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PubMedDate not supplied

Statistical packages for the Macintosh.

These programs represent the entry of the Mac into major statistical computing. We believe that for the physician researcher who is not a statistician, they make the Mac the platform for data analysis. We found that statistics, research design, and data analysis seemed different and much less intimidating to us and our trainees when approached through the Mac. We have reviewed the versions of these programs available at the time of this writing, in May 1992; potential buyers should contact the software publisher for information about more recent upgrades. At this point, our recommendations would be as follows: If you are wedded to SPSS or Minitab, try the Mac versions, and you will be impressed. Otherwise, the choice is between SYSTAT, which has been around long enough to demonstrate its richness and capacity to build on its strengths, and JMP, a brash newcomer, which demonstrates that you can teach an old dog (SAS) new tricks. StatView and SuperANOVA, while endowed with intuitive, easy-to-use interfaces, lack online help--a feature we consider important in a statistics package. We anticipate that the future will lead to simplification of the SYSTAT interface and the addition of more analytic capacities to JMP--and who knows what the next generation of competitors will bring?

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1992

User interactions with the PDQ cancer information system.

Searches by end users and intermediaries on the online PDQ (Physician Data Query) cancer information system were observed. With the National Library of Medicine (NLM) menu-based interface, end users (physicians) averaged fewer steps per question, while with the BRS command-drive interface, intermediaries appeared to be more efficient. Cancer Information Service (CIS) searchers, who have more PDQ experience than end users or intermediaries, made greater use of command stacking to anticipate menu selections. Retrieval was more complete in the NLM system, where both the menus and predefined print formats assisted the searchers.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed1992

Analysis of the microstructure of the rhythmic tongue movements of rats ingesting maltose and sucrose solutions.

The interlick interval distribution of rats while ingesting maltose under real and sham feeding conditions and while ingesting seven concentrations of sucrose under real feeding conditions was analyzed. The analysis revealed that the licking behavior of rats is organized into bursts of licking at a high rate. These bursts occurred in clusters that were separated by brief (250-500 ms) interruptions. The clusters were separated by intervals that ranged from 500 ms to many hundreds of seconds. Sham feeding increased the length of the meal by increasing the number but not the size of the clusters. Increasing the concentration of sucrose increased monotonically the size of the clusters but varied the number of clusters as an inverted-V-shaped function. This analysis revealed the details of the central nervous system's control over ingestive behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Closed-loop control of SaO2 in the neonate.

A microprocessor-based device has been designed to control oxygen saturation (SaO2) in neonates by adjusting the inspired air-oxygen mixture (FiO2) delivered by a mechanical blender. The user sets a target SaO2, which the controller attempts to maintain. Alarms are actuated if the neonate's SaO2 is outside predefined limits. SaO2 levels are extracted from a commercial pulse oximeter and analyzed by an eight-bit microprocessing unit (MPU). Delivered percentages of FiO2 are adjusted by a motorized air-oxygen blender. The controller has a menu-driven user interface and can graphically present four-hour trends of the SaO2, FiO2, or blender setting. Sixteen hours of collected data can be stored and later downloaded to a personal computer. A real-time multitasking operating system forms the nucleus of the controller's software. Major tasks that share MPU time are control, filtering, user display, data collection, data archiving, alarm monitoring, and user input. Analog SaO2 levels are read and converted to digital values, which are then filtered to extract noise. A differential control algorithm is used to determine the required FiO2 blender setting. The blender is then adjusted to the new setting, after which the controller waits to repeat the process of sampling SaO2 and adjusting FiO2. System response time and blender increments are adjustable to allow a user to tune the controller to the patient's needs. Alarm conditions of concern within the device are SaO2 and FiO2 sensor disconnection, blender disconnection, and SaO2 limiting errors. In preliminary trials, for a target of 92.0% SaO2, a prototype controller maintained an average of 91.6% with a standard deviation of 5.0% over a one-hour period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid prototyping of interactive software for automated instrumentation in rehabilitative therapy.

Rapid prototyping is a quick, efficient way to evaluate new electrical instruments. A hardware interface between a computer and an instrument can be simulated in software. The authors demonstrate the technique of rapid prototyping by developing interfaces for two therapeutic strength-testing devices and an electromagnetic tracker/digitizer. The LabVIEW rapid prototyping software tool was used to create "virtual instruments," which combine to form interfaces. The functions and connections of each virtual instrument are described.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1992

Literature databases for radiologists.

There are two new computerized radiology literature databases available for those practitioners who require a more sophisticated retrieval system than the Index to Imaging Literature published annually by Radiology. The installation and use of these two products, the floppy disk based PC MASS and the CD-ROM based SilverPlatter Radiology are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of both desktop programs are compared with the Index and to the telecommunication access of large general medical databases such as MEDLINE.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1992

Impact of end-user search training on pharmacy students: a four-year follow-up study.

The Alfred Taubman Medical Library at the University of Michigan has offered instruction in online literature searching to third-year pharmacy students as a component of the course "Drug Information and Scientific Literature Evaluation" since 1983. In the spring of 1989, a follow-up study was conducted to assess the impact of instruction on four classes of graduates. Of a pool of 151 graduates, 90 (60%) responded to a mailed questionnaire on their use of information and computerized literature searching. The respondents were divided into four subgroups: end-user searchers, users of intermediaries, end users who used intermediaries, and those who did not use computerized literature search systems. Seventy-two percent of the respondents used some type of computerized literature searching, and 42% performed their own searches. The four subgroups differed in general computer use, familiarity with MEDLINE search terminology, information use, reasons for using or not using literature searching, and characteristics of searches (i.e., type, time frame, amount, and frequency). Training in end-user search systems appears to have had an impact on the continued use of computerized literature searching several years after the formal educational program.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed1992

Bringing social worlds together: computers as catalysts for new interactions in health care organizations.

In this case study, computer systems are explored as catalysts for new interactions between departments in health care organizations. Hypotheses investigated changes in the extent to which members of different departments (1) exchange information and (2) understand each other's work following implementation of an integrated medical information system. Analyses showed that communication-based forms of involvement in implementation (communicating with systems personnel and trainers, communicating about new ways to use the system, and receiving support from supervisors for doing so) were overwhelmingly more important than either general participation or computer use in predicting increases in interdepartmental interaction. Changes in tasks and roles also led to new, informal, face-to-face contacts to support computer system use, as well as greater administrative control over the organization as a whole. In addition, results of interviews and observations over the two-year study period illustrate the importance of work group identification in predicting changes accompanying computerization.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed1992

Designing a user interface and computer screens for instruction: some considerations.

Computer-assisted instruction and interactive videodisc are being used more often in allied health sciences education and medical training. Because computer graphics screens can enhance both legibility and readability, an effective computer interface for instruction is basic to the design and development of both. This article discusses guidelines on legibility, which includes the use of graphics, type and text, contrast, and color.

Color↗
PubMed1992

Toward normative expert systems: Part I. The Pathfinder project.

Pathfinder is an expert system that assists surgical pathologists with the diagnosis of lymph-node diseases. The program is one of a growing number of normative expert systems that use probability and decision theory to acquire, represent, manipulate, and explain uncertain medical knowledge. In this article, we describe Pathfinder and our research in uncertain-reasoning paradigms that was stimulated by the development of the program. We discuss limitations with early decision-theoretic methods for reasoning under uncertainty and our initial attempts to use non-decision-theoretic methods. Then, we describe experimental and theoretical results that directed us to return to reasoning methods based in probability and decision theory.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Save your frustration, run that program.

The purpose of this article is to assist health care professionals who use software programs written in BASIC, BASICA, or GWBASIC to follow a one-time, easy-to-use format to run their computer programs. This software program enhancement will save the user time and effort in loading a program. The author concludes that noncomputer-oriented individuals may load their software and successfully operate their workstations without having to be an experienced computer programmer.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

IAIMS and UMLS at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.

The authors use an example to illustrate combining Integrated Academic Information Management System (IAIMS) components (applications) into an integral whole, to facilitate using the components simultaneously or in sequence. They examine a model for classifying IAIMS systems, proposing ways in which the United Medical Language System (UMLS) can be exploited them.

Computer Peripherals↗
PubMed1992

A guide to the use of electronic bulletin boards.

Data transfer between distant computers is potentially a rapid and efficient method of gathering and disseminating information. Bulletin Boards can coordinate this activity but their benefit is proportional to the number of users. The initial telephonic connection between computers and the subsequent data transfer is complex; this review attempts to explain some of the theory and problems involved.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Noviceware: a model for learning the software development process.

Students and nursing faculty without formal computer science training can collaborate within an independent study structure to assist the student in gaining experience with the fundamentals of software development. The systems development life cycle approach provides an essential map to structure such independent studies. This article describes the development within an academic setting of a computerized research management system. The software builds a database of research case demographic data and data from a 65-item tool used in scoring videotapes of caregiver-infant interactions. For students and faculty contemplating similar projects, recommendations about planning software development experiences and securing hardware, software, and expert resources are provided.

Algorithms↗