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PubMed2006

Hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected patients: a survey of physicians and patients participating in the Aquitaine cohort.

UNLABELLED: In France, HIV-infected (HIV+) patients are frequently coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or at risk for this infection. Physicians and their patients should be more committed to HBV prevention than the average population. AIMS: To gain insight into the attitude towards HBV and its vaccination in HIV+ patients from the Aquitaine Cohort and their attending physicians in France. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey based on self-administered questionnaires was performed from November 2002 to June 2003. It targeted 198 physicians from the clinical group on AIDS epidemiology (Groupe d'Epidémiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine, GECSA) or participating in medical HIV networks in southwestern France; and 512 patients from the cohort. Questions concerned the following items for the physicians: HBV status, prescription of HBV serology and vaccination (frequency, type, schedule), risk factors assessed, reasons for non-vaccination; and for the patients: HBV status, information received, risk factors, attitude towards vaccination. RESULTS: 93% of physicians and 22% of patients stated they were vaccinated against HBV. HBV serological status was reported to be systematically ascertained by 75% of physicians, but post-vaccinal testing was only prescribed by 23% of them. The main reasons for not prescribing more often HBV vaccine were forgetting (79%), difficulty to identify subjects at risk (44%) and being afraid of post-vaccinal complications (32%). Thirty percent of patients reported not to have received any information on HBV vaccination. Overall, 44% considered not to be at risk of infection but 82% of them had been confronted with at least one risk. The main reasons for not having been vaccinated were mostly worry about AIDS (70%), not having been asked by physician (65%) or afraid of complications (58%); nonetheless, 42% of patients were willing to be vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this survey underline the need for specific health actions to be undertaken concerning hepatitis B vaccination in HIV+ patients as well as their health care providers.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of the genomes of the wild-type French viscerotropic strain of yellow fever virus with its vaccine derivative French neurotropic vaccine.

The French neurotropic vaccine, or FNV, was used extensively in Africa to control yellow fever (YF). Although efficacious, the vaccine caused an unacceptable rate of post-vaccinal complications in children and was subsequently replaced by the 17D vaccine. Here we report that the genomes of the wild-type YF virus French viscerotropic virus and its attenuated vaccine derivative, FNV virus from the Institut Pasteur, Paris, (FNV-IP) differ by 77 nucleotides encoding 35 amino acid substitutions. Comparison of FNV-IP and three other isolates of FNV with other YF vaccine strains (17D-204 and 17DD derived from wild-type strain Asibi) revealed that during the two attenuation processes two common nucleotide changes arose that encode two amino acid substitutions: one is in the membrane protein at amino acid 35 (M-35), the other in non-structural (NS) protein 4B at NS4B-95. These common substitutions may be important in the process of attenuation of viscerotropic disease for humans and monkeys, and/or may be involved in loss of mosquito competence of the vaccine viruses.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with rabies vaccination induced neurological complications and other neurological diseases.

We reported the occurrence of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in sera of patients with neurologic complications from Semple rabies vaccination. There was a correlation between the presence of ACA and the disease severity. Sixteen of 25 patients (64%) with major neurological complications, 2 of 21 patients (10%) with minor complications, and non of the normal vaccinees had an ACA response. In comparison to this, ACA was found in 10/43 (24%) of patients with post-infectious encephalitis (PIE), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and multiple sclerosis (MS), 5/22 (23%) and 4/31 (13%) of patients with degenerative neurological diseases and central nervous system (CNS) infections, respectively. There was no specific restriction to any particular isotype. Frequency difference of ACA responses was unremarkable in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with (3/9) and without (3/10) CNS involvement. It is not conclusive about the pathogenetic role of ACA. This remains to be determined.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2000

Adverse reactions to smallpox vaccine: the Israel Defense Force experience, 1991 to 1996. A comparison with previous surveys.

The aim of the present study was to assess the post-smallpox vaccination complication rate in a cohort of Israel Defense Force recruits enlisted in the calendar years 1991 to 1996 and to compare it with rates reported, in similar age groups, in large surveys during the 1960s. The overall complication rate was 0.4 per 10,000 vaccinees, and the rate of severe complications was very low, similar to previously published data. We conclude that among young healthy adults, vaccination with smallpox vaccine is relatively safe and is associated with a low rate of complications. Severe complications were very rare in this age group in our study. However, the complication rate is increasing with the increased percentage of primary vaccinees.

Adult↗
PubMed1954

Antiserum in the prophylaxis of rabies.

This paper reviews recent experimental evidence in support of inoculation with antirabies serum, the value of which, as a prophylactic measure, is compared with that of vaccine treatment alone. The author concludes that the chief advantages of combined antiserum-vaccine prophylaxis lie in the rapid treatment of cases who have suffered severe exposure, and in the possibility of reducing the incidence of post-vaccinal complications.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Cold abscess of the chest wall as an unusual complication of BCG vaccination.

Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination often results in local adverse effects; however, serious or long-term complications are rare. The involvement of sternum among skeletal BCG osteomyelitis is a rarely seen complication of BCG vaccination. Such a complication may confuse with a chest wall tumor and a surgical intervention may be needed for the definite diagnosis. A 9-month-old infant who had a parasternal cold abscess in the anterior chest wall and sternal osteomyelitis of tuberculosis in the late period of BCG vaccination of whom the etiological diagnosis was histopathologically confirmed after surgery is presented and the preoperative diagnostic problems are discussed.

Abscess↗
PubMed1991

Aseptic meningitis as a complication of mumps vaccination.

In 1989 a nationwide surveillance of neurologic complications after the administration of mumps vaccine was conducted in Japan, based on the notification of cases and the testing of mumps viruses isolated from cerebrospinal fluid for their relatedness to the vaccine by nucleotide sequence analysis. Among 630,157 recipients of measles-mumps-rubella trivalent (MMR) vaccine containing the Urabe Am9 mumps vaccine, there were at least 311 meningitis cases suspected to be vaccine-related. In 96 of these 311 cases, mumps virus related to the vaccine was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid. The unusually high incidence may have been partly a result of the adverse media publicity of the problem at the time of surveillance. We analyzed clinical features of 165 and 27 laboratory-confirmed mumps vaccine-related meningitis cases that occurred among the recipients of MMR and monovalent mumps vaccines, respectively, during a 1-year period after the introduction of MMR vaccine. The incidence of vaccine-related meningitis was similar among the recipients of MMR and monovalent Urabe Am9 mumps vaccines. Meningitis was generally mild and there were no sequelae from the illness. The complication was more frequent among male than among female children.

Child↗
PubMed2006

DNA immunization with 2C FMDV non-structural protein reveals the presence of an immunodominant CD8+, CTL epitope for Balb/c mice.

Outbreaks of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) have devastating economic consequences in affected areas. The presence of multiple serotypes and virus variants makes vaccination complicated. A better understanding of protective immune mechanisms may help in development of novel vaccines with cross protective capacity. While much attention has been devoted to humoral responses to FMDV, less is known about the role of cell-mediated responses in protective immunity. Predictions of potential CTL epitopes by two different computer algorithms identified the viral 2C protein as containing a potential murine H2-Kd CTL epitope located in its amino-terminal half. DNA vaccination of mice with a plasmid expressing the 2C protein and a fragment thereof confirmed that this was indeed a CTL epitope, as shown by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) induction in CD8+, CD44(hi) splenocytes after in vitro stimulation with peptides containing the amino acid sequence KYKDAKEWL, predicted for the CTL epitope. A peptide with the variant sequence KYKEAKEWL induced similar responses, indicating tolerability towards a conservative substitution at the altered residue. Virus infection likewise induced a measurable CTL response against KYKDAKEWL, although less clear due to a higher background of IFN-gamma production in splenocytes from infected mice. Challenge of vaccinated mice showed that the CTL response induced by the 2C protein was not protective, since viremia and mortality were unaffected by vaccination. The implications for vaccine development are discussed in the context of cross-serotype reactive responses.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed1977

[Neurological complications after influenza vaccination (author's transl)].

The clinical aspects and differential diagnosis of 11 neural complications following influenza vaccination (Guillain-Barré syndrome, serogenetic polyneuritis, encephalomyelitis) are discussed. Etiopathogenetically a hypersensitivity to components in the serum must be taken into consideration, as a case with anaphylactoid reaction shows. The incubation period of the remaining cases (beginning only after the 4th day post vaccination) is on the other hand consistent with the assumption of a pathomechanism rather like that of serum sickness. The number of influenza vaccinations previously administered in the individual case bears no relation to the neurological disturbances described. Vaccines of different manufacture can, in the same way, provoke these rare inoculation complications (frequency: 1 case per 0.7-1.3 mio vaccinations). The indication for influenza vaccinations is not limited by these occurrences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Investigating genetic, antigenic, and structural diversity in the Neisseria gonorrhoeae outer membrane protein, PorB: implications for vaccine design.

UNLABELLED: Vaccines targeting Neisseria gonorrhoeae are needed to reduce disease burden and help address the problem of antimicrobial resistance, with an understanding of relationships between gonococcal genetics and molecules influencing diversity, infection, and the immune response essential for developing effective vaccine formulations. Whole-genome sequence data can be used to investigate these relationships among thousands of gonococcal isolates, allowing the study of antigenic diversity on a population scale. Such analyses typically examine antigenic diversity occurring in complete protein sequences, generating mean diversity indices and phylogenetic analyses that can inform on vaccine potential; however, to detect and measure the immune responses elicited, epitope characterization within an antigen helps guide vaccine formulations, with epitopes commonly located in surface-exposed regions of a protein. Here, we analyzed the genetic diversity of the major gonococcal antigen, PorB, in WGS from 22,227 N. gonorrhoeae isolates. We characterized the diversity of all eight surface-exposed outer membrane loops, or variable regions (VRs), and generated a PorB VR subtyping scheme to facilitate the global and temporal detection of circulating PorB subtypes. These analyses identified the presence of dominant VR combinations that persisted over time, indicative of (i) epistatic interactions between VRs and (ii) positive selection. Strain-specific, anti-PorB IgG responses directed toward distinct VR subtypes were detected in sera obtained from participants vaccinated with 4CMenB. The deconstruction of PorB into each surface-exposed loop provides a powerful approach for evaluating vaccine candidates: the methods used here allow immunodominant regions to be detected, which is invaluable for further vaccine investigations. IMPORTANCE: In the context of rising global gonorrhea cases, the development of vaccines becomes a priority; however, N. gonorrhoeae antigenic diversity and its ability to evade the immune system complicate vaccine development. This study characterizes the genetic diversity of the outer membrane protein, PorB, a key component of the outer membrane and a major gonococcal antigen. Using genomics and machine-learning techniques, this research identified dominant PorB variants that drive the immune response, proposing potential vaccine candidates and improving our understanding of the evolutionary forces maintaining genome structure and biological fitness. Understanding these processes is crucial for designing vaccines that effectively target N. gonorrhoeae and combat the spread of multidrug-resistant gonococci.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae↗
PubMed1978

[Prevention of complications of smallpox vaccination].

In observance of the rules of vaccination and unfavourable anamnesis in the vaccinated serve as the main causes of postvaccinal complications (30 and 22%, respectively). The great majority of complications occurs at the age of 1 to 3 years (76%). In 94% of cases complications are recorded in primarily vaccinated individuals. Solution of such problems as introduction into wide practice of sparing methods of immunization and special scheme of preliminary preparation to the vaccination of weak children and those with conditioned contraindications is necessary for the purpose of prevention of complications; a possibility of using, along with gamma-globulin, of synthetic preparations, and of subjecting older children to primary vaccination for prevention of complications is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

IgE levels of infants with complications after pertussis vaccination.

IgE levels of 31 infants who had severe complications after whooping cough vaccination, were determined by RIST. The patients had convulsions, encephalitis or anaphylactic shock symptoms. All but two had elevated IgE levels for their age. It is suggested that, in certain genetically predisposed human beings, pertussis antigen can also induce IgE synthesis, as has already been established in rodents.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1974

Skin reactivity and antibody response following vaccination against smallpox.

Revaccination between 2 and 5 years after the last vaccination induced higher complement-fixation titres than revaccination 7-63 years after the last vaccination. The highest CF titres were reached during the 3rd to the 5th week after vaccination.Fifty-two serum samples, taken 137 or more days after a successful vaccination, all showed CF titres lower than 1/2.In a group of successfully vaccinated persons with no post-vaccinal complications, 65 out of 66 had a successful ;take' after one or two subsequent vaccinations.Sera of persons receiving primary vaccination showed significantly lower CF titres than sera of revaccinated persons. Cases of post-vaccinal encephalitis showed greater antibody response than uncomplicated successfully vaccinated cases in both the primary vaccination and revaccination groups. The antibody response in revaccinated persons with post-vaccinal encephalitis was greater than that in the group of successfully revaccinated cases without encephalitis.A group of 26 naturally hyporeactive persons completely failed to ;take' even after vaccination repeated between 3 and 10 times (average 5 times per person). The frequency of seropositives in this group, and the height of their CF titres, were significantly lower than in the group of successfully vaccinated persons. These findings support the view that untreated persons who repeatedly fail to ;take' with the vaccine must not be considered immune.In vaccinated persons treated with immunoglobulin (with or without simultaneous treatment with Marboran) antibody production was apparently diminished. Treatment of patients with Marboran significantly lowers the capacity of the vaccine to ;take'.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Newcastle disease.

Newcastle Disease of chickens is of interest in comparative pathology because the causal virus has a wide range of pathogenicity and is of only one antigenic type. The virus can be grown to high titre and is easily titrated. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines give effective protection under experimental conditions. Vaccination of commercial chickens is associated with variable results, and it is now possible to investigate the factors which complicate vaccination. These include the presence of interfering respiratory infections, immunosuppressive disease of viral origin, variations in the techniques of vaccination and in the programmes of revaccination. Challenge with lethal virus given by aerosol is severe and allows an accurate assessment of the relationship between serum HI levels and the degree of protection. In the later stages of the immune process most but not all protection is associated with the IgG fraction of serum. There is also an increasing amount of evidence to show that local immunity in the respiratory tract is important in the early stages of the immune process.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1995

Oral poliovirus vaccination and pregnancy complications.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether the effect of live attenuated oral polio virus vaccine given to pregnant women increases pregnancy complications. METHODS: A study of women who had been vaccinated against poliovirus during a national vaccination campaign and who had delivered by cesarean section in three obstetrical hospitals in southern Finland. One thousand seven hundred and forty-seven vaccinated women (in three study cohorts), and their 2293 nonvaccinated controls (in two reference cohorts) were analyzed. Subjects are out of 22,000 deliveries evaluated earlier. RESULTS: Vaccinated sectioned women did not show an excess of pregnancy complications. The mean rate of cesarean sections was 18.4% in the study cohorts and 18.9% in the reference cohorts counted from the 22,000 deliveries. CONCLUSIONS: Oral live attenuated polio virus vaccine does not increase pregnancy complications and is considered a safe alternative for vaccinating pregnant women.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Child's tuberculous lymphadenitis with fistula evoked by the BCG stem.

Lymphadenitis with persisting fistualas in children is almost always conditioned by specific inflammation, tuberculosis, zoonoses, actinomycoses. Tuberculosis of the lymph nodes can either be primary or post-primary. In this case report we have dealt with a case of a rare primary lymph node tuberculosis that arose as a result of vaccination complications. Disturbance of cellular immunity was the reason for BCG lymphadenitis. In references, the reasons for BCG-itis as well as vaccination contra-indications have been described.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1994

[A measles epidemic in an adequately vaccinated middle school population].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent of a measles epidemic in a secondary school. DESIGN: Retrospective and questionnaire investigation. SETTING: Secondary school, Bilthoven. METHOD: Questionnaire followed by laboratory testing for measles and other infectious diseases with exanthema. RESULTS: The response rate was 99% (935/949 pupils, aged 12-21 years, vaccination rate 92%). Seventy-seven students underwent laboratory investigations. Measles virus was isolated in 2 suspected patients. Thirty-three of 37 patients with clinical or laboratory criteria of measles had been vaccinated. Complications of measles were not detected. Infection was also detected in patients with relatively few or atypical symptoms. The protective efficacy of measles vaccine could be determined because the attack rate of the school population was less than 5%. CONCLUSION: Primary failure of the measles vaccine might be the cause of the minor epidemic but the results do not cast doubt on the efficacy of the current measles vaccination programme.

Adolescent↗