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Results for “Tenon Capsule”

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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Sub-tenon anesthesia for segmental scleral buckling and assessment of postoperative pain.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sub-Tenon anesthesia for segmental scleral buckling. METHODS: Thirty-two patients diagnosed with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were treated with segmental scleral buckling under sub-Tenon anesthesia. After topical anesthesia, a buttonhole was made through the conjuntiva and Tenon's capsule 4 mm posterior to the limbus. Four milliliters of anesthetic solution was then delivered into the posterior sub-Tenon space using a blunt cannula. The buckling procedure was done immediately after the completion of anesthesia. We evaluated akinesia and recorded the pain with a visual analogue scale after surgery. RESULTS: There were no anesthesia related complications. Twenty-two patients (69%) reported no pain during surgery. Nine patients (28%) felt pain during surgery. However, the pain was tolerable and the surgeries were finished smoothly with or without a supplemental anesthetic solution. One patient (3%) experienced uncomfortable pain and needed an additional retrobulbar block. Five patients (16%) retained complete eye movement 5 min after anesthesia, and only 4 patients (13%) experienced total akinesia. At the end of the surgery, 16 patients (50%) had total akinesia and 2 patients (6%) retained complete eye movement. CONCLUSIONS: Sub-Tenon anesthesia is efficient and safe in segmental scleral buckling. It can prevent the complications of peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia and is a good alternative to both methods of anesthesia, especially in highly myopic eyes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Single quadrant sub-Tenon's block. Evaluation of a new local anaesthetic technique for eye surgery.

The sub-Tenon's technique uses blunt dissection and a blunt probe to inject local anaesthetic into the posterior sub-Tenon's space. This avoids the potentially catastrophic complications which result from passing a sharp needle blindly into the orbit and retrobulbar space. The anatomy of Tenon's capsule and the block technique is described. Results of the block quality and degree of patient comfort from 300 consecutive sub-Tenon's blocks are also described. No significant complications occurred in this series. Single-quadrant sub-Tenon's block offers an excellent quality of anaesthesia, is virtually painless to perform and avoids complications due to passage of a sharp needle into the orbit.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Taxol, cytochalasin B and colchicine effects on fibroblast migration and contraction: a role in glaucoma filtration surgery?

Migration and contraction are fibroblast activities in scar tissue formation which may contribute towards the failure of trabeculectomies. We attempted to modify the migration and contraction of Tenon's capsule fibroblasts in vitro using the drugs taxol, cytochalasin B and colchicine. Migration assays were conducted in 48-well micro-chemotaxis chambers, using rabbit aqueous humour which has been previously identified as a powerful chemoattractant for Tenon's fibroblasts, and fibronectin as the stimuli for migration. All three drugs inhibited the migration of fibroblasts to both fibronectin and aqueous humour, with maximal activity seen at 10(-6)M (taxol), 10(-5)M (cytochalasin B), and 10(-3) M (colchicine). In a single cell contractile assay in which contraction of whole fibroblasts was initiated with exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP), taxol and colchicine showed anticontractile activity, maximal at 10(-5)M and 10(-3)M respectively, but cytochalasin B was ineffective. The significance of the activities of these drugs in relation to their proposed use for improving the success of trabeculectomies is discussed.

Actins↗

PubMed1989

[Surgical treatment of congenital myopia in children].

Ophthalmological data and results of surgical treatment in 81 children with congenital myopia are analysed. The methods used were simple, accessible for children ophthalmological practice: scleroplasty after Pivovarov-Pristavko (group I), modified chondroplasty (group II), simplified scleroplasty with revascularization of the Tenon's capsule after Beliaev (group III). Analysis of immediate results of operation has shown that any method of scleroplasty leads to increase of visual acuity, reduction of refraction and shortening of the anteroposterior axis of the eye. Signs of tenonitis after operation were recorded in most of the patients from group I, in one third of cases in group III and were absent in group II. The choice of the surgical method should be differential considering ophthalmological data of each patient. In children practice simplified methods of scleroplasty should be used, including chondroplasty, allowing to shorten the time of operation and to prevent operative and postoperative complications.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Effects of mitomycin C on glaucoma filtration capsules.

One of the leading causes of implantable device failure is build up of scar tissue on the device. Approaches to address this complication range from choosing device materials that prevent cell adhesion to treatment with potent antifibrotic medications such as mitomycin C. We examined the collagen matrix around aqueous shunt implants in rabbit eyes and found the filtration capsule formed around these devices is not composed of scar tissue. Rather collagen deposition is highly organized with collagen bundles oriented along stress axes. We also examined adjacent tissue deposition in mitomycin C treated animals and found decreased vascularization, condensed collagen in Tenon's capsule with more collagen bundles less well formed than those in the control eye of the same animal. The sclera was thicker under the plate than at the opposite side of the same eye. Structural and functional evaluation correlates with the clinical paradox that patients treated with mitomycin C have lower initial pressures with adjunct drug treatment but lower success rates than the control population after 18 months.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Trans-Tenon's retrobulbar triamcinolone infusion for the treatment of uveitis.

AIM: To assess efficacy and complications of trans-Tenon's retrobulbar infusion of triamcinolone acetonide for posterior uveitic inflammation. METHODS: Non-randomised, uncontrolled, retrospective study of 51 eyes of 37 patients who underwent triamcinolone infusion for vitritis, cystoid macular oedema (CMO), or posterior retinal vasculitis using a long blunt cannula via an incision made through conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule. RESULTS: Overall clinical efficacy was 86%; 96% for vitritis, 82% for CMO, and 33% for posterior retinal vasculitis. Mean visual acuity improved within 1 month after triamcinolone infusion (p <0.05). Cataract progression and intraocular pressure elevation were observed in 31% and 27% of eyes, respectively. CONCLUSION: Trans-Tenon's retrobulbar triamcinolone infusion may be a safe and effective treatment for posterior uveitic inflammation.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Effects of dopamine antagonists and agonist on cultured human Tenon's fibroblast cells.

It was found that long-term therapy with topical antiglaucoma drugs may increase the number of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells in the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule then decrease the success of glaucoma filtering surgery. Since some dopamine antagonists and agonists are reported to have ocular hypotensive effects, they could potentially be used as clinical antiglaucoma agents in future. In this study, several dopamine antagonists and agonists were evaluated in their effects on the fibroblast proliferation of ocular tissues with cultured human ocular Tenon's fibroblast cells. It was found that dopamine antagonists inhibited [3H]-thymidine uptake to 10.8%, 14.4%, 42.2% and 72.4% of control in domperidone, 28.6%, 67.7%, 96.9% and 99.2% in haloperidol, 9.8%, 18.9%, 103.5% and 104.6% in moperone and 9.8%, 24.7%, 70.8% and 96.9% in loxapine respectively, while the 0.5% concentration of drugs were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) followed by dilution in culture medium to final concentrations ranging from 0.05%, 0.005%, 0.0005% to 0.00005%. In the case of dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, the proliferation of cultured human Tenon's fibroblast cells was also inhibited for 25.1% of the control at 0.05% concentration and 92.3% of the control at 0.00005% concentration. These results indicate that these dopamine drugs have a potential long-term application in the treatment of glaucoma without having the stimulating effect on the proliferation of human Tenon's fibroblast cells.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1998

Trabeculectomy augmented with mitomycin C application under the scleral flap.

AIM: The authors investigated the safety and intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effectiveness of trabeculectomy augmented with mitomycin C application beneath the scleral flap, and assessed the influence of preoperative risk factors on the surgical outcome. METHODS: A retrospective study of 72 consecutive high risk eyes undergoing trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C (0.2 mg/ml) applied under the scleral flap for 5 minutes was performed. Each eye was ascribed a score based on the number of preoperative risk factors, and categorised into one of three risk factor groups. Success was described as unqualified where IOP was < or = 21 mm Hg without medication and qualified where antiglaucomatous therapy was required to maintain it at such a level. A life table analysis of IOP control was calculated. RESULTS: The mean IOP (SD) fell from a preoperative level of 28.4 (6.9) to a level of 16.63 (8.06) mm Hg at the last follow up (paired Student's t test: p < 0.0001). Fifty two eyes (72%) were classed as unqualified successes. The survival rates did not differ significantly between different risk factor groups (log rank test: chi 2 = 0.967, p > 0.1). The incidence of postoperative complications compared favourably with reports of mitomycin C application between Tenon's capsule and the undissected scleral bed. CONCLUSION: The results illustrate that mitomycin C applied beneath the scleral flap during trabeculectomy in high risk eyes is associated with a success rate comparable to other modes of application. The incidence of potentially serious complications such as conjunctival wound leak and prolonged hypotony was lower than previously published data reporting sub-Tenon's administration of mitomycin C. The number and nature of preoperative risk factors do not appear to influence the surgical outcome. A possible mechanism of action is proposed.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Infection following retinal detachment surgery.

Since the introduction of gentamicin (given both as a soaked sponge and as an injection below Tenon's capsule at the end of surgery) no case of early infection either with or without intraocular signs after operation for retinal detachment has occurred in a series of 206 cases comprising 243 operations. However, late infection many months after operation has appeared in 3 cases (1-5%), though this rate appears to have been favourably influenced by the administration of gentamicin. Local or systemic side effects from the administration of gentamicin have not been seen, and therefore the sub-Tenon injection in the quadrant where the sponge has been placed is strongly advocated in all cases of surgery for retinal detachment when such sponges are used.

Gentamicins↗

PubMed1996

Retrobulbar anesthesia with a flexible catheter.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The authors describe a method that seeks to improve the administration of local anesthesia for intraocular surgery, avoiding the risk of potential complications associated with retrobulbar and peribulbar techniques and eliminating the inconveniences of the new methods such as subconjunctival and limbal infiltration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of this technique in 50 consecutive cases. This technique consists of a small, blunt dissection of the conjunctiva, Tenon's capsule, and intermuscular septum in the inferior nasal quadrant, followed by the insertion of a flexible catheter that is guided to the retrobulbar space, where 3.0 ml of anesthetic solution is injected. RESULTS: All of the patients (100%) felt that this procedure was comfortable and painless. No complications were observed. Ultrasonography demonstrated the exact catheter position in the retrobulbar space; therefore, the authors could be sure that this anesthetic infiltration was done in the appropriate and safe place. CONCLUSIONS: This is a direct sub-Tenon's technique that is simple, effective, and safe and that avoids introducing a sharp or metallic instrument into the orbit.

Anesthesia, Local↗

PubMed2006

Human serum reduces mitomycin-C cytotoxicity in human tenon's fibroblasts.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of human serum factors on mitomycin-C (MMC) cytotoxicity in cultured human subconjunctival Tenon's capsule fibroblasts. METHODS: Fibroblast monolayers were treated with 5-minute applications of mitomycin-C (0.4 mg/mL) and incubated in culture medium with or without additional human serum. Fibroblast apoptosis was quantified by direct cell counts based on nuclear morphology, flow cytometry with annexin-V/propidium iodide, and a lactate dehydrogenase release assay. The number of viable fibroblasts and fibroblast proliferation were measured with a colorimetric MTT assay and by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. RESULTS: Mitomycin-C induced significant levels of fibroblast apoptosis. The addition of human serum resulted in a 40% reduction in MMC-induced fibroblast apoptosis (range, 31.3%-55.3%; P = 0.021) as determined by nuclear morphology and a 32.4% reduction measured by annexin-V/PI. There was a corresponding dose-dependent increase in the number of viable fibroblasts. Serum did not restore proliferation in MMC-treated fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: Factors present in human serum reduce MMC cytotoxicity in cultured human Tenon's fibroblasts. Human serum increased the number of viable fibroblasts by inhibiting MMC-induced fibroblast apoptosis. Serum factors access aqueous humor after trabeculectomy and may therefore influence the clinical outcome of MMC treatment.

Annexin A5↗

PubMed1988

The quantitative effect of 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine solution and 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution on postsurgical blood-aqueous barrier.

Anterior chamber fluorophotometry was performed after the oral administration of fluorescein sodium in patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens insertion before and after surgery. The administration of 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine solution (ketorolac solution) eye drops before and after surgery decreased the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier as compared with 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution (dexamethasone solution) eye drops at each period, as measured by fluorophotometry. A single injection below Tenon's capsule of a short-acting corticosteroid had been given to each patient at the end of each surgical procedure. Slit-lamp observations of postoperative ocular inflammation were not different between treatment groups. Both ketorolac and dexamethasone solutions were well tolerated by patients. Ketorolac solution was more effective than dexamethasone solution in facilitating reestablishment of the blood-aqueous barrier after surgery, as measured by fluorophotometry, and was equal to dexamethasone solution as observed by slit-lamp observations. This study suggests that ketorolac ophthalmic solution may be effective and safe as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent for topical use after cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation in place of topically administered corticosteroids.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Aqueous shunts for glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: Aqueous shunts are employed for intraocular pressure (IOP) control in primary and secondary glaucomas that fail medical, laser, and other surgical therapies. OBJECTIVES: This review compares aqueous shunts for IOP control and safety. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, NRR all in January 2006, LILACS to February 2004 and reference lists of included trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomized and quasi-randomized trials in which one arm of the study involved shunts. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted data for included studies and a third adjudicated discrepancies. We contacted investigators for missing information. We used fixed-effect models and summarized continuous outcomes using mean differences. MAIN RESULTS: We included fifteen trials with a total of 1153 participants with mixed diagnoses. Five studies reported details sufficient to verify the method of randomization but only two had adequate allocation concealment. Data collection and follow-up times were variable.Meta-analysis of two trials comparing Ahmed implant with trabeculectomy found trabeculectomy resulted in lower mean IOPs 11 to 13 months later (mean difference 3.81 mm Hg, 95% CI 1.94 to 5.69 mm Hg). Meta-analysis of two trials comparing double-plate Molteno implant with the Schocket shunt was not done due to substantial heterogeneity. One study comparing ridged with standard double-plate Molteno implants found no clinically significant differences in outcome. Two trials investigating the effectiveness of adjunctive mitomycin (MMC) with the Molteno and Ahmed implants found no evidence of benefit with MMC. Two trials that investigated surgical technique variations with the Ahmed found no benefit with partial tube ligation or excision of Tenon's capsule. One study concluded there were outcome advantages with a double versus a single-plate Molteno implant and one trial comparing the 350 mm(2) and 500 mm(2) Baerveldt shunts found no clinically significant advantage of the larger device but neither of these trials included all patients randomized. One study suggested improved clinical outcome when MMC was employed with a newly described shunt including ultrasound supporting the conclusion. One small study did not demonstrate an outcome advantage to systemic steroid use postoperatively with single-plate Molteno shunts. One study comparing endocyclophotocoagulation (ECP) with Ahmed implant in complicated glaucomas found no evidence of better IOP control with Ahmed implant over ECP. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Relatively few randomized trials have been published on aqueous shunts and methodology and data quality among them is poor. To date there is no evidence of superiority of one shunt over another.

Cataract Extraction↗

PubMed1994

DNA interstrand crosslinking agents and human ocular fibroblasts: differential sensitivity to mitomycin-C and cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II).

Although clinical application of mitomycin-C (MMC) as an adjunct to glaucoma filtration and pterygium ablation surgeries is based on its inhibitory effect on the local fibroblast proliferation, the extent to which fibroblasts of Tenon's capsule and adjacent tissues (ocular fibroblasts) are susceptible to MMC still remains to be investigated. In this context, we substantially compared the sensitivity of ocular fibroblasts to MMC with normal fibroblasts of other tissue origins and with Fanconi's anemia (FA) fibroblasts known to be supersensitive to MMC due to presumable genetic susceptibility. Since MMC kills cells mainly by forming DNA interstrand crosslinks, cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (CDDP), another crosslinking agent, was also used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of crosslinks on ocular and other fibroblasts. Following the treatment with various concentrations of MMC or CDDP for 1 hr, fibroblasts were incubated for 14 days until colonies developed. Based on the colony number reflecting the cell number which survived, the regression lines of survival rates were plotted in a semilogarithmic fashion. D0 and D10, doses which reduced survival rate to 37% and 10%, respectively, were interpolated and compared among the three cell groups. Ocular fibroblasts were about 2.5 times more sensitive than other normal fibroblasts, but 4-5 times more resistant than FA fibroblasts, to MCC, since the mean D0 of ocular, other normal, and FA fibroblasts was 0.063, 0.171 and 0.015 micrograms ml-1, respectively, and the mean D10 of these was 0.154, 0.401 and 0.029 micrograms ml-1, respectively. On the other hand, ocular fibroblasts exhibited an isosensitivity to CDDP compared with other normal fibroblasts. FA fibroblasts showed a supersensitivity to CDDP as well. DNA synthesis assay analysed by immunocytochemistry using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and anti-BrdU antibody showed a similar hypersensitivity to MMC but a normosensitivity to CDDP of ocular fibroblasts. These results may indicate that intracellular activation of MMC to the reactive reduced form progresses more effectively in ocular fibroblasts than in fibroblasts originating in other tissues. The hypersensitivity to MMC of ocular fibroblasts is not attributed to genetic susceptibility because of the normosensitivity to CDDP. CDDP may be a promising agent as an alternative to MMC in the ophthalmic fields.

Cell Division↗

PubMed2000

Cellular photoablation to control postoperative fibrosis in filtration surgery: in vitro studies.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of cellular photoablation using fluorescence-generated photoreaction products as a method to control postoperative fibrosis in filtration surgery. The fluorescent probe, 2', 7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein, acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) is a cell membrane permeable compound rendered membrane-impermeable and fluorescent upon cleavage by intracellular esterases. Human scleral and Tenon's capsule fibroblasts were cultured and used as the target cells. Uptake and retention of the probe were determined with a fluorescence multi-well plate reader. Fibroblasts with or without intracellular probe were irradiated under conditions of fluorescence microscopy with diffuse blue light (450-490 nm, 1.68x10(2)mW m(2-1)). The viability of cells was examined by trypan blue exclusion and crystal violet test. To better mimic a wound healing process the effect of cellular photoablation was verified in artificial lesions produced in cultured monolayers loaded with different concentrations of the probe. Uptake and retention of BCECF-AM is dependent on ambient concentration. When incorporated the probe is lethal to those cells exposed to the appropriate photo-irradiation. Cells exposed to BCECF-AM (for 45 min) at a concentration of approximately 10 microm and irradiated for 1 min resulted in 100% cell death. Cellular photoablation in contrast to chemotherapeutic agents acts only on the targeted cells. This method shall be pursued as an alternative therapy to control postoperative fibrosis in filtration surgery.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗

PubMed2001

Role of transforming growth factor-beta1 and its latent form binding protein in pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is a common and clinically important systemic condition characterized by the pathologic production and accumulation of an abnormal fibrillar extracellular material in many intra- and extraocular tissues. Recent evidence suggests that it is a type of elastosis associated with the excess synthesis of elastic microfibrillar components such as fibrillin-1. Since transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a major modulator of extracellular matrix formation, the potential involvement of TGF-beta and its latent form binding protein (LTBP) in this aberrant matrix process was investigated. The expression of various isoforms of TGF-beta and LTBP was investigated in the anterior segment tissues of PEX and control eyes on the protein and mRNA level by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and semiquantitative RT-PCR. TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 levels were measured in aqueous humor and serum of PEX and control patients by ELISA. Cultures of Tenon's capsule fibroblasts were established to study the effect of TGF-beta1 on fibrillin-1 mRNA expression by Northern blot analysis. Significantly increased concentrations of both total and active TGF-beta1 were measured in the aqueous humor of PEX eyes without and with glaucoma as compared to control eyes, whereas levels of TGF-beta2 were not significantly different. The expression of TGF-beta1, LTBP-1, and LTBP-2, but not TGF-beta2, was markedly increased in anterior segment tissues of PEX eyes, particularly in the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, on both the mRNA and the protein level. Latent TGF-beta1 staining was consistently associated with PEX material deposits and could be released by proteolytic processing. Double immunolabeling revealed clear co-localization of LTBP-1 and -2 with latent TGF-beta1 and with fibrillin-1 on PEX fibrils. The expression of mRNA coding for fibrillin-1 was up-regulated in vitro by TGF-beta1. This study provides evidence for a significant role of TGF-beta1 and the LTBPs 1 and 2 in PEX syndrome. The results suggest that increased levels of latent and active TGF-beta1 in the aqueous humor of PEX patients, derived from enhanced local synthesis and activation, promote the buildup of the abnormal extracellular elastic material characteristic of PEX syndrome. They further support a dual role for LTBPs, both as integral structural components of PEX fibers and as a means of matrix anchorage of latent TGF-beta1, representing one possible mechanism for the regulation of TGF-beta1 activity in PEX eyes. Future therapeutic strategies might focus on TGF-beta1 antagonistic approaches.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Agaricus bisporus (edible mushroom lectin) inhibits ocular fibroblast proliferation and collagen lattice contraction.

The edible mushroom lectin from Agaricus bisporus (ABL) has antiproliferative effects on a range of cell types. This investigation was undertaken to test whether it might have inhibitory activity on Tenon's capsule fibroblasts in in vitro models of wound healing and therefore have a use in the modification of scar formation after glaucoma surgery.Human ocular fibroblasts in monolayers and in three-dimensional collagen lattices were exposed to ABL (0-100 microg ml(-1)). Proliferation was studied by the MTS assay and by counting haematoxylin-stained cells; contraction was measured as a change in the diameter of three-dimensional collagen lattices. Toxicity was investigated using a fluorescent viability assay. FITC-labelled lectin was used to study cell binding and internalization of ABL.ABL caused a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation and lattice contraction without significant toxicity. Proliferation was inhibited by 5-40% in the dose range 20-100 microg ml(-1) Significant inhibition of lattice contraction was achieved with 40 microg ml(-1) ABL, and at 100 microg ml(-1) contraction was completely prevented. FITC-ABL binds to the cell surface and accumulates around the nuclear envelope when internalized. These experiments have shown that ABL possesses key features required of an agent that might control scarring processes and suggest that ABL might be especially useful where subtle modification of healing is needed. Further evaluation is warranted.

Cell Death↗

PubMed1989

Autonomic pathways in the orbit of the human fetus and the rhesus monkey.

In order to study the three-dimensional topography of the intra-orbital autonomic nerve plexuses and the input for these systems, human fetuses and adult rhesus monkeys were investigated. Specimens of the orbits were processed according to the histochemical acetylcholinesterase methods for staining of peripheral nerves. The nerve fibers enter the orbit along the following pathways: 1. bundles of nerve fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion (mainly parasympathetic) by penetrating the orbital muscle (Müller); 2. perivascularly along the ophthalmic artery (sympathetic). In the orbit the nerve fibers intermingle. The pathways of the nerve fibers from this interwoven nerve plexus towards the target organs are: 1. perivascularly along branches of the ophthalmic artery; 2. perineurally along and in the branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves; 3. independently of blood vessels and cranial nerve branches in Tenon's capsule. Moreover, bundles of nerve fibers from the ciliary ganglion contribute to the innervation of extraocular structures, e.g. the eyelids. It can be concluded that, as far as the autonomic innervation of the orbit is concerned, the monkey is a good animal model for neuroanatomical studies.

Acetylcholinesterase↗