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PubMed1992

Polysaccharides in fungi. XXX. Antitumor and immunomodulating activities of two polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Armillariella tabescens.

The effects of two polysaccharides, AT-HW and AT-AL obtained from the fruiting bodies of Armillariella tabescens on murine sarcoma 180 tumor and peritoneal macrophages were examined at intraperitoneal administration. AT-HW from the hot-water extract and AT-AL from the alkaline extract significantly inhibited the tumor, and the results of different administration schedule and phagocytic system blockade suggested that the mechanism of AT-AL differed from that of AT-HW and branched (1----3)-beta-D-glucans. AT-HW and AT-AL showed reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity, increased the number of peritoneal exudate cells, activated on macrophages (acid phosphatase activity, glucose consumption, superoxide anion production), and enhanced mitogenic reaction, although AT-HW did not produce superoxide anion in vitro.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2004

Eryngin, a novel antifungal peptide from fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii.

An antifungal peptide with a molecular mass of 10k Da was isolated from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Pleurotus eryngii. The peptide, designated as eryngin, inhibited mycelial growth in Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella arachidicola. It was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and S-Sepharose. Its N-terminal sequence demonstrated some similarity to the antifungal protein from the mushroom Lyophyllum shimeiji and little resemblance to thaumatin and thaumatin-like proteins.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed1993

The Sc7/Sc14 gene family of Schizophyllum commune codes for extracellular proteins specifically expressed during fruit-body formation.

The Sc7 and Sc14 genes are specifically expressed in the dikaryon of the basidiomycete fungus Schizophyllum commune during fruiting. These genes are closely linked (within 6 kb) and highly similar in gene structure and nucleotide sequence (70% identical nucleotides in their coding regions). The encoded proteins (204 and 214 amino acids, respectively) have 87% similarity in amino acids (56% of the amino acids are identical). They contain putative signal sequences for secretion, are rich in aromatic amino acids which are generally located at similar positions, and they are generally hydrophilic. Inspection of databanks showed similarities with pathogenesis-related proteins (PR1) from plants, testis-specific proteins from mammals and venom allergen proteins from insects. An antibody raised against a Sc7 fusion protein showed the presence of the Sc7 protein in the culture medium and in the fruit bodies where it is apparently loosely associated with hyphal walls.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

SdeK is required for early fruiting body development in Myxococcus xanthus.

Myxococcus xanthus cells carrying the Omega4408 Tn5lac insertion at the sde locus show defects in fruiting body development and sporulation. Our analysis of sde expression patterns showed that this locus is induced early in the developmental program (0 to 2 h) and that expression increases approximately fivefold after 12 h of development. Further studies showed that expression of sde is induced as growing cells enter stationary phase, suggesting that activation of the sde locus is not limited to the developmental process. Because the peak levels of sde expression in both an sde+ and an sde mutant background were similar, we conclude that the sde locus is not autoregulated. Characterization of the sde locus by DNA sequence analysis indicated that the Omega4408 insertion occurred within the sdeK gene. Primer extension analyses localized the 5' end of sde transcript to a guanine nucleotide 307 bp upstream of the proposed start for the SdeK coding sequence. The DNA sequence in the -12 and -24 regions upstream of the sde transcriptional start site shows similarity to the sigma54 family of promoters. The results of complementation studies suggest that the defects in development and sporulation caused by the Omega4408 insertion are due to an inactivation of sdeK. The predicted amino acid sequence of SdeK was found to have similarity to the sequences of the histidine protein kinases of two-component regulatory systems. Based on our results, we propose that SdeK may be part of a signal transduction pathway required for the activation and propagation of the early developmental program.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Comparative effect of the fungicide Prochloraz-Mn on Agaricus bisporus vegetative-mycelium and fruit-body cell walls.

Fungicides to control mycopathogens of commercial Agaricus bisporus, a mushroom cultivated for human consumption, are a major field of study, since these chemicals are toxic to both the host and its fungal parasites. The fungicide Prochloraz-Mn, used at its LD50 for A. bisporus, partially inhibited protein biosynthesis in the vegetative mycelial cell walls of this mushroom and caused significant changes in cell-wall polysaccharide structure, as deduced by methylation analysis and gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). Furthermore, the aggregated mycelial walls showed distinct alterations in their overall chemical composition following the administration of Prochloraz-Mn at the LD50 and the LD50 x1000. As expected, GLC-MS studies indicated that the latter dose caused more appreciable differences in polysaccharide structure. The decrease in mushroom crop yields obtained from industrial cultures treated with Prochloraz-Mn to control V. fungicola infection depended on the dose of the fungicide employed, whereas fruit-body morphology was only slightly affected at the highest Prochloraz-Mn concentration used.

Agaricus↗

PubMed2003

Anti-tumour and immuno-stimulating activities of the fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica, a new type of Cordyceps spp.

The anti-tumor and immuno-stimulating activities of the fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica (PJ), grown on silk-worm larvae and of Cordyceps sinensis (CS), a wild form of Cordyceps Fungi, were investigated. Ethanol extracts of both fungi, when administered for 9 consecutive days, at 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p., caused a significant increase in life span and a significant decrease in tumor weights and volumes, in mice inoculated with Sarcoma-180 tumor cells. Both fungal extracts were demonstrated to exhibit phagocytosis enhancing activity as measured by carbon clearance in mice. PJ extracts, when administered i.p. at 50 mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days, exhibited a significant enhancement of phagocytosis, its potency as expressed by the regression coefficient ratio, RCtr/RCc, being 1.64 (the phagocytosis index = 2). This was approximately the same for that of zymosan (RCtr/RCc = 1.55, PI = 2), a typical phagocytosis enhancer, whereas CS extracts exhibited a moderate phagocytosis enhancing activity at the same dose level (RCtr/RCc = 1.30, PI = 1). Both fungal extracts caused a significant increase in an acid phosphatase activity, representing lysosomal enzymes, in macrophages at 20 and 100 micro g/ml in vitro, in compliance with in vivo results. These results suggest that the anti-tumor activity of both fungi might be related to an immuno-stimulating function.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2002

Two genes encoding fruit body lectins of Pleurotus cornucopiae: sequence similarity with the lectin of a nematode-trapping fungus.

Our previous studies on the fruit body lectin of Pleurotus cornucopiae revealed the existence of three isolectins, composed of two homodimers and one heterodimer of 16- and 15-kDa subunits. In this study, two genes encoding the lectins were cloned and characterized. Both genes encoded 144 amino acids and only 5 amino acids were different within the coding region, but the nucleotide sequences of the 5'-upstream and 3'-downstream regions differed extensively. Southern hybridization with gene-specific probes showed that one gene encoded the 16-kDa and the other encoded the 15-kDa subunit. Functional lectins were synthesized in Escherichia coli under the direction of these genes. On SDS-PAGE, the recombinant lectins showed the same banding patterns as the native lectins. In amino acid sequence, these lectins showed extensive similarity with the lectin from a nematode-trapping ascomycete fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, suggesting that the lectins might also function in capturing nematodes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Structural characterization of a water-soluble beta-D-glucan from fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei Murr.

A beta-D-glucan, Ab2-2N, was isolated from the hot-water extract of fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei Murr by ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Its structure was investigated by composition analysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, mild hydrolysis, and NMR spectroscopy. It contains a (1-->6)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl backbone, with one side chain consisting of terminal and 3-substituted beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues attached at O-3 for every three backbone residues.

Agaricus↗

PubMed2000

An unusual nitrogenous terphenyl derivative from fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Sarcodon leucopus.

A new nitrogenous metabolite with a p-terphenyl core, sarcodonin (3), has been isolated from fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Sarcodon leucopus. The structure of 3 was determined through a careful study of its peracetate 4, by use of an array of spectroscopic techniques (including (15)N NMR, gradient-enhanced, and reverse-detected 2D NMR experiments) and chemical degradation. ROESY data and molecular mechanics (MM+) calculations led to assignment of the absolute configuration of 4. Compound 3 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against KB and P-388 tumor cell cultures.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Enhancer-binding proteins with a forkhead-associated domain and the sigma54 regulon in Myxococcus xanthus fruiting body development.

In response to starvation, Myxococcus xanthus initiates a developmental program that results in the formation of spore-filled, multicellular fruiting bodies. Many developmentally regulated genes in M. xanthus are transcribed from sigma(54) promoters, and these genes require enhancer-binding proteins. Here we report the finding of an unusual group of 12 genes encoding sigma(54)-dependent enhancer-binding proteins containing a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain as their N-terminal sensory domain. FHA domains in other proteins recognize phosphothreonine residues. An insertion mutation in one of these genes, Mx4885, caused a cell autonomous aggregation and sporulation defect. In-frame deletion mutants showed that the FHA domain is necessary for proper Mx4885 function. The altered pattern of developmental gene expression in the mutant implied that Mx4885 is on the pathway of response to the morphogenetic C-signal. Immunoblots specific for C-signal and FruA imply that the site of Mx4885 action is downstream of FruA synthesis on the C-signal transduction pathway. Mx4885 may help to coordinate the level of intracellular phosphorylated FruA (FruA-P) with the level of C-signal displayed on the signal donor cell. Because FHA domains respond to phosphothreonine-containing proteins, these results suggest a regulatory link to the abundant Ser/Thr protein kinases in M. xanthus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

A novel ribonuclease from fresh fruiting bodies of the portabella mushroom Agaricus bisporus.

A 14 kDa ribonuclease with a novel N-terminal sequence was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the portabella mushroom. It was adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and carboxymethyl-cellulose, and demonstrated the highest ribonucleolytic potency toward poly (A), 60% as much activity toward poly (C), 40% as much activity toward poly (U), and the least activity (7% as much) toward poly (G). It exhibited a pH optimum at pH 4.5 and a temperature optimum at 60 degrees C. Its activity at 100 degrees C was higher than that at 20 degrees C.

Agaricus↗

PubMed1981

Investigation of the heterogeneity of heterogalactan from the fruit bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola, by employing concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography.

A heterogalactan was isolated from the hot water extract of fruit bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola by a combination of fractionation procedures including precipitation with ethanol and with Cetavlon, and chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. Despite its apparent homogeneity on gel filtration, zone electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibration, and immunodiffusion analyses, the neutral component of heterogalactan was further fractionated into unbound, weakly bound, and strongly bound forms by affinity chromatography on a column of concanavalin A-Sepharose CL 4B. The former two polysaccharides fractions eluted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) were found to be a fucogalactan and a mannofucogalactan, respectively. A more tightly bound fraction (mannofucogalactan) was subsequently eluted with 0.1 M glucose in 1 M NaCl. The results of methylation, complete Smith degradation, and proton and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses indicated that the three kinds of heterogalactans are all highly branched polysaccharides containing a framework of (1 leads to 6)-linked alpha-D-galactopyranosyl residues, the C-2 positions of which are substituted in different proportions with either single L-fucopyranosyl residues or disaccharide units of 3-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-L-fucopyranose residues.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed2006

Glass distilling collector applied for HCN recovery from submerged culture broth and fruiting body of Pleurotus eryngii for identification and quantification.

Detection and surveillance of food commodities containing cyanide is a crucial issue of food safety. In this study, five strains of Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) were grown in submerged culture of yeast malt broth (YMB) with the suspected production of HCN. A safety-warranted U-bent glass distilling collector with three enlarged bulbs on each arm was designed to recover the broth vapor. When AgNO(3) solution was used as an absorbent to interact with the vapor, a white precipitate was formed. The precipitate was isolated and identified as AgCN by FT-Raman spectroscopic analysis. When the absorbent was substituted by KOH, after evaporation to dryness, dissolved in D(2)O, and followed by (13)C-NMR analysis, a KCN spectrum was achieved. Formation of AgCN and KCN confirmed HCN production in the broth by P. eryngii. When a sodium picrate solution (1.4%) was used as an absorbent and various authentic KCN solutions were applied for distillation and followed by absorbance determination at 510 nm, a linear dose-dependent relationship was obtained and the procedure was applied for HCN quantification of the marketed P. eryngii mushrooms (fruiting body). As estimated, 67.3% of the products contained HCN less than 1.0 mg/kg, 17.3% between 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, and 15.4% higher than 2.0 mg/kg. When the mushrooms were sliced and cooked in water at 95 degrees C for 6 min, 89.1% of the original HCN was lost. When the P. eryngii strains were respectively grown by submerged cultivation in YMB or YMB supplemented with 2.5% glycine for 16 days, HCN content was slightly higher in the latter than in the former for each strain.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2001

Hypsin, a novel thermostable ribosome-inactivating protein with antifungal and antiproliferative activities from fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus.

A novel ribosome-inactivating protein with a molecular weight of 20 kDa was isolated from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus. The isolation procedure entailed ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel Blue Gel and ion exchange chromatography on Mono Q. The protein designated hypsin demonstrated an inhibitory action against mycelial growth in various fungal species including Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Physalospora piricola, Fusarium oxysporum, and Botrytis cinerea with an IC50 of 2.7, 2.5, 14.2, and 0.06 microM, respectively. Translation in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system was inhibited with an IC50 of 7 nM and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity was inhibited with an IC50 of 8 microM. Antiproliferative activity against mouse leukemia cells and human leukemia and hepatoma cells was observed. About 60% of the translation-inhibitory activity was retained after heating at 100 degrees C for 10 min. No loss of translation-inhibitory activity occurred after brief treatment with trypsin.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2004

Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris.

This study aimed to elucidate pharmacological activities of Cordyceps militaris. The 70% ethanolic extracts of cultured mycelia (CME) and fruiting bodies (FBE) of Cordyceps militaris were prepared. CME was able to directly scavenge the stable free radical diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), indicating its antioxidant activity. Both CME and FBE showed topical anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. CME was found to contain acute anti-inflammatory activity, which was evaluated using the carrageenin-induced edema, and also strong antinociceptive activity in writhing test. CME and FBE contain potent inhibitory activity on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Cordycepin, a metabolite of Cordyceps militaris, appeared to be at least partly responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities. CME concentration-dependently inhibited the NO production and iNOS expression upon stimulation by lipoposaccharide in RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage cell line. In brief, we demontrate that Cordyceps militaris possesses anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activites, and related antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, and NO production-inhibitory activities.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors↗

PubMed2003

The presence of partially 3-O-methylated mannogalactan from the fruit bodies of edible basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus 'florida' Berk. and Pleurotus ostreatoroseus Sing.

The partially 3-O-methylated mannogalactans were isolated from the fruiting bodies of edible basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus 'florida' Berk. and Pleurotus ostreatoroseus Sing. They were obtained via successive aqueous extraction, freeze thawing, and precipitation with Fehling solution and then investigated using (13)C- and (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (including COSY, TOCSY and HMQC techniques), methylation analysis and Smith degradation. The main chain consisted of (1-->6)-linked alpha-D-galactopyranosyl residues containing 3-O-Me-alpha-D-galactopyranoses, a part of these units being substituted in the position O-2 with beta-D-mannopyranose residues. The heteropolysaccharides found were similar with differences only in the levels of the 3-O-Me-alpha-D-galactopyranoses residues. The presence of partially 3-O-methylated mannogalactan appears to be typical of Pleurotus spp.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2003

Assemblage structure, species richness, abundance, and distribution of fungal fruit bodies in a seven year plot-based survey near Vienna.

Almost 900 species were encountered during a seven year survey of fungal fruit bodies in 13 forests and grasslands plots measuring about 1 ha. The data were comparable to those from a Swiss forest plot monitored for 21 years. Species richness and abundance were almost linearly correlated on a log/log scale. Abundance and yearly frequency of species were tightly correlated. The geographic range of species may also be related to these two parameters. Rare species scored low on abundance, yearly frequency and geographic range. About half of the species were rare, and occurred in only one out of seven years. The two major functional groups of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal species behaved similarly over the years, as in the Swiss study. Annual variation was high for species richness alone and for richness combined with abundances. The log transformed species richness of plots correlated well with parameters that take the abundances or yearly frequencies of species into account. If other mushroom assemblages show similar regularities, it may be possible to omit abundance counts in future surveys. The species composition of the plots varied strongly over the years. Many species did not reach their maximum abundance in the richest year. Species showed their maximum abundances in different plots in the same year more often than expected by chance. Thus the presence and abundance of species depended on factor(s) other than the general productivity of a year, and years showed (a) different aspect(s) than productivity alone. Long-term surveys are important for understanding the structure of mushroom assemblages and their biodiversity.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1992

Primary structure of a base non-specific and adenylic acid preferential ribonuclease from the fruit bodies of Lentinus edodes.

The complete primary structure of a base non-specific and adenylic acid preferential RNase (RNase Le2) from the fruit bodies of Lentinus edodes was analyzed. The sequence was mostly determined by analysis of the peptides generated by V8 protease digestion and BrCN cleavage (including alpha-chymotryptic, and V8 protease digest of BrCN fragments). It consists of 239 amino acid residues. The molecular weight is 25831. The location of 10 half cystine residues were almost superimposable on those of known fungal RNases of the RNase T2 family. The sequence homologies between RNase Le2 and four known fungal RNases of the RNase T2 family, RNase T2, RNase M, RNase Trv, and RNase Rh, are 102, 103, 109, and 74, respectively. The homologous sequences are concentrated around the three histidines, which are supposed to form the active site of RNase T2 family RNases.

Agaricales↗