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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

The effect of phencyclidine and ketamine on schedule-controlled behavior in the pigeon.

Pigeons were trained under a multiple schedule of food presentation with alternating 30-response fixed-ratio (FR-30) and 10-minute fixed-interval (FI-10) components. Average rates of responding were 2.9 and 0.55 responses/sec, respectively. Both phencyclidine (0.03-3.0 mg/kg i.m.) and ketamine (0.1-30.0 mg/kg i.m.) increased response rates at low doses while decreasing response rates at high doses during the FI-10 component. Only a dose-related decrease in response rates was seen in the FR-30 component with both phencyclidine and ketamine. In individual birds, the maximum rate increases in the FI-10 component ranged from 110% to 163% of the control rate. The rate increases in the FI-10 component depended on the control rate of responding. The effects of phencyclidine and ketamine were qualitatively similar to d-amphetamine (0.1-10 mg/kg i.m.).

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Regulation of the right coronary circulation during a controlled behavioral stress in the conscious dog.

Right coronary blood flow (CBF) was measured in 11 mongrel dogs during classical aversive conditioning (a 30 s tone followed by a 1 s 2-6 mA electrical shock). The cardiovascular response consisted of significant (P less than 0.01) increases in: mean arterial pressure (12.9%), systolic right ventricular pressure (RVP, 31.8%), d(RVP)/dt (49.9%) and heart rate (56.2%). The coronary vascular response to behavioral stress consisted of an immediate and significant increase in mean CBF (56.9%) coupled with a significant decrease in mean coronary vascular resistance (CVR, -28.5%). The mean CVR decrease was reduced by cardioselective beta-blockade (CBB) or cardiac pacing and eliminated by right stellectomy (RSGx). The combination of CBB with cardiac pacing resulted in a significant increase in mean CVR. alpha-adrenergic blockade with either phentolamine or prazosin, RSGx, and cardiac pacing significantly reduced the control mean CVR values. Thus, these data suggest that the right coronary response to stress is primarily mediated by the release of metabolic factors secondarily to an increased inotropic or chronotropic state. However, when these metabolic effects were controlled, mean coronary resistance no longer decreased but, rather, increased in response to the aversive stress. This increase could be eliminated by the addition of an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. These data further suggest that the coronary response to behavioral stress activates an alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction.

Animals↗
PubMed1962

Concurrent generalization gradients for food-controlled and shock-controlled behavior.

In the presence of a bright light, monkeys were trained to press a lever to avoid shock and to pull a chain for food reward. After gradients of generalization to other light intensities had been determined for each response, gradients were subsequently secured after training in a brightness discrimination and under several free-shock conditions. The following results were obtained: (1) Generalization gradients prior to discrimination training were much steeper for the food-controlled response than for the shock-controlled response. This finding was confirmed in another study in which rats served as subjects. (2) After discrimination training, both gradients became much steeper, but the avoidance gradient still showed more generalized responding than that of reward. (3) After a period of continuous testing with all the different test intensities, the two gradients became even steeper. In addition, differences between the two gradients virtually disappeared. (4) The intermittent delivery of free shocks during a previously non-shocked light intensity radically affected the shape of the avoidance gradient, just as the addition of an avoidance contingency did during the same, previously non-shocked, light intensity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Attitude to death and control behavior of medical students--a cross sectional study].

Within the scope of a cross-section study the Fear of Death Questionnaire (Hensle 1977), the Semantic Differential of the term Death (Potthoff 1980) and the IPC questionnaire (Krampen 1981) were submitted to n = 186 first- and second-year medical students and to n = 151 third- and fourth-year medical students. This was to trace the question how far the attitude toward death and the locus of control of medical students vary in the course of their education. In comparison with most of other respective publications our paper did not show any significant changes of their attitude toward death and their locuis of control neither. After more detailed analysis of the data discerning consideration of the fear of death questionnaire mentioned above is to be demanded prior to further use in medical fields. At least in view of medical students it's value regarding the construct validity is to be questioned. Concerning the Semantic Differential at least one adjective pair should be eliminated in future.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The effects of phencyclidine, ketamine, delta-amphetamine and pentobarbital on schedule-controlled behavior in the mouse.

The response of mice of breaking a light beam onto a photocell was programmed to produce food according to a multiple schedule with alternating 30-response fixed ratio, 300-second fixed interval (FR-30 FI-300 sec) components. Training was standardized for all mice, and stable patterns of responding that were similar to those described for other species and responses under this schedule developed quickly. The effects of pentobaribtal, delta-amphetamine, phencyclidine and ketamine were studied. At some dose, each of the four drugs produced an increase in rate of responding; the increase was proportionately greater at low rates of responding than at higher rates. At some dose range, delta-amphetamine, ketamine and phencyclidine produced dose-related increases in FI average rates were to 1.83, 1.25 and 1.32 times the control rate for delta-amphetamine (1 mg/kg), ketamine (100 mg/kg) and phencyclidine (3 mg/kg), respectively. Phencyclidine and ketamine thus showed some "amphetamine-like" effects in the mouse. Pentobarbital increased (1.25 times the control rate) both the FR and FI response rates at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Higher doses of pentobarbital progressively decreased both FR and FI response rates in a parallel fashion.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Repeated administration of flumazenil does not alter its potency in modifying schedule-controlled behavior in chlordiazepoxide-treated rhesus monkeys.

Previous reports have suggested that the effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil diminish over repeated exposure in subjects treated chronically with a benzodiazepine agonist. The current study examined whether the frequency of exposure to flumazenil altered its potency in decreasing rates of responding in monkeys treated with chlordiazepoxide (CDP). Three monkeys responded under a multiple fixed ratio (FR10:FR10) schedule of food presentation and stimulus-shock termination (SST). In untreated monkeys, flumazenil (0.1-3.2 mg/kg) had no effect in either component. After 2 weeks of treatment with 32.0 mg/kg per day of CDP, flumazenil decreased response rates in the food component, with a dose of 3.2 mg/kg decreasing rates to 10% of control; rates in the SST component were not altered by flumazenil. When flumazenil dose-effect curves were redetermined at 28-, 14-, 7-, 4-, 2- or 1-day intervals, there was no further change in the potency of flumazenil in decreasing food-maintained responding. When CDP treatment was terminated, the potency of flumazenil recovered to pre-CDP values within 23 days. These results suggest that dependence develops to CDP, since changes in the potency of flumazenil co-varied with CDP treatment. Moreover, it does not appear as though results from previous reports, that showed a diminished response to frequently-administered flumazenil, can be generalized to all conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of cocaine on locomotor activity and schedule-controlled behaviors of inbred rat strains.

Effects of cocaine on several behaviors considered to be reflective of psychomotor stimulation were compared in F344/CR1BR and NBR/NIH inbred rat strains. Effects of cocaine on locomotor activity were compared with effects on either bar-press or nose-poke responses maintained under a multiple fixed-interval 3-min, timeout 1-min schedule of food presentation. In locomotor activity experiments, NBR rats were twice as active as F344 rats under baseline conditions and displayed dose-dependent increases in locomotion (5-20 mg/kg). Maximal increases in locomotor activity of F344 rats were only 200% compared to 1000% in NBR rats. In contrast to locomotor activity, no strain differences in the effects of cocaine were observed under the schedules of food delivery. Bar-pressing under the fixed-interval schedule was increased to a maximum of 150% of control in both rat strains. Nose-poke responding under the fixed-interval schedule was not significantly increased, but timeout rates were increased in both strains. These results suggest that NBR and F344 rats do not differ in general sensitivity to stimulant effects of cocaine but exhibit marked differences in responsivity to cocaine that are dependent upon the behavior studied. Further delineation of the behavioral specificity of strain differences in sensitivity to cocaine should help to identify neurobiological substrates underlying unique biologically determined responses to cocaine.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Influence of stressor predictability and behavioral control on lymphocyte reactivity, antibody responses and neuroendocrine activation in rats.

The present experiments were designed to study the influence of prediction and control of electric shocks on various aspects of immune function, and the possible intermediate role of glucocorticoid hormones. After two sessions of inescapable footshocks, the reactivity of splenocytes to concanavalin A was reduced by one third. This effect was completely reversed when each shock was preceded by a warning stimulus, even though the adrenocortical response was the same in both conditions. In another experiment, rats were submitted to ten sessions of continuous avoidance in a shuttle-box and a group of yoked animals received the same footshocks without any relationship to their shuttling behavior. Although yoked rats displayed a reduced reactivity of splenocytes to lectins, animals of the avoidance group had a reduced antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, no difference was observed in the corticosterone or prolactin response. These data further support the importance of psychological factors on stress-induced changes in immune functions. Furthermore, they demonstrate that various aspects of the immune system are differentially affected by behavioral factors and the results argue against a major role for the adrenocortical system in mediating these changes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Effects of repeated administration of corticotropin-releasing factor on schedule-controlled behavior in rats.

To examine the effects of repeated administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on behavior, rats were administered ICV injections of either CRF or saline on alternate days for 10 days prior to performing on a multiple fixed-interval (FI) 60 s/fixed-ratio (FR) 20 schedule for food reinforcement. A daily session consisted of 10 components of each schedule that alternated, starting with the FI component. CRF doses were individually determined for each rat and were either 1.0, 3.0, or 10 micrograms CRF based upon the dose that occasioned more than a 50% reduction in the rate of responding. Acute administration of CRF decreased the rate of responding in both components well below control rates; this decrease in responding was associated with a 20 or 50% decrease in the number of earned reinforcements in the FI and FR components, respectively. With repeated administration, CRF-induced suppression of responding was attenuated, although CRF continued to decrease response rate. Despite the continued reduction in response rate, subsequent CRF injections did not result in a loss of reinforcements in the FI component, whereas rats continued to lose 20% of the reinforcers in the FR component. After an 18-day hiatus in which no CRF was administered, the baseline rate of responding on the multiple schedule increased, in particular in the FI component. When CRF was readministered, response rates were slightly suppressed relative to a reestablished saline control but significantly higher than CRF-induced suppression on the last day of the chronic regimen. These data demonstrate that with repeated administration tolerance develops to CRF-induced suppression of responding in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Maintenance of schedule-controlled behavior by intravenous injections of nicotine in squirrel monkeys.

Lever pressing by squirrel monkeys was maintained by i.v. injections of nicotine (3-560 microgram/kg) or cocaine (3-300 microgram/kg) under two intermittent schedules of self-administration. Under a fixed-interval schedule, the first response after a specified interval of time produced an injection. Under a second-order fixed-interval schedule, the completion of every 10-response fixed-ratio unit produced a brief visual stimulus and the first fixed-ratio unit completed after a specified interval produced both the brief stimulus and an injection. As the dose of either drug was increased, the rate of responding first increased and then decreased; maximal response rates maintained by nicotine were approximately equal to those maintained by cocaine in some monkeys, but less than those maintained by cocaine in other monkeys. Patterns of responding maintained by the two drugs were qualitatively similar in all monkeys and were characteristic of performances maintained by other reinforcers under fixed-interval or second-order fixed-interval schedules. Doses of nicotine greater than 30 microgram/kg/injection usually produced vomiting, but often maintained responding well above the rates maintained by saline. When the nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg i.m.) was administered before every experimental session, responding maintained by nicotine, but not by cocaine, fell to within saline-control levels; increasing the dose of nicotine to as high as 1700 microgram/kg/injection did not restore responding. Under the intermittent schedules studied here, nicotine served as an effective reinforcer to maintain responding and the reinforcing effects of nicotine were blocked by mecamylamine.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Behavioral control by an imprinted stimulus: long-term effects.

Newly hatched ducklings were exposed to imprinting procedures and subsequently trained to peck a key by presenting the imprinting stimulus as the reinforcing (response-contingent) event. Individual ducklings then lived in the apparatus under an arrangement in which each peck produced a 15-sec stimulus presentation. For all ducklings, key-pecks tended to occur in bursts, and as the duckling matured, burst length decreased and the interval between bursts increased. However, even when subjects were 60 days old, some responses still occurred.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of dopamine agonists on fixed interval schedule-controlled behavior are selectively altered by low-level lead exposure.

A previous report of differential effects of catecholaminergic compounds, but not other classes of compounds, on FI (fixed interval) response rates of lead (Pb)-treated pigeons suggests that catecholamine system disturbances might play a role in lead (Pb)-induced changes in FI performance. The current study sought to extend those findings using more selective dopaminergic (DA) D1 and D2-like receptor agonists, Pb-treated rats, and additional classes of compounds. Drug-induced changes in FI performance of rats exposed chronically from weaning to 0, 50, or 150 ppm Pb acetate in drinking water were compared following the administration of drugs known to impact various neurotransmitter systems altered by Pb exposure, including the selective D2-like agonist quinpirole, the D1 agonists SKF38393 and SKF82958, the mu-opioid agonist morphine, the muscarinic cholinergic agonist arecoline, the glutamate agonist NMDA, and the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist MK-801. All drugs except NMDA significantly altered FI performance, but only the effects of DA agonists differed in control and Pb-exposed rats. Pb exposure attenuated the decrements in rates produced by D1 agonists and at 150 ppm modestly altered the rate changes associated with low doses of quinpirole. These data demonstrate functional DA alterations in response to Pb exposure and provide further evidence for the selective involvement of such effects in FI performance.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1989

[Associative brain systems as the behavioral control apparatus based on the dominant and conditioned reflex].

The main statements of author's conception concerning the associative brain systems (thalamoparietal and thalamofrontal) as the behaviour control systems are presented. The participation of associative systems in performance of the high brain functions ensures due to the entrance of the whole information spectrum of biological and signal significance into them and to the presence of neuronal plastic mechanisms, the mechanisms for retrieval the whole behaviour programs from the long-term memory and the ability of short-term storing of behaviour programs and estimation of their adequacy on the ground of dominant and conditioning mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Differential cortical acetylcholine release in rats performing a sustained attention task versus behavioral control tasks that do not explicitly tax attention.

The present study used microdialysis techniques to compare acetylcholine release in the frontoparietal cortex of rats performing in a task requiring sustained attention with that of rats performing in two control procedures. The two control procedures were a fixed-interval 9-s schedule of reinforcement assessing primarily the effects of operant responding and comparable reward rates, and an operant procedure designed to test the effects of lever extension to prompt responding. These two control procedures involved comparable sensory-motor and motivational variables to those of the sustained attention task, but did not explicitly tax attentional processes. Performance of the sustained attention task was associated with a significant increase in cortical acetylcholine efflux, reaching a maximum of nearly 140%. Performance of the two control procedures was associated with significantly smaller (approximately 50%) increases in cortical acetylcholine release. This robust dissociation between attentional and control performance-associated increases in cortical acetylcholine release resulted, in part, from the elimination of the pre-task transfer of the animals into the operant chambers and the associated increases in acetylcholine release observed in previous studies. The present results support the hypothesis that demands on attentional performance, as opposed to the frequency of lever pressing, reward delivery and other task-related variables, selectively activate the basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic system.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1992

Rat exploratory behavior controlled by intracranial self-stimulation improves the study of place cell activity.

This report is limited to the description of a procedure that should help to resolve the question whether firing fields of hippocampal place cells are relatively stable or modifiable by learning. Rats implanted with lateral hypothalamic electrodes for rewarding intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) were trained to explore a circular open field (100 cm in diameter) while their locomotion was tracked by a computerized video system which also delivers ICSS whenever the animal's exploration has met certain experimenter defined criteria. The 3 following conditions were examined. (1) Homogeneous exploration of the entire field: ICSS was delivered after the animal repeatedly visited 5 equal segments of the field (central annulus and remainders of the 4 quadrants), entered randomly located circular areas of the field, and/or traveled a criterion distance. (2) Place field contingent reward or non-reward: ICSS was delivered when the animal entered a circular area (23 cm in diameter) corresponding to the place field after a previous visit to a similar area outside the place field. These conditions were reversed in the following task. (3) Delayed reward: ICSS was delivered when the animal entered the circular area and remained in it for 2 s. Each condition was tested for 600 s or until 50 ICSS were delivered. The behavioral procedures described make it possible to propose an experimental protocol that allows examination of the same place cell under conditions of homogeneous exploration with a segment condition or randomly distributed reward and under conditions with the place field signaling reward or non-reward. The delayed reward condition increases the accuracy of the target location and allows assessment of the phasic versus tonic nature of the place cell firing.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effects of phencyclidine, d-amphetamine and pentobarbital on schedule-controlled behavior in rats.

The effects of phencyclidine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital on responding maintained under a multiple fixed-interval (FI) 3-min fixed-ratio (FR) 30 schedule of food presentation were studied in rats. Phencyclidine (0.32-7.5 mg/kg) had a biphasic effect on overall response rate in both components; response rate increased and then decreased as the dose was increased. The FR was slightly more sensitive to the rate-decreasing effects of phencyclidine than the FI. The effects of d-amphetamine (0.1-7.5 mg/kg) on overall response rate were qualitatively similar to those of phencyclidine. The FI tended to be slightly more sensitive than the FR to the rate-increasing effects of d-amphetamine. Pentobarbital (1-18 mg/kg) produced little or no rate-increasing effects in the FR at low doses and decreased FR response rate at higher doses. In the FI, pentobarbital produced small increases in overall rate at intermediate doses while decreasing response rate at higher doses. The FR tended to be more sensitive than the FI to the rate-decreasing effects of pentobarbital. Unlike d-amphetamine and pentobarbital, phencyclidine produced smaller rate-increasing effects when the dose-effect curves were redetermined. Within the FI, the effects of phencyclidine and d-amphetamine on response rate were generally independent of the control rate of responding.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The behavioral control of obesity: a descriptive analysis of a large-scale program.

Evaluated a behavoiral treatment program for 147 obese patients in a Weight Control Clinic. Weight losses during treatment averaged 11.01 pounds with large inter-S variability. Unlike past studies, patients continued to lose weight during a 6-month follow-up period. Weight loss was associated with age and initial degree of obesity, but other demographic and psychological variables failed to predict success in treatment. A critical examination of the attrition problem was carried out to determine the relationship between patient variables and the propensity to terminate treatment prematurely. Results demonstrate the utility of bahvioral treatment procedures for obesity, yet further research is needed to reduce attrition and to facilitate long-term maintenance of weight loss.

Adult↗