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The development of genomic and post-genomic technologies has created an explosion in the quantity, diversity and availability of both biological data and methods of analysis. Biologists are currently facing the problem of using all these resources to convert raw data into new valuable knowledge. This review presents software platforms designed to handle data and/or methods in the context of genome analysis.
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The aims of this work are to describe the general and technical characteristics of a new device for the noninvasive monitoring of patients in intensive care and during general anaesthesia, and the results concerning the reliability of this method. An ultrasonic esophageal probe and an echo-Doppler device have been used to obtain continuous data of the aortic diameter and of blood velocity. Aortic output is calculated automatically. This method, together with other non-invasive monitoring techniques (blood pressure, heart rate, rhythm and cardiac conduction), gives on the one hand the data of aortic output, systemic peripheral resistance and stroke volume; on the other, through a computerized elaboration, the systolic time intervals (PEP pre-ejection period, LVET left ventricular ejection time, QS2 electromechanical systole, PEP/LVET ratio of PEP to LVET). The validation of STI data, has been obtained through 125 comparative measurements for each of the three parameters. The data obtained through the aortic velocity waveform in descending aorta (pulsed Doppler) have been compared with those obtained through the aortic pressure waveform (intra aortic catheter). The correlation was: PEP 0.92, LVET 0.95, QS2 0.93. The clinical application of this method supplies data concerning cardiac load, after-load and indirectly cardiac pre-load. This non-invasive procedure gives us a continuous measurement of hemo-dynamic situation, which allows the physician to plan and evaluate the therapeutical efficacy. Finally new pathologic events may be opportunely faced.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
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A major responsibility of any Quality Assurance Unit (QUA) is to ensure data integrity. Errors made during data entry can lead to many problems in the study review process and decrease the quality, accuracy, and overall efficiency of data management. One technique that can reduce the number of data entry errors in computer data sets is the use of a dual entry data system. Currently available software allows creation of customized data entry screens that either closely resemble or duplicate the data collection forms used during studies. Two data entry operators enter data into two independent data sets. The use of an on-screen display that resembles the data collection form reduces the potential for keypunch errors. The two data sets can then be electronically compared. The comparison reports differences between the two data sets. When differences exist, the correct values can be determined by reference to the original data sheets and the two data files can then be corrected. Theoretically, the only key punch errors that will exist after making these corrections are when the two independent entry operators make the same exact data entry error. Typically, the time required for two people to enter data is minimal compared to the time required to manually identify and correct data entry discrepancies. With error-free data entry, we have found that electronic data quality, accuracy, and audit efficiency are improved at every subsequent step of data management, analysis, quality assurance auditing, and report generation.
Safety evaluation of pharmaceuticals consists of two processes; firstly, to grade the adverse effects of a test material on individuals based on scientific evidence, and, secondly, to judge whether the adverse effects occurring under the dose condition of the material capable of exhibiting its efficacy in patients remains within the acceptable safe range. Accordingly, the basic criteria for safety evaluation of pharmaceuticals can be, simply, said to know how high the dose-response curve of adverse effects lies above that of efficacy. On the other hand, the judgement concerning how much difference is necessary between both dose-response curves with regard to the safety would require a careful consideration on a case by case basis taking into account various information on the risk/benefit balance of the drug such as 1) medical usefulness and social needs of the drug and 2) the presumed severity of adverse effects in man.
Aggression research does not lack data--it lacks a model for integrating data. One of the problems confronting aggression researchers is the extensive body of multidisciplinary data that is difficult to synthesize to generate new directions in research. This paper proposes one solution that starts by asking "what is the minimal number of categories of concepts and measurements which are necessary to describe a person?". The answer is four categories of concepts: biological; cognitive; behavioral; environmental (physical and social). One way of many for integrating these four categories of concepts is a proposed discipline neutral heuristic model that is used herein to compare two different research approaches to the study of impulsive aggression. This comparison identifies clearly the differences in the two approaches with regard to different emphases among the four categories of constructs for each program. Using the model an example of common ground between the two approaches is sought as a basis for extending aggression research. The main conclusion of one of the research programs was that central nervous arousal is related to impulsive aggression. This program demonstrated that phenytoin will reduce impulsive aggressive acts and has an effect on CNS arousal. The other research program on impulsive aggression has been at the forefront in demonstrating the well established inverse relationship between serotonin levels and aggression. The comparison resulted in the suggestion that both serotonin and phenytoin may relate to a common neurochemical substrate which interacts in part to control CNS arousal, especially at the cortical level. The proposed heuristic model made obvious the need to use synthesizing concepts (e.g. information processing or language) which can interrelate multidisciplinary concepts and data from different research programs within the four categories of constructs when comparing interdisciplinary research.
The fragmentation of the electronic patient record among hospital information systems (HIS), radiology information systems (RIS), and picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) makes the viewing of the complete medical patient record inconvenient. The purpose of this report is to describe the system architecture, development tools, and implementation issues related to providing transparent access to HIS, RIS, and PACS information. A client-mediator-server architecture was implemented to facilitate the gathering and visualization of electronic medical records from these independent heterogeneous information systems. The architecture features intelligent data access agents, run-time determination of data access strategies, and an active patient cache. The development and management of the agents were facilitated by data integration CASE (computer-assisted software engineering) tools. HIS, RIS, and PACS data access and translation agents were successfully developed. All pathology, radiology, medical, laboratory, admissions, and radiology reports for a patient are available for review from a single integrated workstation interface. A data caching system provides fast access to active patient data. New network architectures are evolving that support the integration of heterogeneous software subsystems. Commercial tools are available to assist in the integration procedure.
The deluge of data from the human genome project (HGP) presents new opportunities for molecular anthropologists to study human variation through the promise of vast numbers of new polymorphisms (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs). Collecting the resulting data into a single, easily accessible resource will be important to facilitate this research. We created a prototype Web-accessible database named ALFRED (ALelle FREquency Database, http://alfred.med.yale.edu/alfred/) to store and make publicly available allele frequency data on diverse polymorphic sites for many populations. In constructing this database, we considered many different concerns relating to the types of information needed for anthropology, population genetics, molecular genetics, and statistics, as well as issues of data integrity and ease of access to data. We also developed links to other Web-based databases as well as procedures for others to make links to the data in ALFRED. Here we present an overview of the issues considered and provisional solutions, as well as an example of data already available. It is our hope that this database will be useful for research and teaching in a wide range of fields, and that colleagues from various fields will contribute to making ALFRED an important resource for many studies as yet unforeseen.
The analysis of proteomes, i.e., the proteins expressed by biological organisms under a given set of conditions at a given time, requires separating complex protein mixtures into discrete protein components, measuring their relative abundances, and identifying the individual protein components. Many types of data are generated during the course of proteome analysis, including graphic images of the protein profiles, flat files containing numeric data, spreadsheets for assimilating numeric data, and relational database tables for integrating data from multiple experiments. As part of a project to describe the proteomes of microbes of interest to the U.S. Department of Energy, a World-Wide Web-based interface has been developed for the display of protein profiles generated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The web interface is capable of obtaining protein identifications on the fly, interrogating the quantitative data in the context of available genome sequence information, and relating the proteome data to existing metabolic pathway databases. Analysis of protein expression profiles is expedited, providing the capability to efficiently determine the gene locations for proteins modulated in abundance in response to different growth conditions and to locate the positions of the proteins within specific metabolic pathways. The proteome of the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii, a microbe for which the complete genome sequence is available, is used to demonstrate the capabilities of this evolving web interface (http://proteomeweb.anl.gov).
Selected agrochemicals (s-triazines and phenoxy acids) have been investigated with partial-filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography (PFMEKC) and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE). Because these two techniques are compatible for coupling of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry, different conditions affecting the separation efficiency (reproducibility, method linearity) were systematically tested, and the results were compared with those from classical MEKC. The conditions tested included buffer molarity, pH, the concentrations of the organic modifier and surfactant, the applied voltage, the injection time of the sample, and the length of the partial-filling plug. The respective limits of detection (LOD) using UV-detection were determined. Reduction of the electrophoretic raw data using the mobility scale transformation (micro-scale) improved qualitative comparison of the electropherograms and the reproducibility of quantitative data (integrated peak area) thus extending this data treatment from CZE to other endoosmotic flow-driven CE-techniques such as PFMEKC and NACE.