%. Similar values were found for persistent diplopia after surgery with the exception of the positive predictive value, which was only 2%. Patients who did not see double during preoperative testing with prisms never developed diplopia after surgery. However, the presence of preoperative diplopia with prism testing (including a prolonged trial with Fresnel prisms) was infrequently predictive of postoperative diplopia. CONCLUSIONS: Intractable diplopia after strabismus surgery in adults without previous diplopia is very rare. The diagnostic use of prisms prior to surgery may identify some patients who have little or no risk of postoperative diplopia, as well as a group of patients with a small but definite risk of intractable postoperative diplopia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A randomized clinical trial of a single dose of ramosetron for the prevention of vomiting after strabismus surgery in children: a dose-ranging study.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative vomiting (POV) after pediatric strabismus surgery remains a major problem. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a single dose of ramosetron, a new serotonin antagonist, for preventing POV in children undergoing strabismus surgery. METHOD: In a prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study, 80 children (38 boys and 42 girls), aged 4 to 10 years, scheduled for strabismus surgery, received intravenously either placebo or ramosetron at 1 of 3 different doses (3 microg/kg, 6 microg/kg, or 12 microg/kg) (n = 20 each) at the end of the surgical procedure. A standard general anesthetic technique was used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Emetic episodes were recorded and safety assessments performed during the first and second 24-hour periods (ie, 0-24 and 24-48 hours) after receiving anesthesia. RESULTS: The rate of patients who were emesis-free (defined as no retching and no vomiting), during the 0- to 24-hour period after anesthesia was 35% with 3 microg/kg of ramosetron (P = .37), 90% with 6 microg/kg of ramosetron (P = .001), and 90% with 12 microg/kg of ramosetron (P = .001) compared with placebo (25%). The corresponding rate during the 24- to 48-hour period after anesthesia was 40% (P = .371), 90% (P = .001), and 90% (P = .001), respectively, compared with placebo (30%). No clinically important adverse events were observed in any group. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-microg/kg dose of ramosetron is sufficient, but a 3-microg/kg dose is insufficient for preventing POV during the 0- to 48-hour period after anesthesia in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Increasing the dose to 12 microg/kg of ramosetron provides no demonstrable additional benefit.

Antiemetics↗

PubMed1985

Pursuit is impaired but the vestibulo-ocular reflex is normal in infantile strabismus.

To determine if infantile (congenital) strabismus is associated with a defect of ocular pursuit or vestibulo-ocular reflexes, eye movements were recorded in 14 subjects. Subjects with infantile strabismus had an impairment of temporally directed pursuit when monocularly viewing a moving target. They were unable to normally enhance or cancel the vestibulo-ocular reflex using visual tracking. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes were normal during rotation at 0.3 Hz in the dark. The pursuit defect was not found in subjects with noninfantile strabismus. We suggest that patients with infantile strabismus have a defect of cerebral pursuit control.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2005

Adjustable versus non-adjustable sutures for strabismus.

BACKGROUND: Strabismus, or squint, can be defined as a deviation from perfect ocular alignment and can be classified in many ways according to its aetiology and presentation. Treatment can be broadly divided into medical and surgical options, with a variety of surgical techniques being available, including the use of adjustable or non-adjustable sutures for the extra ocular muscles. There exists an uncertainty as to which of these techniques produces a better surgical outcome, and also an opinion that the adjustable suture technique may be of greater benefit in certain situations. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this review were to examine whether adjustable or non-adjustable sutures are associated with a more accurate long-term ocular alignment following strabismus surgery and to identify any specific situations in which it would be of benefit to use a particular method. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials - CENTRAL on The Cochrane Library (which includes the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (Issue 3 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to July 2004), EMBASE (1980 to August 2004), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences) (July 2004). We contacted experts in the field for further information. There were no language restrictions in the electronic searches. SELECTION CRITERIA: We planned to include only randomised controlled trials comparing adjustable to non-adjustable sutures for strabismus surgery. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: No studies were found that met the inclusion criteria for this review. MAIN RESULTS: No studies were found that met the inclusion criteria for this review, therefore none were included for analysis. Results of non-randomised studies that compared these techniques are reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No reliable conclusions could be reached regarding which technique (adjustable or non-adjustable sutures) produces a more accurate long-term ocular alignment following strabismus surgery or in which specific situations one technique is of greater benefit than the other. High quality randomised controlled trials are needed to obtain clinically valid results and to clarify these issues.

Humans↗

PubMed1985

[Treatment of strabismus with focused prisms in 1984].

The use of prisms in treatment of strabismus not only varies according to the author involved but often, a same author will change his opinion on the subject as time goes by. In the first case aetiopathological conceptions and the finality of treatment differ, in the second case improved theoretical knowledge and new possibilities in examination techniques and treatment etc., come into play. For this latter reason we wish to give complementary information and generally revise the publication on the use of prisms published in 1973 (18). The revised version in no way invalidates the previous work, it brings it up to date and gives further information on the severe forms of strabismus which, at the time of the first publication, constituted the failure group. These severe forms (both lesional and functional), the percentage of which has mostly increased during the last 15 years, are probably a consequence of 'suffering' during either the foetal or neo-natal stage. It could be that this 'suffering' gives rise to a minute isolated lesion within the sub-cortical motor centres (microlesions as described by neuropaediatricians). In situation, there are intermediary forms and come between the organic oculomotor disturbances of the cerebral palsied child and the strictly functional strabismus of the child who is otherwise normal. We have modified and adapted our diagnoses and techniques in view of the multiplicity of such forms and their resistance to conventional therapy. A better understanding of the process responsible, use of more sensitive methods of exploration, a longer period of functional readaptation and new techniques (particularly surgery-) all have a part to play in the new therapy. Where operating is concerned changes apply to the time selected, technique and number of operations performed: two or three stages are necessary. We give a general view of the extreme variety of clinical forms of strabismus and their causes and then give diagnoses and outlines for therapy based on four different type-cases. Clinical facts indicate that in severe forms it is possible to obtained a cure (bifoveality) on condition that the sub-cortical organic damage is very slight and that the optomotor dysfunction (which is its consequence) can be inhibited through satisfactory cortical functioning. However, such treatment requires rigourous participation of both the family and the child over a period of years. Unfortunately this treatment is possible only in a small percentage of cases.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1984

Immediate and long-term effects on visual acuity of surgically induced strabismus in kittens.

In order to isolate some of the factors responsible for strabismic amblyopia as well as to ascertain the time course of its development, frequent measurements were made of the visual acuity of the two eyes of kittens following imposition of surgically induced strabismus. Following behavioural training on a jumping stand, strabismus was induced in all but one animal by simple section of either the lateral (esotropia) or medial (exotropia) rectus muscle of one eye. The one exception was a kitten on which esotropia was induced by another common but more radical surgical procedure that involved removal of the body of both the lateral rectus and superior oblique muscles of one eye. There was a surprising difference between the immediate consequences for vision of section of the lateral and medial rectus muscles that were reflected by equally large differences in the magnitude of the amblyopia that developed eventually in the two situations. Following section of the lateral rectus muscle, there was an immediate reduction in the visual acuity of the operated eye of as much as 2 octaves after which vision returned to normal levels over 4 to 8 days. The acuity of the two eyes remained comparable for a few days after which the vision of the operated eye began to decline once more, signalling the onset of amblyopia some 10 to 12 days following imposition of strabismus. In contrast to the severity of these effects, the effects observed following section of the medial rectus were both mild and transitory. Furthermore, whereas all kittens that were rendered esotropic early developed amblyopia, none of the kittens that were made exotropic at the same age did so. Together, these results suggest that factors associated with the immediate consequences of the surgical procedure employed to produce a misalignment of the visual axes may contribute to the severity of the effects of surgically induced strabismus.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1984

Effects of neonatally induced strabismus on binocular responses in cat area 18.

Responses to binocular visual stimulation were compared in cortical area 18 of normal cats and in cats in which one eye was exodeviated by surgery early in postnatal life. In contrast to normal cats where most units (58%) were binocularly activated, relatively few units (10%) in strabismic cats were activated well by stimulation of either eye. Rather individual units were driven mainly via one eye or the other but not both. In addition, there was a tendency for more units to be driven well via the unoperated eye than via the exodeviated eye. Fewer cells preferring vertically oriented than horizontally oriented stimuli were found in area 18 of strabismic cats. This trend was observed for cells driven by either the normal or deviated eye and was especially marked among the small number of binocularly activated cells. Generally binocular responses and binocular interactions were found with stimulation at corresponding retinal points. In a few striking instances, however, the receptive fields of binocular neurons were located on noncorresponding retinal points at loci which would enable the cat to correlate the two images of an external object despite the large divergent strabismus. Quantitative responses to binocular stimuli presented at varied disparities and to stimuli with varied directions of motion in depth were compared in normal and strabismic cats. Despite the large strabismus, a reduced fraction of cortical neurons displayed substantial binocular interactions. In fact, binocular facilitation was as marked in the population of cells studied in strabismic cats as it was in normal animals. The major effect of strabismus was a reduction in the strength of binocular inhibition when units were tested with sideways motion. Disparity-specific responses to motion toward or away from the organism were little affected by strabismus. The degree of binocular facilitation and binocular inhibition among the cell population was similar in normal and strabismic cats. A subpopulation of units encountered in strabismic cats showed strong disparity-specific interactions for motion toward or away from the animal without equivalent modulation for sideways moving stimuli. Units with these properties were not found in normal animals and may, therefore, represent a special adaptation of the strabismic animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Asymmetry of motion VEP in infantile strabismus and in central vestibular nystagmus.

Norcia et al. [1] found a nasal-temporal asymmetry of visually evoked potentials (VEP) elicited by motion stimuli in patients with infantile strabismus. Patients with infantile strabismus typically present with an asymmetry of the monocular optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). We here address the question whether the asymmetry of the motion VEP indicates a sensory defect in the afferent visual pathway that could explain the OKN asymmetry. We recorded the VEP to a horizontally oscillating vertical sinusoidal grating in 20 patients with infantile strabismus (esotropia, asymmetry of the monocular optokinetic nystagmus, latent nystagmus) and in 10 normal controls. No asymmetry occurred in the 10 controls. Eight of the 20 patients with infantile strabismus showed a clear difference between the VEPs evoked by back and forth movements with a mirror-like asymmetry between the two eyes (phase shift 180 +/- 20 degrees). However, there was no significant correlation between the degree of VEP and OKN asymmetries. Therefore, we assume that the VEP asymmetry does not reflect the primary cause of the OKN asymmetry. Rather, the OKN asymmetry may be due to a sensory-motor defect in the efferent subcortical pathway, and the VEP asymmetry could be an epiphenomenon. Some of the VEP asymmetry may be a consequence of the latent nystagmus typically released under monocular stimulation, leading to adaptation of the afferent retino-cortical pathway. This suggestion is supported by a marked VEP asymmetry that we found in two patients with an acquired central vestibular nystagmus, an abnormality most likely not combined with a primary defect of the retino-cortical pathway.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Amethocaine or ketorolac eyedrops provide inadequate analgesia in pediatric strabismus surgery.

PURPOSE: Corrective strabismus surgery is associated with moderate pain after surgery. Postoperative analgesia for these patients may include topical local anesthetic agents and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In this prospective randomized, double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial we compared the effect of placebo to intraoperative 0.5% topical amethocaine or 0.5% topical ketorolac on pain control after strabismus surgery in children. METHODS: Following Institutional Ethics Committee approval and parental consent, we prospectively studied 51 healthy children between the ages of two and seven years who were undergoing elective bilateral recession surgery in a randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial. Children were randomized to receive either placebo (normal saline), 0.5% amethocaine or 0.5% ketorolac eye drops at the start and end of strabismus repair surgery. Pain was assessed with a modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Score in the recovery room. If the pain score was greater than 6, the patient was administered a single oral dose of acetaminophen (20 mg x kg(-1)). RESULTS: The groups had similar demographic data. Duration of surgery and anesthesia, time spent in recovery room and length of hospital stay between the three groups were similar. Pain scores and analgesic requirements while in the hospital were also similar between the groups as was the time to first analgesic administration. There were no side effects observed in any of the three treatment arms. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is no improvement in postoperative pain control after the intraoperative administration of topical 0.5% ketorolac or 0.5% amethocaine when compared to placebo in children undergoing strabismus surgery.

Anesthesia, Local↗

PubMed2004

Influence of viewing distance on vertical strabismus.

BACKGROUND: Vertical strabismus can be modulated by the viewing distance. We report on 19 patients with this disorder. METHODS: The following squint angles were measured by the alternate prism and cover test at a viewing distance of 5 m. At 0.3 m, measurements were taken with and without an addition of 3.0 D to the corrected refraction. Cases of a dissociated vertical deviation were excluded. Fifteen patients underwent surgery. They were reexamined 3 months later. RESULTS: At a viewing distance of 5 m, the vertical deviation ranged from 0 degrees to 16 degrees (median 7 degrees ). At 0.3 m, the deviation increased by 2 degrees -15 degrees (median 7 degrees ) in 15 patients and decreased by 3.5 degrees -8 degrees (median 4.5 degrees ) in 4 patients. Eleven patients had a strabismus sursoadductorius and one had a strabismus deorsoadductorius. Eye muscle surgery reduced both the vertical deviation for distance fixation to 0 degrees -14 degrees (median 2 degrees ) and the difference between the deviations for distance and proximal fixation to 1 degrees -6 degrees (median 3 degrees ). CONCLUSIONS: In certain cases, vertical strabismus can be modulated by convergence and accommodation. This condition is frequently associated with an incomitance of the vertical deviation in side gaze. The baseline deviation can be reduced by appropriate eye muscle surgery. In cases of vertical accommodative vergence, bifocal glasses can be helpful.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed2005

Risk of strabismus and ambylopia in children with hydrocephalus.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to determine the risk of strabismus and ambylopia in children who underwent operation for hydrocephalus and to compare our results with those in previous studies. METHODS: Full orthoptic and ophthalmological examinations, including cycloplegic refraction, were performed in all subjects. RESULTS: Ten of 25 patients (40%) were found to have manifest squint. Four of these had esotropia and six had exotropia. No paretic squint or alphabetic pattern strabismus was determined. Refraction measurements revealed amblyogenic refractive errors (significant refractive errors that cause amblyopia) in five of the 25 (20%) patients in this study. Strabismus and the risk of amblyopia were found to be significantly higher in patients who experienced shunt revision than those who had not (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Amblyopia, strabismus, and other acquired defects in the visual system related to hydrocephalus should be closely monitored and treated when indicated. Regular ophthalmic supervision will provide and help to maintain the best possible standard of vision in children with hydrocephalus.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Relative afferent pupillary defect with normal vision and vertical strabismus--implications for pupillary pathway anatomy.

BACKGROUND: A relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) is usually a sign of visual dysfunction. Here, an unusual case of an RAPD combined with vertical strabismus but normal vision is described. Implications for pupillary pathway anatomy are discussed. METHODS: A 12-year-old girl with chronic headache was shown to have a midbrain tumour. She presented to us with intermittent diplopia. Examination included visual acuity, visual fields, pupillary function, anterior and posterior segments, and strabismus evaluation with the tangent screen. RESULTS: There was a right-sided pathologic RAPD but no afferent visual impairment. Isocoria was present in light and darkness. There was a right-sided strabismus sursoadductorius. CONCLUSIONS: A pathologic RAPD with normal vision can be caused by tumour compression of the contralateral pretectal nucleus or its afferent or efferent fibres. As an implication for pupillary pathway anatomy, our case suggests that there is equal distribution between crossing and non-crossing intercalated neurons. An associated strabismus can show a non-paralytic pattern.

Astrocytoma↗

PubMed1994

Visual callosal connections and strabismus.

Strabismus is a condition that exists when the visual axes of the two eyes fail to intersect at the fixation point under binocular viewing conditions. When it occurs in mammals during the critical period which corresponds to the period of maximal plasticity early in life, strabismus is known to induce both morphological anomalies and abnormal connections from the retina to the cortex; it further leads to binocular neural changes and to spatial vision deficits, especially at the cortical level. After a brief review of the already known data about the consequences of early strabismus in cats, monkeys and humans on the development of the visual system and of visual perception, new data are presented here concerning interhemispheric connections in the cat. In normally-reared kittens, visual callosal transfer is shown to be almost adult-like as soon as 12 days after birth: it is almost limited to the 17/18 border of the visual cortex when using visual stimulations in spite of the presence of still numerous juvenile exuberant callosal projections. In contrast, callosal transfer of visual information is extended to both areas 17 and 18 after strabismus, leading to the conclusion that at least some juvenile exuberant callosal projections are not only anatomically but also functionally stabilized after such an oculomotor disease. The possibility that similar abnormalities might be present in monkeys and humans is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effect of full tendon transposition augmented with posterior intermuscular suture for paralytic strabismus.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of the full rectus muscle transposition augmented with a posterior intermuscular suture for paralytic strabismus. DESIGN: Single-center, retrospective, interventional case series. METHODS: This study retrospectively reviewed the medical records from November 1994 to September 2004 of 16 patients who underwent the full tendon transposition that was augmented with posterior intermuscular suture for paralytic strabismus. This series evaluated the results of a single transposition surgery; five patients had previous nontransposition strabismus surgery. The following data were analyzed before and after the operation: (1) the angle of deviation in the primary position, (2) the presence of diplopia in the primary position, (3) the binocular single visual fields, (4) the presence of an abnormal head posture, (5) the motility of the affected eye, and (6) the procedure that was performed. RESULTS: The preoperative angle of deviation in the primary position was 59 +/- 22 prism diopter (prism diopter; range, 30 to 115 prism diopter) compared with 17 +/- 12 prism diopter (range, -10 to 40 prism diopter) after the operation. The preoperative binocular single visual fields improved from 0 degrees to 60 +/- 25 degrees (range, 0 to 90 degrees) after the operation. Diplopia in the primary position was resolved in 11 patients (69%) after the operation. There were no complications such as scleral perforation, unwanted vertical deviations, or anterior segment ischemia in any of the cases during the procedure and postoperative follow-up. CONCLUSION: Full tendon transposition that is augmented with a posterior intermuscular suture is an effective procedure that results in improved ocular alignment in patients with paralytic strabismus and has a favorable complication profile.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Factors associated with a previous diagnosis of strabismus in a population-based sample of 12-year-old Australian children.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence of strabismus and factors associated with its diagnosis in a representative sample of older Australian children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, population-based study. METHODS: A representative stratified random cluster sample of 2353 children (aged 12 years) attending 21 secondary schools in Sydney, Australia was examined in 2004 to 2005 (response 75.3%). Cover testing was performed at near (30 cm) and distance (6 m); cycloplegic autorefraction, visual acuity, and stereoacuity were assessed. Previous strabismus diagnosis was obtained from parental questionnaires. RESULTS: Strabismus was evident in 64 children (2.7%); 21 (33%) had esotropia, 27 (42%) had exotropia, and 16 (25%) had microstrabismus. There were no gender (P = .2) or ethnicity (P = .6) associations. Previous diagnosis by an eye practitioner was noted in 27 (42%). This was related to hyperopia (P = .04), esotropia (P = .001), and amblyopia (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus was relatively infrequent in this Australian childhood sample. Its diagnosis was strongly related to presence of esotropia, hyperopia, and amblyopia.

Child↗