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PubMed2005

[Socioeconomical status, health behaviors and health status of French adolescents: Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey].

BACKGROUND: The impact of living conditions on health is not well known, but health inequalities observed in adults seem partly determined by behaviours and health status at an earlier stage, and more particularly during adolescence. So, our aim was to study adolescents' health and their health behaviours function to family socioeconomic status. METHODS: We analysed French data from the international survey "Health Behavior in School-aged Children" carried out in a representative sample of adolescents aged 13 and 15 years in 1998. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by the adolescents who answered questions concerning their health, health behaviours, and their families' socio-economic status. RESULTS: Adolescents from blue-collar families were more numerous to report to be in "fairly good health" or "not very good health" (OR = 1.40, CI 95% = 1.12-1.74) and to be overweight or obese (OR = 1.85, CI 95% = 1.25-2.24) than those from executive families. They were also more numerous to have bad health behaviours than those from executive families. CONCLUSION: This study has established that, in adolescents, differences in health, health behaviours, types of consumption and physical activities depended on the families' socio-economic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Korean adolescents' exercise behavior and its relationship with psychological variables based on stages of change model.

PURPOSE: To examine the exercise behavior of Korean adolescents, reveal the differences in self-efficacy and decision balance by the stages of exercise behavior, and identify the relationship between exercise behavior and psychological variables. METHODS: A total of 671 adolescents randomly selected from junior high and high schools in Seoul were surveyed. Three Korean-version questionnaires were used to identify the stage of exercise behavior and psychological attributes of adolescents: Stage of Exercise Behavior Change Questionnaire, Decision Balance Scale for Exercise, and Exercise Self-efficacy Scale. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, chi(2) test, MANOVA, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. RESULTS: The exercise pattern of Korean adolescents was different by each stage of exercise behavior: precontemplation (17.5%), contemplation (16.6%), preparation (20.4%), action (28.3%), and maintenance (17.2%). Significant differences in exercise behavior distribution emerged as a function of gender and age. In addition, exercise efficacy, exercise benefits and exercise barriers differentiated across the stages of exercise behavior. Furthermore, the findings revealed that adolescents' exercise behavior was significantly correlated with the selected psychological variables, and that psychological variables had a statistically significant impact on the exercise behavior. CONCLUSION: This study provides information about relatively unstudied Korean adolescents and has the potential to influence the development of better exercise interventions and health promotion programs for adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[The contribution of pubertal maturation timing to adolescent smoking behavior].

OBJECTIVE: To study the contribution of puberty maturation to smoking behavior in Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out. One thousand four hundred and fifty-three senior middle school students aged from 15 - 18 years were recruited in Shanghai in 2000. A standardized self-administrated questionnaire was designed to obtain information on smoking, age at first nocturnal ejaculation in boys, age at menarche in girls and variables that might be associated with smoking in adolescents. RESULTS: In boys, the prevalence of experimental smoking was highest among later maturers (28.6%), followed by the earlier (21.3%) and the average (21.7%), and the prevalence of current smoking was highest among earlier maturers (16.4%), followed by the later (7.1%) and then the average (4.8%). In girls, the prevalence of ever smoked among earlier, average and later maturers were as follows: 24.2%, 12.0%, 6.3% respectively. When psychosocial variables which might be associated with smoking were under control, early maturation was a significant risk factor for current smoking in boys (OR = 3.68, 95% CI: 1.23 - 10.99), and might be a risk factor for ever smoked in girls (OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 0.89 - 5.60). Whereas late maturation might have been a risk factor for boys to experiment smoking (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 0.72 - 3.06), while in girls it might be protective (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.22 - 1.86). CONCLUSION: Earlier or later matured boys and earlier matured girls were at higher risk of smoking. Pubertal changes and timing need to be considered in smoking prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A social contagion model of adolescent sexual behavior: explaining race differences.

Black adolescents in the United States consistently report an earlier age of first intercourse than White adolescents. Purely psychosocial explanations of this finding have been less than successful. We propose an "epidemic" model that combines social contagion (a psychosocial process) and pubertal maturation (a biological process). This epidemic model permits social contacts among adolescents of the same age and also among younger and older adolescents. The model statistically fit the actual growth curve of sexuality well for Whites; its fit was not as good for Blacks. From computer simulation analyses, we concluded that pubertal maturation may be more important in accounting for the racial difference in the onset of sexual intercourse than previously thought.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Does a condom-promoting strategy (the Swiss STOP-AIDS campaign) modify sexual behavior among adolescents?

OBJECTIVE: To measure sexual behavior changes (especially the use of condoms) among adolescents after 5 years of a population-based acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevention strategy at the national and regional level. DESIGN: Two comparative cross-sectional surveys by self-administered questionnaires were conducted in 1987 and 1990. SETTING: Two similar samples of 16- to 19-year-old apprentices. The two samples, 1987 (n = 1359) and 1990 (n = 817), are comparable in terms of sex, age, profession, and location. RESULTS: The percentage of boys who say they are sexually active has remained the same (75%) and has slightly increased among younger girls (65% to 75%, NS). The average number of partners has remained steady for boys and girls. Regular use of any contraceptive device has remained steady among girls (75%) and increased among boys (1987, 38%; 1990, 54%; P < .001). In 1987 as well as in 1990, the condom was the most widely used method (> 90%), followed by the pill (50%), withdrawal (20%), and chemicals (5%). Rates were about the same for both sexes. Rates of irregular use of condoms increased among boys and girls (P < .01); regular use of condoms increased among boys (22% to 34%, P < .01) and girls (10% to 27%, P < .001); use of the pill has slightly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: During a 5-year period, the Swiss "STOP-AIDS" campaign and local interventions had had no real effect on the rate of sexual activity of apprentices but had had a positive effect on the use of contraception and condoms. The prevention strategy should (and will) be maintained in the future.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Families of adolescent drug abusers: systemic interventions to attain drug-free behavior.

Adolescent drug use in the community is a widespread social problem. The abuse of alcohol and/or other illegal drugs ranges from random experimentation to a complex pattern of regular use of a combination of drugs. This paper addresses systemic therapeutic interventions which have been constructed to achieve drug-free behavior. The family is considered the unit of treatment. Contextual goals (necessary to attain a therapeutic climate) and family goals are delineated. These include unity and action within a parental coalition, therapeutic utilization of urinalyses, the bogeyman cometh, probation, home detoxification, and countering adolescent sabotage. Family structural and interactional features outside the explicit arena of drug-taking, such as marital conflict or adolescent autonomy/dependence issues, are not addressed but are discussed elsewhere. Clinical illustrations to document interventions discussed are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The social context for risky sexual behavior among adolescents.

This study supports a model of adolescents' risky sexual behavior in which this behavior is seen as a product of the same peer and family factors which influence a wide range of problem behaviors. The Patterson et al. (1992) model of peer and parental factors associated with adolescents' sexual risk-taking behavior was tested on three independent samples of adolescents, ages 14 through 18. Adolescents whose peers were reported to engage in diverse problem behaviors were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. Poor parental monitoring and parent-child coercive interactions were associated having deviant peers, and poor parental monitoring also had a direct relationship to risky sexual behavior. Family involvement was associated with fewer parent-child coercive interactions. Less availability of parental figures in the family was directly associated with risky sexual behavior and was also associated with poorer parental monitoring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The quality of adolescents' friendships: associations with mothers' interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors.

Adolescents' friendship quality and observed emotional expression with their best friends were predicted from reports of their mother's interpersonal relationships-specifically the quality of her marriage and social network. Two models explaining these relationships received support. Consistent with an Attachment Theory model, adolescents' perceptions of marital quality predicted attachment security with mother, father and friends. Security of attachment to friends in turn predicted best friendship quality, but not affective behavior with the friend. A Social Learning Theory model was also supported, in which perceptions of both marital quality and mother's social network quality predicted adolescents' prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior in turn predicted both best friendship quality and affective behavior with the friend.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Bender-Gestalt signs as indicants of anxiety, withdrawal, and acting-out behaviors in adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of the Bender-Gestalt Test as a measure of acting-out, withdrawal, and anxiety tendencies in adolescents. A heterogeneous group of 40 emotionally disturbed adolescents was administered the Bender-Gestalt Test. Behavior ratings on the Devereux Adolescent Behavior Rating Scale were also obtained for each subject. Although several individual Acting-Out signs were found to be related to specific behavior ratings, the most notable findings were the significant correlations between total Bender-Gestalt Acting-Out signs and Poor Emotional Control and Inability to Delay. Bender-Gestalt Withdrawal and Anxiety signs were not found to be related significantly to specific behavior ratings.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1988

The influence of self-esteem, parental smoking, and living in a tobacco production region on adolescent smoking behaviors.

Selected antecedents of smoking initiation among 1,513 eighth grade students in an urban tobacco producing county of North Carolina were studied using the Tobacco Cigarette Smoking Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Fifteen percent of students reported currently smoking, and 17.2% indicated an intention to smoke upon graduation from high school. Self-esteem and parental smoking behavior related significantly to adolescents' smoking behavior and future intention to smoke. Significantly more females intended to smoke and had lower self-esteem than males. Family involvement in the tobacco industry related significantly to adolescents' intention to smoke but not their smoking behavior. Overall, low self-esteem and parental smoking models may be important to developing the smoking habit among young adolescents. Prevention of smoking initiation should involve promotion of children's self-esteem and avoidance of parental smoking modeling prior to the eighth grade.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Parental monitoring: association with adolescents' risk behaviors.

CONTEXT: Contemporary threats to adolescents' health are primarily the consequence of risk behaviors and their related adverse outcomes. Identifying factors associated with adolescents' risk behaviors is critical for developing effective prevention strategies. A number of risk factors have been identified, including familial environment; however, few studies have examined the impact of parental monitoring. OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of less perceived parental monitoring on a spectrum of adolescent health-compromising behaviors and outcomes. Design. Survey. SETTING: A family medicine clinic. Participants. To assess eligibility, recruiters screened a sample of 1130 teens residing in low-income neighborhoods. Adolescents were eligible if they were black females, between the ages of 14 and 18 years, sexually active in the previous 6 months, and provided written informed consent. Most teens (n = 609) were eligible, with 522 (85.7%) agreeing to participate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Variables in 6 domains were assessed, including: sexually transmitted diseases, sexual behaviors, marijuana use, alcohol use, antisocial behavior, and violence. RESULTS: In logistic regression analyses, controlling for observed covariates, adolescents perceiving less parental monitoring were more likely to test positive for a sexually transmitted disease (odds ratio [OR]: 1.7), report not using a condom at last sexual intercourse (OR: 1.7), have multiple sexual partners in the past 6 months (OR: 2.0), have risky sex partners (OR: 1.5), have a new sex partner in the past 30 days (OR: 3.0), and not use any contraception during the last sexual intercourse episode (OR: 1.9). Furthermore, adolescents perceiving less parental monitoring were more likely to have a history of marijuana use and use marijuana more often in the past 30 days (OR: 2.3 and OR: 2.5, respectively); a history of alcohol use and greater alcohol consumption in the past 30 days (OR: 1.4 and OR: 1.9, respectively); have a history of arrest (OR: 2.1); and there was a trend toward having engaged in fights in the past 6 months (OR: 1.4). CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate a consistent pattern of health risk behaviors and adverse biological outcomes associated with less perceived parental monitoring. Additional research needs to focus on developing theoretical models that help explain the influence of familial environment on adolescent health and develop and evaluate interventions to promote the health of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A prospective study of adolescent suicidal behavior following hospitalization.

Identification of factors associated with adolescent suicidal behavior following psychiatric hospitalization would facilitate development of effective aftercare interventions. This prospective study identified specific predictors of suicidal behavior in 100 adolescents during a 6-month follow-up period. Standardized baseline assessments and structured follow-up telephone interviews were conducted with adolescents and their guardians. Eighteen percent of adolescents reported suicidal behavior during the follow-up period, primarily of low medical lethality and minimal or ambivalent suicidal intent. This behavior was associated with suicidal thoughts, family dysfunction, and dysthymia. It was not associated with initial posthospitalization treatment compliance. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Protective factors in adolescent health behavior.

The role of psychosocial protective factors in adolescent health-enhancing behaviors--healthy diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, good dental hygiene, and seatbelt use--was investigated among 1,493 Hispanic, White, and Black high school students in a large, urban school district. Both proximal (health-related) and distal (conventionality-related) protective factors have significant positive relations with health-enhancing behavior and with the development of health-enhancing behavior. In addition, in cross-sectional analyses, protection was shown to moderate risk. Key proximal protective factors are value on health, perceived effects of health-compromising behavior, and parents who model health behavior. Key distal protective factors are positive orientation to school, friends who model conventional behavior, involvement in prosocial activities, and church attendance. The findings suggest the importance of individual differences on a dimension of conventionality-unconventionality. Strengthening both proximal and distal protective factors may help to promote healthful behaviors in adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Influences on adolescent eating behavior.

PURPOSE: The food consumption behavior of American adolescents often fails to meet dietary recommendations, indicating the need for investigation of the factors that influence this behavior. This study, guided by Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, examined relationships between such behavior and other personal, environmental, and behavioral variables. METHODS: A paper-and-pencil instrument was administered to a sample of 242 high school students. "Pyramid," fat, and sugar food scores were calculated to measure subjects' dietary diversity along with their consumption of fats and sugar/sweets. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify relationships between subjects' food scores and other study variables. RESULTS: Male and female subjects' pyramid scores were positively related (p < or = 0.05) to the number of meals they consumed daily. Some gender differences emerged in the data, as conformity to parents, snack consumption, and consumption of meals and snacks from home predicted males' Pyramid scores, while amount of physical exercise predicted pyramid scores of females. Both male and female subjects' fat and sugar scores were positively related (p < or = 0.05) to their consumption of meals and snacks from the school cafeteria and overall snack consumption and negatively related to their self-efficacy for making healthful food choices. Females' fat scores were further predicted by their consumption of fast food. CONCLUSIONS: Different aspects of adolescents' food consumption behavior may be influenced by different factors, which may vary between males and females. Therefore, nutrition and health professionals should tailor educational and treatment strategies according to both the gender of their patients and the specific desired dietary outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Adolescent sexual behavior.

What is known about adolescent sexual behavior is reviewed. First, the onset of sexual behavior in the teenage years is considered as a function of cohort, gender, and ethnic differences. Omissions in the research on sexual behavior other than intercourse are highlighted. Possible biological, social, and social cognitive processes underlying teenage sexual behavior are then considered. Next, demographic trends in the use of contraceptives and antecedents of regular birth control use are reviewed. Finally, some of the successful program initiatives directed toward altering sexual and contraceptive practices are discussed, keeping in mind the importance and relative lack of well-designed and carefully evaluated programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Adolescent contraceptive behavior: an assessment of decision processes.

The utility of a rational model of contraceptive use in adolescents was evaluated in a cohort of 325 sexually active adolescents aged 14 to 19 years. Adolescents were interviewed regarding their beliefs about the consequences of using each of four methods of contraception, evaluation of those consequences, perception of the wishes of others regarding use of each method, motivation to comply with those wishes, general attitude toward using the method, view of general social expectations regarding their use of the method, and their intention to use the method during the next year. They were reinterviewed 1 year later to determine actual use. The results support the utility of this model for understanding adolescent behavior. Significant associations were found between intentions to use contraceptive methods and their actual use. Intentions were significantly related to adolescents' attitudes toward using the methods and their perception of social expectations regarding use. General attitudes were significantly related to a summary score reflecting the adolescents' beliefs about specific consequences of use weighted by their evaluations of them. General social perceptions were significantly related to a summary score of perceived desires of specific individuals multiplied by the adolescent's desire to comply with those desires. These findings indicate that physicians can be more effective in clinical practice by querying adolescents about their beliefs and intentions and about their perceptions of significant individuals in their lives.

Adolescent↗