SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “availability”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Serotonin transporter availability correlates with alcohol intake in non-human primates.

A low level of alcohol intoxication upon initial exposure and impulsive aggressiveness predispose humans to alcoholism. In non-human primates, central serotonin transporter availability and turnover rate were associated with aggressive behavior and a low response to initial alcohol exposure. We assessed the respective effects of these factors on alcohol intake in a free choice paradigm. Serotonin transporter availability in the raphe area, the origin of central serotonergic projections, was measured with single-photon emission computed tomography and the radioligand [(123)I]beta-CIT in 11 rhesus monkeys with low and high central serotonin turnover. The amount of alcohol intake in the 3-month observation period was positively correlated with serotonin transporter availability (R=0.76, P=0.006), but not with aggressiveness (R=0.19, P=0.6) or alcohol response upon first exposure (R=-0.48, P=0.2). In a linear multiple regression analysis with serotonin transporter availability, alcohol response, and aggressiveness as independent variables, 82% of the variance of alcohol intake was explained and serotonin transporter availability emerged as the only statistically significant factor (beta=7.81, P=0.006). These observations indicate that there may be a direct relationship between serotonin transporter availability and alcohol intake after controlling for aggression and alcohol response on first exposure.

Aggression↗

PubMed2003

Effects of buprenorphine maintenance dose on mu-opioid receptor availability, plasma concentrations, and antagonist blockade in heroin-dependent volunteers.

The clinical effectiveness of opioid maintenance for heroin dependence is believed to result from a medication's ability to decrease mu-opioid receptor (muOR) availability thereby replacing agonist effects, alleviating withdrawal symptoms and attenuating heroin effects. We empirically tested this hypothesis in five heroin-dependent volunteers who were successively maintained on 32, 16, 2, and 0 mg daily buprenorphine (BUP) tablet doses. We predicted and confirmed that higher BUP doses would decrease in vivo muOR availability (measured with PET and [(11)C]carfentanil), increase plasma levels of BUP and its metabolite nor-BUP, and decrease withdrawal symptoms and hydromorphone (HYD) responses. Relative to placebo, BUP significantly decreased mean (+/-SEM) whole-brain muOR availability 41+/-8, 80+/-2, and 84+/-2% at 2, 16, and 32 mg, respectively. Regions of interest (ROIs) (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, caudate) showed similar dose-dependent effects. Changes in muOR availability varied across ROIs (prefrontal cortex, 47% vs amygdala, 27%) at BUP 2 mg, but were more homogeneous across ROIs at BUP 32 mg (94-98%; except thalamus, 88%). Relative to placebo (0 ng/ml), peak plasma levels of BUP and nor-BUP were comparable and dose-dependent (0.5-1, 5-6, and 13-14 ng/ml at 2, 16, and 32 mg, respectively). muOR availability decreases were negatively correlated with BUP plasma level and positively correlated with questionnaire-based opioid withdrawal symptoms and attenuation of HYD symptoms. These findings suggest that high-dose BUP maintenance produces near-maximal muOR occupation, muOR availability correlates well with plasma levels, and BUP-related opioid symptoms and antagonist blockade exhibit concentration-effect relationships.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[123I]-beta-CIT SPECT imaging shows reduced thalamus-hypothalamus serotonin transporter availability in 24 drug-free obsessive-compulsive checkers.

Numerous findings indicate alterations in brain serotonin systems in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We investigated the in vivo availability of thalamus-hypothalamus serotonin transporters (SERT) in patients with DSM-IV OCD who displayed prominent behavioral checking compulsions (OC-checkers). Four hours after injection of [(123)I]-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane ([(123)I]-beta-CIT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans were performed in 24 medication-free non-depressed OC-checkers and 24 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. For quantification of brain serotonin transporter availability, a ratio of specific to non-displaceable [(123)I]-beta-CIT brain binding was used (V''(3)=(thalamus and hypothalamus-cerebellum)/cerebellum). Drug-free non-depressed OC-checkers showed an 18% reduced brain serotonin transporter availability in the thalamus and hypothalamus, as compared with healthy control subjects (1.38+/-0.19 vs 1.69+/-0.21; p<0.001). There was a strong negative correlation between severity of OC symptomatology (Y-BOCS scores) and SERT availability (r=-0.80; p<0.001). Moreover, we found a significant positive correlation between illness duration and serotonin transporter availability (r=0.43; p<0.05). This first report of significantly reduced [(123)I]-beta-CIT binding in the thalamus-hypothalamus region in OC-checkers suggests reduced brain serotonin transporter availability, which is more pronounced with increased severity of OC symptomatology and short duration of illness. The results provide direct evidence for an involvement of the serotonergic system in the pathophysiology of OCD.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Services for spinal cord injured: availability and satisfaction.

This article discusses service delivery for Spinal Cord Injured (SCI) in the Netherlands. In this wealthy country, almost everyone has access to domestic adaptations and other equipment, regardless of income and with low, or without user contributions. However, satisfaction with this system of its products is rarely examined. Subjects in this research are 318 SCI individuals between 18 and 65 years of age, living in the community at a mean time of 3.6 years after injury. Availability of accessible housing, domestic adaptations, wheelchairs and outdoor transportation is investigated. Satisfaction with available services and satisfaction with service delivery procedures is measured by self-developed questionnaires. Relationships between these satisfaction scores and measures for functional health status (SIP68) and life satisfaction (LSQ) are analyzed. The presence of domestic adaptations is high, and 78.3% said their houses were sufficiently adapted at the time of the interview. Wheelchairs were generally available and most respondents had more than one. However, many users had complaints about their wheelchairs: 35.9% about their manual wheelchairs and 47.5% about their electric wheelchairs. Public transport was rarely used, 51.1% of respondents had an adapted car. Having an adapted car was significantly related to the ability to drive independently. Satisfaction with available services was acceptable, but satisfaction with service delivery procedures was very low. Satisfaction with available services did have a significant relationship with functional health status when the influence of the type of injury was taken into account. Satisfaction with available services also had a significant relationship with life satisfaction, after the influence of functional health status was taken into account. Further research on this topic is recommended.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

Acceptability and availability of pharmacological interventions for substance misuse by British NHS treatment services.

AIMS: Despite their potential advantages, many of the pharmacological interventions available to treat substance misuse are controversial and their acceptability within the United Kingdom (and other countries) has only recently begun to be investigated. DESIGN: A questionnaire mailed to British National Health Service (NHS) alcohol and drug treatment services asked respondents to rate the acceptability and availability of 11 pharmacological interventions for substance misuse employed to relieve withdrawal, reduce the likelihood of relapse and opiate overdose and substitute pharmaceuticals for illicit drugs. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of NHS substance misuse services (n = 265) listed in one or more directories of services in England, Wales and Scotland. FINDINGS: Substitute methadone for opiate addiction, substitute benzodiazepines for benzodiazepine-dependent patients, lofexidine for opiate detoxification, naltrexone for opiate relapse prevention and acamprosate for alcohol relapse prevention were widely acceptable and available interventions. Another subset of medications-buprenorphine for opiate detoxification, take-home naloxone for overdose prevention and substitute prescribing of levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol (LAAM), heroin and dexamphetamine-garnered less support, but the majority of participants rated even these therapies as acceptable. Ultra-rapid detoxification under sedation was the intervention rated as least acceptable to, and was one of the two least frequently available from, responding NHS services. CONCLUSIONS: Differences among specific medications notwithstanding, a wide range of harm-reduction and abstinence-orientated interventions were acceptable to and available from NHS services. Acceptance and availability are probably limited by a combination of practical, economic, safety, efficacy and theoretical considerations.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2000

Ultrasound availability in the evaluation of ectopic pregnancy in the ED: comparison of quality and cost-effectiveness with different approaches.

The liberal use of ultrasonography has been advocated in patients with first trimester cramping or bleeding to avoid misdiagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in the emergency department (ED). The cost-effectiveness of different approaches to ultrasound availability has not been previously reported. In this study, we investigated measures of quality and cost-effectiveness in detecting ectopic pregnancy in the ED over a 6-year period, divided into three approximately equal epochs with three distinct approaches to ultrasound availability. The study retrospectively identified 120 cases of ectopic pregnancy seen in the ED over 6 years. There was significant improvement in the percentage of patients with ectopic pregnancy who were documented to have absence of intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) at the first visit from 76% during Epoch 1, when there was limited availability of ultrasound through medical imaging (MI Sono), to 88% in Epoch 2, when MI Sono was readily available, to 96% in Epoch 3, when both MI Sono and ultrasound by emergency physicians (ED Sono) were readily available (P = .02). The estimated number of MI Sonos ordered by emergency physicians in patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy increased from 5.2 per ectopic pregnancy in Epoch 1 to 11.8 per ectopic pregnancy in Epoch 2, and declined to 5.5 per ectopic pregnancy in Epoch 3, when 19.9 ED Sonos per ectopic pregnancy were also done. The cost of ED Sono in Epoch 3 was more than offset by savings from avoiding calling in ultrasound technicians after regular medical imaging department hours. The specificity of ED Sono in ruling in an IUP was 100% (95% CI 98.3 to 100%), but analysis of secondary quality indicators reflecting times from first ED visit to treatment in Epoch 3 raised the possibility that an adnexal mass or signs of tubal rupture may have been missed on some ED Sonos. We conclude that increased availability of ultrasonography leads to improved quality in the detection of ectopic pregnancy in the ED, but at the expense of a disproportionate increase in the number of ultrasound studies done per ectopic pregnancy detected. Our study suggests that the most cost-effective strategy is for emergency physicians to screen all patients with first trimester cramping and bleeding with ED Sonos, and to obtain MI Sonos at the time of the initial ED visit in all cases in which the ED Sono is indeterminate or shows no IUP.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Changing the status of drugs from prescription to over-the-counter availability.

The availability of drugs on an over-the-counter basis, including those previously available only by prescription, provides patients with improved access to effective therapies. Removal of the requirement for prescriptions saves both the health care professional and the patient time. However, the overall effect on health care costs is complex. One such effect may be that costs shift from third-party payers to patients. In addition, short-term cost savings may be offset over the long term by problems due to inappropriate use or suboptimal therapy. Optimal therapy with an over-the-counter drug requires that the consumer diagnose the underlying condition correctly and use the drug in a manner that minimizes risk. Assessment of the ability of patients to use drugs in this manner is a critical component of the regulatory review of over-the-counter drugs. The available data arouse the concern that without the supervision of a health care professional, some patients may not be able to use over-the-counter drugs appropriately for certain diagnoses or chronic conditions or in high-risk situations. On the other hand, the widespread use of over-the-counter aspirin on a long-term basis for cardiovascular-risk reduction illustrates the potential value of increased drug availability for long-term therapy. Advances in technology may facilitate the growth of over-the-counter drug therapy. For example, the wide availability and acceptance of reliable methods for measuring serum cholesterol in nonmedical settings may eventually contribute to the safety and effectiveness of over-the-counter treatments for hyperlipidemia. Thus, the future promises increases in the number of drugs available over the counter and in the variety of indications for their use.

Drug Approval↗

PubMed1981

Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with chicks and comparisons with rat, pig and chemical assays.

1. A slope-ratio assay was developed to determine the availability of lysine in protein concentrates for chicks, Two protein concentrates were assessed per assay, using three levels of incorporation into the basal diet. 2. Availability of lysine, expressed as a proportion of total lysine in five protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0.83, fish meal 1.00, meat-and-bone meal 0.86, soya-bean meal 0.93, sunflower meal 1.01. 3. The five protein concentrates had previously been assayed for available lysine with slope-ratio assays for pigs and rats (Batterham et al. 1979. Batterham et al, 1981). There was little relationship between the results for chicks and those for pigs and rats. For pigs, availability estimates ranged from 0.43 for cottonseed meal to 0.89 for fish meal. For rats, availability estimates ranged from 0.49 for sunflower meal to 1.04 for fish meal. 4. The results for chicks were in closer agreement with values obtained using the Silcock available-lysine assay (Roach et al. 1967) and the direct 1-fluoro- 2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1060). By contrast, there was little relationship between the chemical tests and results for pigs or rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Iron availability from peas (Pisum sativum) and bread containing added pea testa in rats.

Iron retention in adult male rats given 3 g dried ground peas, immature and mature (Pisum sativum cv Dark-skin perfection) and leafless (Pisum sativum cv Filby), extrinsically labelled with 0.25 muCi 59Fe, was measured by whole-body counting. The Fe was less well absorbed (P less than 0.01) from the mature peas (0.251 (SE 0.021)) than from the immature (0.384 (SE 0.032] or leafless peas (0.344 (SE 0.026)). The availability of Fe from the leafless peas was compared with that of defatted soya-bean flour by the same technique. Significantly more Fe (P less than 0.005) was retained from the pea flour (0.471 (SE 0.013)) than from the soya-bean flour (0.377 (SE 0.022)). The effect of adding pea testa to bread (97.6 g/kg dry weight), as in the production of high-fibre white bread, on Fe availability was measured and compared with the availability of ferrous sulphate in young and adult male rats. There were no significant differences between the high-fibre and low-fibre breads in either age-group, although the older rats absorbed less Fe from all three sources. Retention from high-fibre bread, low-fibre bread and FeSO4 was as follows (mean with SE): young rats 0.452 (0.037), 0.475 (0.040) 0.541 (0.032); mature rats 0.363 (0.034), 0.366 (0.030), 0.471 (0.028). It was concluded that the addition of pea testa to white bread does not have detrimental effect on Fe availability. Immature and leafless peas appear to be a better source of available Fe than soya-bean flour, despite similar fibre levels, but with maturity the Fe in peas is rendered less available.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

The effect of heat on amino acids for growing pigs. 3. The availability of lysine from heat-treated field peas (Pisum sativum cultivar Dundale) determined using the slope-ratio assay.

The effect of heat on the availability of lysine in field peas (Pisum sativum cultivar Dundale) was determined using the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs. The field peas were heated to 110 degrees, 135 degrees, 150 degrees, or 165 degrees for 15 min using a forced-air dehydrator. Lysine availability was significantly depressed (P < 0.05) with the application of heat, even at mild temperatures of 110 degrees. Lysine availability values of 0.96, 0.71, 0.77, 0.56, and 0.47 were determined for the raw peas and peas heated to 110 degrees, 135 degrees, 150 degrees or 165 degrees respectively. The effect of dietary protein level on the ileal digestibility of lysine in raw field peas was determined in a second experiment to estimate true ileal digestibility. Five diets were formulated to contain 85, 105, 125, 145 and 165 g protein/kg. Increasing dietary protein from 85 to 105 g/kg resulted in a significant increase in the estimate of apparent ileal digestibility from 0.84 to 0.93. Comparisons were then able to be drawn between the ileal digestibility, availability and utilization of lysine from raw and heat-treated field peas. The results indicate that unlike ileal digestibility values, estimates of lysine availability are sensitive to heat treatment and are a close reflection of lysine utilization in heated protein concentrates. Thus, lysine availability values would be more suitable for use in diet formulations than ileal digestibility estimates when dealing with heat-processed protein concentrates.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1998

Vitamin D3 requirement of young chicks receiving diets varying in calcium and available phosphorus.

1. Three battery experiments were conducted with broiler chicks during the 2nd and 3rd week of life. Graded amounts of cholecalciferol (D3) were added to maize-soyabean meal diets that were designed to be (a) severely deficient in available phosphorus (P), (b) marginally deficient in calcium (Ca) or (c) adequate in both available P and Ca. 2. With diets containing 1.0 g available P and 6.3 g Ca/kg (assay 1), graded doses of D3 between 0 and 37.5 mu/kg produced linear (P < 0.05) positive responses in both weight gain and tibia ash. With a D3 concentration of 1250 micrograms/kg, 250 times the requirement recommended by the NRC, bone ash was increased (P < 0.05) over that of birds fed 37.5 micrograms/kg, and neither weight gain nor food intake were reduced. 3. With a P-adequate diet (4.5 g available P/kg) containing 8.5 g Ca/kg (assay 2), weight gain and bone ash increased linearly (P < 0.05) upon supplementing the basal diet with 0, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms D3/kg. Higher doses of D3 did not elicit further responses, and chicks fed on a diet containing 1250 micrograms D3/kg gained as fast and had bone ash values that did not differ from those of chicks receiving 5, 10, 20 or 40 micrograms D3/kg. 4. When the maize-soyabean meal basal diet was fortified with Ca and P to achieve adequate amounts of Ca (10.1 g/kg) and P (4.5 g available P/kg) in assay 3, dietary additions produced results similar to those obtained in assay 2 where P was adequate and Ca was slightly deficient. Again, chicks receiving a surfeit of D3 (1250 micrograms/kg) exhibited weight gains and bone ash values that were as great as those of chicks receiving 5, 10, 15 or 30 micrograms D3/kg. 5. It is apparent that young chicks have a high tolerance for excess D3, and chicks fed on diets that are severely deficient in available P continue to respond to D3 in excess of 37.5 micrograms/kg.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Available friction of ladder shoes and slip potential for climbing on a straight ladder.

Straight ladder accidents are a major safety problem. As a leading cause of injuries involving straight ladders, slips at the ladder base occur when the required friction exceeds the available friction at the ladder shoe and floor interface. The objectives of this experiment were to measure the available friction at the base of a portable straight ladder in contact with a floor and to estimate the slip potential of the ladder. The results of friction measurements indicated that the measured friction coefficient on the oily surfaces differed among the six commercially available ladder shoes evaluated. A statistical model was used to compare the available friction results from the current study with the friction requirements under different climbing conditions from a previous study based on their stochastic distributions to estimate the slip potential at the base of the ladder. The results showed that different climbing conditions used in the previous study could be supported by available friction on dry surfaces. However, when the ladder was put onto oily surfaces, resulting in a significant reduction in the available friction due to contamination, slip potential was significantly increased.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed2000

Emotional availability in the mother-infant dyad as related to the quality of infant-mother attachment relationship.

Dyadic emotional availability and infant-mother attachment relationship were examined in 687 Israeli dyads. Concurrent assessments used the Strange Situation procedure (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) for evaluating infants' attachment relationship, and the Emotional Availability Scales (Biringen, Robinson, & Emde, 1993) for evaluating the quality of mother-child interaction. It was found that higher scores on the Emotional Availability Scales were associated with infant attachment security. In addition, it was found that the Emotional Availability Scales discriminated between insecure-ambivalent and secure attachment classification, but were not informative about unique characteristics of emotional availability in dyads with avoidant and disorganized infants. Our findings contribute to the cross-cultural validation of Emotional Availability Scales against infants' attachment security.

Emotions↗

PubMed1999

Support for the availability of prenatal testing for neurological and psychiatric conditions in the psychiatric community.

Faculty and residents of the University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, members of the Alliance for the Mentally Ill (AMI), and university students were surveyed to elicit attitudes toward the availability of prenatal testing and genetic therapy or enhancement for early- and late-onset psychiatric diseases compared to neurological disorders and human traits. They were asked to complete a written questionnaire designed to assess their opinions as to whether prenatal testing and genetic therapy or enhancement should be applied to 16 selected "disease" phenotypes or human traits: eight early- and late-onset psychiatric conditions, four neurological disorders, and four human traits. Twenty-two percent returned the written survey. The majority of all respondents supported the availability of prenatal testing for well-defined, serious psychiatric or neurological phenotypes and found testing for human traits less desirable. The percentages of respondents supporting availability of testing increased if in utero curative gene therapy was available. Response to the survey differed on the basis of gender and age, as well as personal versus professional familiarity with the condition. The results of this pilot study suggest that a majority of the population, including psychiatrists, will support the public availability of prenatal diagnosis for serious psychiatric or neurological phenotypes, even if no in utero curative therapy is available. Support for testing for human traits was not strongly endorsed.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Estimation of available dietary iron.

Dietary iron requirements are dependent on the amount and availability of food iron ingested. On the basis of recent studies of food iron absorption employing extrinsic tag techniques, the availability of heme iron has been defined and estimates of the availability of nonheme iron based on the amounts of enhancing substances appear possible. A model has been developed whereby the availability of iron in a given meal may be estimated. Calculations are made on a meal basis of 1) the amount of heme iron and its availability, and 2) the amount of nonheme iron and its availability as influenced by the meal's content of enhancing factors. Examples of these calculations are provided.

Absorption↗

PubMed1981

An in vitro method for estimation of iron availability from meals.

An in vitro method for estimating food iron availability is described. The method involves simulated gastrointestinal digestion followed by measurement of soluble, low molecular weight iron. Mixtures of foods (meals) were homogenized and exposed to pepsin at pH 2. Dialysis was used to adjust the pH to intestinal levels and digestion was continued after the addition of pancreatin and bile salts. Iron from the digestion mixture which diffused across a 6 to 8000 molecular weight cutoff semipermeable membrane was used as an indicator of available iron. Results were similar when intrinsic food iron or added extrinsic radioiron was measured. Availability estimates were made on meals formulated to contain known iron availability enhancing and inhibiting factors. Relative availabilities determined for a series of meals containing ascorbic acid, eggs, orange juice, tea, coffee, cola, or whole wheat bread show that the method accurately reflects actual food iron availability.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed2000

The strategy of the wheat plant in acclimating growth and grain production to nitrogen availability.

Two cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown to maturity in hydroponic cultures. Nitrogen accumulation was controlled by daily growth-limiting additions of nitrate together with all other nutrients in excess. Six different curves of N accumulation were used, with the same relative changes from day to day, but with different amplitudes. These curves were obtained by using the same mathematic formula of the N accumulation curves but varying the value of initial N content. The total amount of nitrogen added varied from 20 mg plant(-1) to 65 mg plant(-1). Plant bioproductivity showed a linear response to accumulated N. The number of grains per plant increased linearly with increased N availability whereas grain weights were essentially unaffected. Grain N concentrations and N content varied slightly, with highest values generally at the lower N availability levels. The quantitatively most important response to increased N availability was an increased number of earbearing tillers per plant. This varied from 0.1 tiller plant(-1) at maturity when given 20 mg N plant(-1), up to about 2 tillers plant(-1) when given 65 mg N plant(-1). Not all tillers that were initiated developed ears. The reduction of tillers seems to be one important mechanism in adapting plant productivity to N availability. Other individual characters influenced by N availability were straw height and the number of spikelets per spike. The two cultivars behaved in a qualitatively similar manner over the range of N availability even though they quantitatively differed in grain size, N concentrations and yield.

Nitrogen↗

PubMed2001

Metabolizable energy values and amino acid availability of vetch (Vicia sativa) and ervil (Vicia ervilia) seeds soaked in water and acetic acid.

In two experiments we evaluated the effect of water and acetic acid soaking on ME, apparent amino acid (AA) availability, and true AA availability of vetch (V) and ervil (E) seeds. In Experiment 1, the feedstuffs were untreated (U) V or coarsely ground V soaked in water (1:10, wt/vol) at 40 C for 72 h with a water change every 12 h (40WV), vetch soaked in 1% acetic acid for 24 h at 40 C (40AAV) or at room temperature (RTAAV), or dehulled soybean meal (SBM). In Experiment 2, E seeds were subjected to the same soaking methods, and the ingredients were UE, 40WE, 40AAE, RTAAE, and SBM. Each feedstuff was precision-fed to five individually caged mature ISA Brown roosters. A group of five roosters was used to correct for metabolic and endogenous energy and amino acid losses. The AME, AMEn, TME, and TMEn of UV and UE (in parentheses) were 2,558 (2,663), 2,840 (3,098), 3,026 (3,154), and 2,934 (3,176) kcal/kg DM, respectively, and were, in general, higher than those of SBM. The TMEn of V increased as a result of soaking in water or acetic acid, whereas that of E decreased in 40WE and RTAAE by 492 and 920 kcal/kg DM, respectively (P < 0.05). The apparent availability of most essential amino acids in UV and UE was lower (P < 0.05) than that of SBM. Acetic acid soaking of V, irrespective of temperature, and E at 40 C resulted in apparent AA availability similar to that of SBM except for Met. The true AA availability of V treated or not, and that of E soaked at 40 C, were similar to that of SBM. Results indicated that UV and UE are energy rich ingredients but detrimental to amino acid availability. Soaking the seeds in acetic acid at room temperature and at 40 C improved the nutritional value of V and E, respectively.

Acetic Acid↗