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PubMed2006

Increasing prevalences of overweight and obesity in Northern Plains American Indian children.

OBJECTIVES: To report prevalences of overweight and obesity in a large sample of American Indian children from a survey in 2002-2003, and to evaluate the change in prevalences since 1995-1996 when children on the same reservations were measured. DESIGN: Analysis of survey data. SETTING: Aberdeen Area Indian Health Service (North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, and Nebraska). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 11 538 American Indian children (aged 5-17 years) attending 55 schools on 12 reservations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Height and weight measured during the 2002-2003 school year by the same team as in the earlier survey. Prevalences of overweight (> or =85th percentile) and obesity (> or =95th percentile) were calculated on the basis of body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. RESULTS: At 5 years of age, 47% of boys and 41% of girls were overweight, and 24% of the children were obese. Prevalences of overweight and obesity exceeded those for the most recent available data for all US children at almost every age. In the intervening 7 to 8 years between surveys, prevalences of overweight and obesity continued to increase in the children by 4.5% and 4.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalences of overweight and obesity in the most recent sample of American Indian children indicate that they are at even higher risk for these conditions and their health-related sequelae than the best estimates for all US children, with prevalences as high as or higher than those for any other racial or ethnic groups of children reported in the most recent national surveys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Relationship between testicular measurements, body weight and semen quality in young dairy bulls.

Dairy bulls, 322 Ayrshires (Ay) and 85 Friesians (Fr), were studied at the age of 11 months. Of the bulls, 286 Ay-bulls and 80 Fr-bulls produced semen of acceptable quality for use in A.I. Scrotal circumference, tonometer measure, scrotal fold thickness, 1-year body weight and testicular palpation were used to predict unsuitable bulls for A.I. Non-return rate was used as a measure of fertility. Scrotal fold thickness and 1-year weight had no significant correlation with fertility or semen quality. Scrotal circumference had a significant positive correlation with fertility. Tonometer ratio had a significant negative correlation with fertility. Testicular palpation was the best basis for predicting bulls with poor semen quality in this study. Twelve bulls were recorded as having testicles of different sizes, 1 testicle being more than 20% bigger than the other. Only 2 of these 12 bulls produced semen of acceptable quality. One of these 2 bulls was, after slaughter, diagnosed as having a hereditary testicle disease. Friesians were shown to have significantly higher fertility than Ayshires.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Placental weight, birth measurements, and blood pressure at age 8 years.

OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between blood pressure during childhood and both placental weight and body size at birth, in an Australian population. DESIGN: A follow up study of a birth cohort, undertaken when cohort members were aged 8 years. SETTING: Adelaide, South Australia. SUBJECTS: 830 children born in the Queen Victoria Hospital in Adelaide, South Australia, during 1975-6. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured when the children were aged 8 years. RESULTS: Blood pressure at 8 years was positively related to placental weight and inversely related to birth weight, after adjusting for the child's current weight. For diastolic pressure there was a decrease of 1.0 mm Hg for each 1 kg increase in birth weight (95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.4 to 2.4) and an increase of 0.7 mm Hg for each 100 g increase in placental weight (95% CI = 0.1 to 1.3). Diastolic pressure was also inversely related to chest circumference at birth, independently of placental weight, with a decrease of 0.3 mm Hg for each 1 cm increase in chest circumference (95% CI = 0.2 to 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are further evidence that birth characteristics, indicative of fetal growth patterns, are related to blood pressure in later life.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1998

Mirtazapine versus amitriptyline in the long-term treatment of depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.

Of 580 patients randomly assigned to short-term, double-blind treatment with either mirtazapine, amitriptyline or placebo, a total of 217 patients clinically judged to be responders subsequently continued on the same medication for up to 2 years in the long-term treatment study (mirtazapine, n = 74; amitriptyline, n = 86 and placebo, n = 57). The efficacy of mirtazapine in relapse prevention was seen in an analysis of the first 20 weeks data. Significantly fewer patients relapsed during treatment with mirtazapine compared with placebo (p < 0.05), and a significantly longer time to relapse was shown on the survival analysis. There was a significant advantage for amitriptyline compared with placebo in the first 20 weeks, with fewer patients relapsing. There was a significant advantage for mirtazapine compared with amitriptyline at 20 weeks seen on the survival analysis (p < 0.05). The significant advantage for mirtazapine compared with placebo was also seen in the prophylactic phase of treatment after 20 weeks. At the endpoint there were significantly more patients in the placebo group with a return of symptoms and significantly fewer showing sustained response. Amitriptyline was better than placebo with fewer patients suffering a recurrence of symptoms, but there was no difference from placebo in the proportion of patients with sustained response. Mirtazapine was well tolerated with a side-effect profile similar to that of placebo. The only adverse event reported significantly more frequently on mirtazapine than on placebo was weight gain. Objectively measured weight gain was more frequent with amitriptyline (22% of patients) compared with mirtazapine (13% of patients). Amitriptyline was associated with significantly more adverse events than either mirtazapine or placebo, in particular sedative and anticholinergic side effects. The efficacy of mirtazapine in reducing the risk of relapse and the recurrence of depression, which on some measures showed an advantage compared with amitriptyline, coupled with its improved side-effect profile, commends this antidepressant for the long-term treatment of depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Solubilization of the pig ileal intrinsic factor receptor with papain treatment and studies on the solubilized receptor.

The intrinsic factor receptor, known to consist of two subunits alpha and beta, has been solubilized by papain digestion from porcine small intestine. Papain liberates a part of the outermost subunit (alpha) of the receptor. The solubilized part was called papain-alpha. It was purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor gel and its molecular dimensions were measured. Its molecular weight measured with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 45000, its isoelectric point is 4.2 and it binds the cobalamin-intrinsic factor complex in the same way as the whole receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Weight, height, and body mass index and risk for ovarian cancer in a cohort study.

PURPOSE: Reported associations between ovarian cancer and body size are inconsistent. We assessed ovarian cancer and anthropometry in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-Up Study. METHODS: The 46,026 participants completed a baseline interview and mailed questionnaires between 1979 and 1998. By using multiple sources, we identified 346 incident ovarian cancers during follow-up. We calculated rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate relative risks for developing ovarian cancer associated with height and weight (measured 1973 to 1980) and self-reported current and usual adult weight (collected during follow-up). RESULTS: Neither taller height (> or =66 versus <62 inches; RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.64-1.26) nor greater weight (> or =161 versus < or =120 lbs; RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.77-1.55) was associated with ovarian cancer. Compared with normal weight (body mass index [BMI], 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (BMI, 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2); RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.78-1.29) and obesity (BMI, 30 to 34.9 kg/m(2); RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.59-1.48) were not associated with ovarian cancer. Severe obesity (BMI > or = 35 kg/m(2)) produced a nonsignificantly elevated RR (1.55; 95% CI, 0.84-2.84). Associations with histologic types and statistical interactions with menopausal status and hormone therapy use were null. CONCLUSIONS: Based on height and weight measured before baseline, overweight and obesity were not significantly associated with ovarian cancer in this cohort.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Expansion behaviour of compomer restoratives.

This study measured the dimensional changes due to hygroscopic expansion that occur in five commercially available compomer restorative materials using a computer-controlled laser micrometer. The materials tested were; [C] = Compoglass-F (Vivadent); [D] = Dyract AP (Dentsply DeTrey); [E] = Elan (Kerr); [F] = F2000 (3M); [H] = Hytac (Espe). Twelve discs of each test material were prepared, 10 mm diameter x 1 mm thickness. All specimens were kept dry for 48 h during polymerisation. Two control specimens of each group were kept in a desiccating chamber; five specimens in deionized water at 37 degrees C and five specimens in artificial saliva (Salivace, Penn) at 37 degrees C. The diameter of each disc was measured automatically across 200 points by rotation through the laser beam. These measurements, together with weight measurements, were carried out at intervals over a 2 month period. At 2 months, the mean % changes in volume after water immersion were: [C] = 2.45% (SD = 0.10); [D] = 1.50% (SD = 0.12); [E] = 1.53% (SD = 0.09); [F] = 1.69% (SD = 0.12); [H] = 1.44% (SD = 0.18). Specimens immersed in artificial saliva showed expansion rates identical to those immersed in water with the exception of material [H] at 1.73% (SD = 0.02) (p = 0.01). All specimens immersed in saliva showed a greater weight gain than those in water. The time taken to reach 90% of the final expansion varied from 7 days [F] to 50 days [H].

Compomers↗
PubMed1995

Fetal weights and measurements as determined by postmortem examination and their correlation with ultrasound examination.

Two hundred fifty fetuses from healthy singleton pregnancies terminated other than on health grounds at 21 to 26 weeks gestation were examined by ultrasound in utero and by autopsy. No significant maturational difference between male and female fetuses was noted, although larger biparietal distances (0.2 cm) and smaller femur lengths (0.2 cm) were seen in female fetuses at 23 weeks gestation, and heavier body weights were also noted (80 g). No maturational difference was noted between white and nonwhite populations. Maternal age was not a significant variable. Organ weights and fetal anthropometric measurements are provided. Biparietal diameter as determined by ultrasound examination of the fetus in utero is an excellent predictor of gestational age and correlated well with actual caliper measurements on the fetus (coefficient of variation [CV] < 5%). Femur length determined by ultrasound examination of the fetus in utero is significantly low compared with actual length (CV = 23%) and is not a reliable indicator of fetal development. A large CV (17%) was also seen for calculated fetal weight.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2006

Standardization of p-creatinine assays and use of lean body mass allow improved prediction of calculated glomerular filtration rate in adults: a new equation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation, using various body weight expressions, and the Sawyer equation in predicting glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using an enzymatic and zero-calibrated Jaffe plasma-creatinine assay, and to derive a new robust equation in adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The CG weight measures included total, ideal and adjusted body weight (ABW; lowest of total and ideal) and two lean body mass (LBM) expressions, while the Sawyer equation is based primarily on LBM. Iohexol clearance was used to measure GFR. One derivation set (n = 436; enzymatic assay) was used to evaluate and bias-adjust existing equations when indicated, and to derive a new equation based on plasma-creatinine, age, gender and the body weight measure yielding the best adjusted R2. All equations were then validated in a separate set (n = 414; Jaffe assay). RESULTS: The existing equations all performed similarly in both sets. Prediction errors of equations based on LBM showed no correlation with BMI. The CGABW and Sawyer equations performed best. The new equation with LBM yielded the highest adjusted R2. In the combined set (n = 850), its accuracy (86 %/98 % of estimates within 30 %/50 % of measured GFR) was significantly better than for the CGABW (79 %/95 %) and Sawyer equations (79 %/93 %) (p<0.001) for each 30 mL/min GFR subgroup within +/-30 % and +/-50 %, except within +/-30 % >120 mL/min. Prediction error did not correlate with BMI, age or gender. CONCLUSION: A new creatinine-based equation derived in a mainly Caucasian patient sample is a better predictor of GFR than CG-type equations irrespective of the body weight measure used or, if bias-adjusted, when using zero-calibrated creatinine assays.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Changes in growth hormone concentrations during puberty in adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To document the changes in pulsatile growth hormone secretion in diabetic adolescents during puberty, and to investigate their relationship to both metabolic control and stature. DESIGN: Auxological parameters, overnight growth hormone secretion, fasting IGF-I, hourly glucose and metabolic control were assessed in a group of adolescents with diabetes. PATIENTS: Fifty-two diabetic adolescents (28 males and 24 females) at different pubertal stages and with varying degrees of metabolic control were studied. Ten of those with poor diabetic control were studied on two occasions. MEASUREMENTS: Height and weight measurements, pubertal staging, growth velocity data and bone age estimation were obtained on all the patients. Overnight growth hormone profiles (Pulsar program analysis), glycosylated haemoglobin and fasting IGF-I were performed on all the subjects. Hourly overnight glucose measurements were also obtained on the ten subjects who had two overnight growth hormone studies. RESULTS: For the whole diabetic growth, GH area under curve (AUC) was maximal in late puberty (pubertal stage 4), and was paralleled by maximal GH peak amplitude. No relationship between GH-AUC and metabolic control was demonstrated. No difference in GH parameters was demonstrated between the male and female subgroups. The relationship between growth hormone secretory parameters and stature was not significant. However, GH-AUC was significantly correlated with growth velocity in the males but not the females. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of GH secretion in adolescents with diabetes parallels that seen in normal adolescents during puberty, with increases in GH concentration associated with increased GH pulse amplitude. The degree of metabolic control had no effect on this pattern and there was no relationship between GH secretory parameters and stature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

1. Appetite suppressant activity of supplemental dietary amino acids and subsequent compensatory growth of broilers.

This study was conducted to take advantage of the appetite-suppressant effect of excessive dietary amino acids in reducing feed intake and, in turn, restricting the early rapid growth of broilers to minimize metabolic disorders. Dietary amino acids were supplemented to a basal diet to yield a total of 1.57, 2.57, and 3.57% His; 2.7, 4.3, and 5.9% Lys; 1.36, 2.16, and 2.96% Met; 2.8, 3.8, and 4.8% Thr; and 1.27, 2.27, and 3.27% Trp and were fed to 408 chicks from 4 to 11 d of age. Fifteen dietary treatments of His, Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were compared to the basal diet. Feed consumption was measured daily. Body weight measurements were taken at 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, and 21 d. At 21 d, pectoralis major and minor muscles, liver, and abdominal fat pad were weighed. High levels of Met and His caused the greatest depression in appetite from 4 to 11 d, and Thr, Trp, and Lys were found to be less potent. The exponential growth rate (EGR) of birds from 4 to 11 d of age was significantly reduced by the intermediate and high levels of the amino acid supplementation. From 11 to 14 d, EGR was greatest with high levels of Met or Trp, indicating more potential compensatory growth realized with these treatments. The high level of His decreased the percentage of pectoralis minor muscle yield, whereas the high level of Lys and Met increased the percentage of liver compared to those fed the basal diet. These results indicate that it is possible to use excessive individual amino acids in diets to suppress the appetite and early rapid growth to alleviate or minimize metabolic disorders.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1996

Growth of Hmong children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the growth of a group of young Hmong children. DESIGN: In this descriptive, comparative study, length and weight measures of Hmong children were abstracted from medical charts for each previous clinic visit (newborn to most recent visit) where both measures had been recorded, and measures were compared with National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standard percentiles. Visits occurred from 1988 to 1994. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants were 579 Hmong children, ages 0 to 5 years, who were active patients at a family practice residency clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Length and weight. RESULTS: This group of Hmong children showed lengths similar to those of the NCHS reference population for the first 6 to 12 months of life, after which they lagged behind reference lengths. By the 24th month, median length for Hmong girls and boys was less than the NCHS 25th percentile. The Hmong children's average weight was slightly higher than the NCHS median until about 8 months of age, after which the distributions were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with children who comprise the NCHS reference population, the Hmong children in this study were slightly heavier in the first several months of life, and shorter thereafter. Therefore, in general, the Hmong children were proportionately heavier than other children of similar height.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000.

CONTEXT: The prevalence of overweight among children in the United States increased between 1976-1980 and 1988-1994, but estimates for the current decade are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of overweight in US children using the most recent national data with measured weights and heights and to examine trends in overweight prevalence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Survey of 4722 children from birth through 19 years of age with weight and height measurements obtained in 1999-2000 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-sectional, stratified, multistage probability sample of the US population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of overweight among US children by sex, age group, and race/ethnicity. Overweight among those aged 2 through 19 years was defined as at or above the 95th percentile of the sex-specific body mass index (BMI) for age growth charts. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 15.5% among 12- through 19-year-olds, 15.3% among 6- through 11-year-olds, and 10.4% among 2- through 5-year-olds, compared with 10.5%, 11.3%, and 7.2%, respectively, in 1988-1994 (NHANES III). The prevalence of overweight among non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American adolescents increased more than 10 percentage points between 1988-1994 and 1999-2000. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight among children in the United States is continuing to increase, especially among Mexican-American and non-Hispanic black adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Dysfunctional parenting: over-representation in non-melancholic depression and capacity of such specificity to refine sub-typing depression measures.

We examine the proposition that dysfunctional parenting is more likely to be experienced by those with non-melancholic (compared to melancholic) depression and that, as a consequence, such specificity allows the validity of varying definitions of melancholia to be examined and their utility sharpened. We study a sample of 245 non-psychotic patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for a major depressive episode and assign them to melancholic and non-melancholic sub-sets according to five separate sub-typing measures (DSM-III-R; DSM-IV; Newcastle; 'Clinical' and CORE criteria). We assess dysfunctional parenting by use of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and by structured psychiatrist assessment and self-report ratings of a range of dysfunctional parental experiences, with independent assessment and self-report ratings of a range of dysfunctional parental experiences, with independent assessment of the last by reports from corroborative witnesses and from the patients' referring therapists. The five sub-typing measures assigned varying percentages of the sample (24-42%) to a 'melancholic' sub-type. When Newcastle Index assignments were examined, there was no evidence that dysfunctional parenting had any specificity to non-melancholic depression. Neither the DSM-III-R nor DSM-IV systems demonstrated specificity in relation to PBI scores, but several interview-assessed dysfunctional parenting characteristics were over-represented in their non-melancholic sub-sets. 'Clinical' definition showed the greatest over-representation of dysfunctional parenting to those assigned as having non-melancholic depression. The CORE measure, a behaviourally weighted measure of psychomotor disturbance, was the next most differentiating. Importantly, those assigned as having non-melancholic depression by all five measures were more likely to be rated by corroborative witnesses as being exposed to anomalous parenting, validating the subjects' self-reports, arguing against results being an artefact of clinician-based assessment, and supporting the specificity of dysfunctional parenting to a depressive sub-type.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

From puberty to mid-life: a follow-up study of twins and controls.

During the years 1964 to 1971 a group of twins and a control group of singletons in the same classes, were followed from grade 3 at 10 years of age to grade 9 at 16 years of age in the Swedish compulsory school. The study was called the SLU-project (Skolöverstyrelsens och Lärarhögskolans Utvecklingsprojekt) and the main purpose was to study physical and mental growth during puberty as well as heredity and environment influences on these growth processes. Originally 323 twin pairs, MZ and DZ, and 1193 controls were included in the sample. Among the DZ twin pairs there were both same-sex and opposite-sex pairs. They were a nationally representative sample. Several kinds of information were collected, such as, a) Physical measurements (height and weight measurements, menarche, ratings of secondary sex characteristics); b) Ability and achievement measures (intelligence tests, standardized achievement tests); c) Self ratings; d) Ratings by teachers and classmates; e) Socioeconomic background data (fathers occupation and income). For the boys, supplementary data on physical growth and mental ability was collected on enrollment to military service at the age of 18. In this pilot-study, we have made a follow-up of the original SLU-sample after 20 years. They are now in their mid-thirties. The main purpose has been to investigate if they are willing to participate in a new study on health and well-being at mid-life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Myocardial force development and structural changes associated with monocrotaline induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

In this study alterations are characterized which occur, in myocardial force development morphological appearance and protein composition, during the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in monocrotaline (MCT) treated rats. The transition from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure was studied by comparing the results from control (CON) and two MCT groups (40 and 44 mg/kg body weight). The three experimental groups consisted of at least five animals each. Parameters studied were: body weight (measured daily), lung/body weight ratio, right ventricular wall volume and thickness, and force development in thin right ventricular trabeculae at 27 degrees C, using different extracellular calcium concentrations and pacing frequencies. MCT injection resulted in marked right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure as evidenced by an up to 2-fold increase in lung/body weight ratio and a 1.7-fold increase in wall volume. The MCT groups showed a negative force-frequency relation and maximum force was up to 2-fold less than in the CON group. Protein analysis by means of one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed a marked (7-fold) up-regulation of the slow myosin heavy chain isoform as well as a 4.5-fold increase in the content of the cytoskeletal protein desmin, whereas the mitochondrial protein ATP-synthase content was reduced. Hence MCT-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure result in altered cellular calcium handling, depression of maximum force output, an increase in the economy of myocardial contraction and changes in cytoskeletal structure and energy supply.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Bioimpedance analysis: evaluation of leg-to-leg system based on pressure contact footpad electrodes.

Conventional single frequency bioimpedance analysis (BIA) systems require technician placement of arm and leg gel electrodes, a suitable location for recumbent measurements, and a separate measurement of body weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new single frequency 50 KHz leg-to-leg bioimpedance analysis (BIA) system combined with a digital scale that employs stainless steel pressure-contact foot pad electrodes for standing impedance and body weight measurements. Healthy adults were evaluated for 1) electrode validity and 2) potential for body component estimation. Pressure-contact foot-pad electrode measured impedance was highly correlated with (N = 9, r = 0.99, P < 0.001) impedance measured using conventional gel electrodes applied to the plantar surface of both lower extremities; mean (+/-SD) impedance was systematically higher by about 15 ohms for pressure contact electrodes (526 +/- 56 ohms vs 511 +/- 59 ohms; P < 0.001). Second, the relationship between stature-adjusted leg-to-leg impedance (H2/Z) measured by the new system and two body composition components (total body water by 3H2O dilution (N = 144); and fat-free body mass, by underwater weighing and dual x-ray absorptiometry (N = 231)) was modeled using multiple regression analysis. Correlation coefficients for H2/Z alone versus body composition components were lower for leg-to-leg BIA than for arm-to-leg BIA; correlation coefficients and SEEs became similar for the leg-to-leg and arm-to-leg BIA systems with addition of three covariates (age, gender, and waist/hip circumference ratio) to regression models. The leg-to-leg pressure contact electrode BIA system has overall performance characteristics for impedance measurement and body composition analysis similar to conventional arm-to-leg gel electrode BIA and offers the advantage of increased speed and ease of measurement.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗