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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Surface microhardness changes, enamel fluoride uptake, and fluoride availability from commercial toothpastes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of a new fluoride-containing dentifrice to protect surface-softened enamel against further erosive challenges in an in vitro cycling model, and to relate any effects to enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) and free fluoride. METHODOLOGY: Human enamel specimens were subjected to a daily cycling regimen comprising: three two-minute treatments; five two-minute challenges using 1% citric acid pH 3.8; and remineralization in a mixture of human saliva and mucin-containing artificial saliva. Surface microhardness (SMH) was measured at baseline, 10, and 20 days, and the fluoride content of biopsied specimens determined at 20 days. EFU studies were based on method #40 described in the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) testing procedures. Free-fluoride availability was determined from slurries of one part toothpaste plus three parts deionized water. RESULTS: SMH showed that a 1150 ppm NaF test dentifrice protected enamel specimens greater than Crest Cavity Protection (1100 ppm NaF) and a fluoride-free placebo at both 10 days and 20 days (p < 0.05). The fluoride content of specimens treated with this prototype was higher than either Crest or the placebo. SMH for a 1450 ppm NaF test dentifrice was greater than for Elmex Sensitive (1450 ppm amine F) and placebo at 10 days, while both products were greater than the placebo at 20 days. The fluoride content of specimens treated with this test dentifrice was higher than Elmex Sensitive, which was higher than placebo. The fluoride uptake seen in the cycling model correlated for the NaF dentifrices with a standard EFU procedure. Different EFU results for a series of commercial dentifrices demonstrated that EFU is not necessarily a function of free-fluoride availability. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that fluoride dentifrices can increase the protection of enamel against an erosive challenge in vitro, and that the increased protection correlated with fluoride uptake. The fluoride uptake seen in the cycling model correlated with a standard FDA EFU procedure for the NaF dentifrices. The present studies demonstrate the importance of formulation effects on driving performance in in vitro models.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Remineralisation of carious enamel lesions after application of a CHX/F-mouthrinse compared with sole CHX- and placebo-application.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised in situ study was to evaluate the remineralisation of demineralised enamel specimens using a CHX/NaF mouthrinse in comparison with a CHX- and a placebo-mouthrinse. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four volunteers received intraoral appliances with mounted demineralised enamel specimens. They rinsed their mouths twice a day (10 ml for 1 minute) with the respective preparation. After 14 days, the in situ mineral gain and fluoride uptake were determined. RESULTS: Mineral gain was significantly higher after using CHX/F mouthrinse (358.4 +/- 372.1 Vol.% X microm) compared with CHX (95.6+/-192.2 Vol.% X microm) and placebo treatment (80.8 +/- 159.6 Vol.% x microm). Moreover, CHX/F treatment (2751.1+/-1494.9 microg/cm(3)) resulted in a significantly higher fluoride uptake compared with CHX- (83.8+/-94.0 microg/cm(3)) and placebo- (136.6+/-137.3 microg/cm(3)) mouthrinses. CONCLUSION: The in situ study approves that using a CHX/F mouthrinse supports the remineralisation of initial carious lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of extracellular zinc on osteoclastic resorption in dental mineralized tissues].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the bone resorption caused by osteoclasts and modulating functions of zinc ion on dental slices. METHODS: Osteoclasts were separated from long-limb bones of neonatal rabbits, cultured with de-activated human tooth slices and glass slices. The cells in the experiment group were treated with 1x10(-14)mol/L-1x10(-4)mol/L zinc+10% (volume fraction) fetal calf serum (FCS)+alphaMEM, while those in the control group were grown in 10%FCS+alphaMEM. Osteoclasts on glass slices were stained by TRAP staining. The absorption pits on tooth slices were observed by inverted phase contrast microscope. The resorbing activity was evaluated with the concentration of calcium in the supernatant liquid of osteoclasts. The ratio between the concentration of calcium in the experiment group and that of the control group was termed the resorption index. RESULTS: The isolated cells were multinuclear and showed positive in cytoplasma by TRAP staining. Usually, osteoclasts resorbed tooth slices first on the cementum and dentin, which had lower content of mineralized tissue. Compared with those on bone slices, the lacunae on the dental slices appeared less in amount, less in area and shallower in depth. They often showed shallow pits in a large area. Microscopy showed that the number and area of absorption pits formed on treated tissues were less than those on the control tissues. The content of calcium in the supernatant liquid increased at the concentrations of 1x10(-4)-1x10(-14)mol/L zinc, especially in the group of 1x10(-8)mol/L, 1x10(-10) mol/L, 1x10(-14)mol/L zinc on the 3rd day (P<0.05). But they were reversed on the 7th day, except in the group of 1x10(-14)mol/L zinc. At the end of culture, the resorption indexes of 1x10(-4)-1x10(-7)mol/L, 1x10(-9)mol/L, 1x10(-12)mol/L and 1x10(-13)mol/L group were lower than 1, but those of 1x10(-8)mol/L, 1x10(-10)mol/L, 1x10(-11)mol/L and 1x10(-14)mol/L group were higher than 1. CONCLUSION: The effect of zinc ion on osteoclastic resorption in dental slices is associated with phase and dosage closely.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Reactivity of fluoride dentifrices with artificial caries. III. Quantitative aspects of acquired acid resistance (AAR): F uptake, retention, surface hardening and remineralization.

A pH cycling remineralization/dimineralization model has been used to compare remineralization and acid resistance benefits provided by commercial MFP and NaF dentifrices. Test results show that fluoride dentifrice systems were effective in enhancing lesion remineralization and providing acquired acid resistance (AAR) to carious lesions, with AAR benefits considerably greater in magnitude. Fluoride uptake into the carious lesions was associated with remineralization and AAR benefits. Dentifrices containing the highest levels of soluble ionic fluoride were found most effective in this protocol with MFP dentifrices showing significantly less activity. MFP dentifrice efficacy was enhanced slightly in calcium abrasives. The enhanced activity could be explained by increased levels of background ionic fluoride in the formulations. In contrast to the latter effects, a dual-active NaF+MFP dentifrice in a calcium abrasive system exhibited decreased efficacy relative to a silica abrasive formulation due to incompatibility of free fluoride ion. Comparison of analytical techniques for measurement of AAR in shallow lesions demonstrates that surface microhardness methods match radiographic measures and are thus adequate for ICT measurement of cariogenicity and F remineralization.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Surface-specific effect of a mineralizing agent on the permanent teeth and on periodontal status.

In a two-year clinical trial the surface-specific effect of a mineralizing agent on selected permanent teeth was evaluated as well as the effect of this agent on periodontal health in children. Compared with positive controls (Control group, n = 123, biweekly mouthrinsing with placebo and 0.2% NaF solutions), among children in the test group (n = 123, biweekly mouthrinsing with 2% Remodent and 0.2% NaF solutions) the mineralizing agent clearly affected periodontal health (as determined by the prevalence of subjects with gingival bleeding and occurrence of affected sextants at risk) positively, in addition to having a positive effect on the incidence of EFD lesions. The mineralizing agent tested was not found to have adverse effects (as determined by the prevalence of subjects with dental calculus and occurrence of affected sextants at risk). Use of the mineralizing agent is recommended especially during posteruptive maturation of permanent teeth.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of dental caries as an infectious disease.

Dental caries is an infectious disease that demineralizes tooth structure as a consequence of bacterial metabolism. Chemical suppression of bacteria, especially using stannous fluoride, is gaining popularity because of its practicality and clinical efficacy.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Results of a promising open trial to prevent baby bottle tooth decay: a fluoride varnish study.

One hundred thirty-three farm worker children with an average age of 17 months participated in a study of a fluoride varnish in WIC programs in the Yakima Valley of Central Washington. After parents were interviewed, the child was examined and a fluoride varnish applied to the maxillary incisors. At the six-month recall 62 children and their parents returned. Results indicated a significant decrease in decalcification from 35 percent to 21 percent and an increase in decay from 3 percent to 16 percent. The rate of decay was lower than the 30 percent found in this age-group in this population. Of 130 sound teeth at baseline, 13 percent were decayed or decalcified in six months; of 73 decalcified teeth at baseline, 51 percent were found to be sound in six months. Additional experimentation with fluoride varnish is warranted.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1994

The acidity (pH) and buffering capacity of Canadian fruit juice and dental implications.

Excessive consumption of acidic fruit juices is associated with dental morbidity. The pH and buffering capacities of fruit juices packaged and consumed in Canada were measured, and the implications on dental pathology of consuming juices of these qualities are discussed. Canadian fruit juices have a pH below the critical dissolving pH of enamel, and have buffering capacities similar to juices produced and consumed elsewhere in the world. Citrus, apple, and grape juice, or blends of these juices, are all potentially hazardous to teeth. Erosion, attrition, decay and dentinal hypersensitivity may all result from abusive juice drinking.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1994

Long-term evaluation of a SnF2 gel for control of gingivitis and decalcification in adolescent orthodontic patients.

The purpose of this paper is to review two recently reported, long-term studies of several chemical methods to control gingivitis and decalcification in in adolescent orthodontic patients. The first study (gingivitis study) was designed to determine whether conventional toothbrushing and twice daily use of a brush-on 0.4 per cent SnF2 gel containing more than 90 per cent available Sn2+ would be more effective for controlling plaque accumulation and gingivitis in the presence of orthodontic appliances than conventional toothbrushing alone. The second study (decalcification study) was designed to compare the effectiveness of controlling decalcification in orthodontic patients with either a 1100 ppm F toothpaste used alone, this same toothpaste and a 0.05 per cent NaF rinse or this toothpaste and a 0.4 per cent SnF2 gel. In the gingivitis study, sixty-five consecutively treated adolescents who were to receive full-mouth fixed orthodontic appliances were assigned to two groups according to age and sex criteria. In the decalcification study an additional 30 subjects (95 total) were similarly assigned to a third group. The first group (control, n = 35) used only toothbrushing with a standard fluoride (1100 ppm F) toothpaste. The second group used toothbrushing with a similar dentifrice supplemented with a 0.4 per cent SnF2 gel (SnF2 gel group, n = 30) used twice daily for the entire 18-month study period. The third group (in the decalcification study only) used a similar toothpaste and 0.05 per cent NaF rinse (NaF rinse group, n = 30). Clinical assessments of plaque accumulation using the Plaque Index, gingival inflammation using the Gingival Index, and coronal staining were completed single-blind before appliances were placed and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after appliances were placed. Decalcification was assessed single blind on all labial surfaces of all erupted teeth before appliances were placed and 3 months after appliances were removed. The results of the gingivitis study indicated that the SnF2 gel group had significantly lower scores for the Plaque Index (p < 0.01) and the Gingival Index (p < 0.001) at all examinations during orthodontic treatment than did the control group. In the SnF2 gel group, one subject developed mild coronal staining and two subjects developed moderate staining. In the decalcification study, when pre-treatment levels of decalcification were subtracted from post-treatment values, significantly lower decalcification scores (p < 0.05) were found for both whole mouth and first molars in the NaF rinse and gel groups as compared with the control group (toothpaste alone).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The caries preventive effect of a fluoride dentifrice containing Triclosan and zinc citrate, a compilation of in vitro and in situ studies.

A new generation of 'gun-health dentifrices' has recently become available. These products contain antimicrobial ingredients in addition to fluoride as the caries preventive component. Several experiments were performed to study the effects of the addition of antimicrobials. These included fluoride bioavailability tests, enamel lesion de- and remineralisation studies ('pH-cycling') and in situ caries studies. A comparison was made between a non-fluoride (negative) control dentifrice, a fluoride (positive) control dentifrice (1000 ppm F as sodium monofluorophosphate, MFP) and a test dentifrice containing 1000 ppm F (as MFP), 0.3 per cent Triclosan and 0.75 per cent zinc citrate trihydrate (ZCT). The results showed that the two fluoride pastes performed better in all tests than the negative control. No differences were observed between the two fluoride pastes in the in vitro studies. Under conditions of cariogenic challenge, in situ caries progression was inhibited by the fluoride test paste containing Triclosan and ZCT. This result was significantly different from that of the fluoride control paste, in which group an increase in lesion severity was observed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing-bottle caries: the importance of a development perspective.

Early diagnosis of nursing-bottle caries is so difficult because its first stage is difficult to detect, and occurs at an age the child does not visit a dentist regularly. Also, the first stage does not appear alarming. If for the parent serious complaints from the child arise, irreversible defects already have developed. The developmental stages of nursing-bottle caries are clearly linked to the eruption pattern of the primary teeth. The maxillary primary incisors are affected first, followed by the maxillary first molars. In all stages, a stabilized condition, arrested caries, can occur, if circumstances change. A correct diagnosis of the etiology of caries in toddlers and preschoolers is mandatory as a basis for introducing proper preventive measures. Further study is mandatory to clarify the cause and effect of the disease-pattern.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1996

Effect of a specially formulated remineralizing solution on the remineralizing capacity of saliva.

The present study was carried out to assess whether the remineralization of artificial caries like lesion by artificial saliva can be improved by daily 5 minute treatment in a specially formulated remineralizing solution containing Ca, P, Zn, Sr, F. Extracted human premolars were dipped for 24 hours in artificial saliva and subsequently daily for 5 minutes in the remineralizing solution for 3 weeks. Lesions were assessed using transverse microradiography, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that remineralization by specially formulated solutions repair the enamel lesion and enhances the salivary remineralizing potential.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1997

Ultrastructural changes of a tooth root in young rats fed a low calcium and vitamin D-deficient diet.

The aim of the investigation was to assess the ultrastructural changes of the roots of the teeth in young rats fed a low calcium and vitamin D-deficient diet. The studies were carried out on 20 young Wistar rats. The results of the scanning microscopic observations showed the increased cementolysis and decreased mineralization of cementum and dentin in rats fed a low calcium and vitamin D-deficient diet. The results indicated that the hard tissues of the teeth, besides bony system, are also involved in calcium homeostasis in rat organism.

Animals↗