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PubMedDate not supplied

The progressive making of a foremost chiropractic researcher: Fred Illi from Geneva.

Until after the workshop on the research status of Spinal Manipulative Therapy at the National Institute of Neurological and Communicating Disorders and Strokes (NINCDS) in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1975, research had been a very elusive yet critical part of chiropractic evolution. In the past, chiropractic education emphasized basic sciences for legitimacy. To increase their competitive edge, chiropractors all too frequently looked to medical research rather than conducting research of their own. A few exceptionally gifted individuals and agencies within the profession developed new paradigms, improved modalities, and clinical mastery. Very little descriptive information has been made available to assess either these individuals or their achievements. With more than half the profession having less than 10 yr of practice, it becomes necessary to kindle a reappraisal of what once was in the particular area of chiropractic research. The case of Fred Illi has been chosen to illustrate the inherent difficulties that faced anyone bold enough to try and coherent enough to be successful.

Chiropractic↗

PubMed1987

[What is researched in Spain on childhood accidents and poisonings? A descriptive study of the last 11 years].

Situation of research done in childhood accidents an accidental poisoning in Spain must be known to plan future studies. Authors studied 131 publications obtained from IME (Indice Medico Español) data bank (1974-1984). Only 62 of them were epidemiological studies or reviews. Most of them were based on hospital data. Authors were mainly pediatricians who lived in big cities and had articles published in pediatric journals. They conclude that there are few studies on epidemiology of accidents in general populations and on how to prevent them.

Accidents↗

PubMed1989

[Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918)].

Brodmann, an anatomically orientated neuropsychiatrist, is one of the most influential cortical localizationists. His comparative studies and brain maps are still fundamental for the descriptive anatomy of the cortex. Brodmann made his main contributions while working at the brain research institute of Oskar Vogt in Berlin (1901-1910). Due to unfavourable circumstances he was unable to extend his findings much further. We recount his biography on the basis of new source material, recently collected through a memorial archive in his hometown in south-west Germany. Modern methods have corroborated Brodmann's concept of cortical parcellation into "areae"--although their function is still largely unknown.

Bibliographies as Topic↗

PubMed1999

Authorship: "Law" and order.

Publication is a marker of academic success. In academia, appointments and promotions are in many cases strongly linked to the candidate's bibliography. The "publish or perish" mindset has placed extraordinary pressures on scientists and academic physicians alike. Authorship controversies have received considerable attention in the medical literature. Although guidelines are available to help determine how attribution should be acknowledged, anecdotal experiences with disputes associated with authorship continue to exist. This paper addresses several key problems facing authorship. A discussion of who should be given authorship, the responsibilities of an author, and a method for assigning authorship in a multiauthored publication is provided.

Authorship↗

PubMed2001

[Interuniversity Medical Library in Paris (BIUM) Collection of the Polish theses for doctor degrees].

The study consist of two parts. The first refers to the history and the present of Medical Library in Paris - one of the richest European medical book libraries, containing among others collection gathered by Medical Faculty and the Royal Medical Society since 1391. An abridged description of its edifice in the University of René Descartes, interior decorations of its main hall and opened quarters, as well as exhibits of the Museum of Medicine History is given. Author rises merits of professor Pierre Süe - surgeon and librarian - rendered by rescue of the library dismembered during the revolution of 1789. Here we shall find references of the most valuable incunabula and rare prints of the collection, distinctive for particular periods of progress in medicine and printing art. The second part of study contains information about unique collection of doctor theses presented in Medical Faculty since 1539 to 1778, and dissertations from Montpellier, Strasbourg and universities abroad - up to 1778. Particularly important seem to be titles of 32 theses prepared by the Polish authors awarding doctor degrees in Paris in the years 1890-1900 retrieved by the author, as completing in this field the Stanislas Konopka's Polish Medical Bibliography of XIX century (vol. IX, article: Doctor Theses - Paris).

Academic Dissertations as Topic↗

PubMed1993

[How effective is the teaching of critical analysis of scientific publications? Review of studies and their methodological quality].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate studies assessing the effectiveness of teaching critical appraisal of the literature to medical students. DATA SOURCES: French and English articles published between 1980 and 1990 indexed on MEDLINE or FAMLI as well as articles identified from the bibliographies. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were evaluated if the subjects were undergraduate or postgraduate medical students and if the teaching intervention was aimed at improving one or more of the following areas: knowledge in clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, reading habits and ability to critically appraise a scientific article. DATA EXTRACTION: The methodologic quality of the articles was assessed by three evaluators, who used a modified version of Poynard's checklist to assign a score. Articles with a score of 60% or more were considered satisfactory. The reliability of the checklist was evaluated by means of the kappa (kappa) coefficient and a coefficient of intraclass correlation. DATA SYNTHESIS: For the three evaluators the mean kappa coefficient was 0.33 and the coefficient of intraclass correlation 0.70. Five of the 10 studies had an overall score of 60% or higher. The quality of the individual sections of the articles varied: purpose of the study 85%, description of the population 58%, methods 44%, analysis of results 50%, and conclusions 90%. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of teaching critical appraisal of the literature remains uncertain. More rigorous methods are needed in research in this area.

Biometry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Musculoskeletal disorders of upper extremities caused by biomechanical overload: methods and criteria for the description of occupational exposure].

This article presents and discusses a model for describing and evaluating the principal risk factors characterising occupational exposure: frequency and repetitiveness of movements, use of force, type of posture and movements, distribution of recovery periods, presence of other influential (complementary) factors. For each risk factor, the authors propose a method of practical detection in the field, as well as criteria for classifying and interpreting the results based on a critical review of the available literature on the subject. Numerous examples are supplied to better illustrate the concepts presented. The various factors considered are classified using numbers or indexes, so that they can be integrated into a concise exposure index described by the authors elsewhere in this volume.

Arm↗

PubMed1996

[Operational model of case studies as a teaching strategy for medical-surgical nursing. Student evaluation].

The study deals with a descriptive research, with the aim of assessing the contribution and difficulties expressed by students, utilizing the case study operational model, proposed by the authors as one of the teaching strategies used in Medical-Surgical Courses. In order to implement and perform the answer content analysis given by the students, authors used thematic analysis according to Bardin. With the performance of this investigation, we concluded that: students recognize the model as a teaching strategy in the formation of themselves, mainly related to theoretical and practical knowledge (70%). It encouraged them to decision making process autonomy and problem solving area besides stimulated them by using library resources. The other contribution related to knowledge refers to scientific methodology (30%), where the model emerges as an initiation strategy to this activity. Difficulties expressed by students in preparing the case study occurred in the following stage;-bibliographical survey (58%), to mainly lack of specific and updated bibliography in nursing area and lack of access indexes;-in the work essay (27%). It also revealed that the study case contributed to basic knowledge about the elaboration of a scientific essay; among others (15%).

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗

PubMed2002

Classification of medical errors and preventable adverse events in primary care: a synthesis of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and classify process errors and preventable adverse events that occur from medical care in outpatient primary care settings. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and synthesis of the medical literature. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library from 1965 through March 2001 with the MESH term medical errors, modified by adding family practice, primary health care, physicians/family, or ambulatory care and limited the search to English-language publications. Published bibliographies and Web sites from patient safety and primary care organizations were also reviewed for unpublished reports, presentations, and leads to other sites, journals, or investigators with relevant work. Additional papers were identified from the references of the papers reviewed and from seminal papers in the field. OUTCOMES MEASURED: Process errors and preventable adverse events. RESULTS: Four original research studies directly studied and described medical errors and adverse events in primary care, and 3 other studies peripherally addressed primary care medical errors. A variety of quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the studies. Extraction of results from the studies led to a classification of 3 main categories of preventable adverse events: diagnosis, treatment, and preventive services. Process errors were classified into 4 categories: clinician, communication, administration, and blunt end. CONCLUSIONS: Original research on medical errors in the primary care setting consists of a limited number of small studies that offer a rich description of medical errors and preventable adverse events primarily from the physician's viewpoint. We describe a classification derived from these studies that is based on the actual practice of primary care and provides a starting point for future epidemiologic and interventional research. Missing are studies that have patient, consumer, or other health care provider input.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗

PubMed2004

[Defense of Ovid: annotations on Metamorphoses IV 119-123)].

The description of Pyramus' suicide in the Metamorphoses has been commented on by many scholars. There has been particular criticism of the comparison between the unfortunate lover's wound, squirting out blood, and a burst water-main. This has been supposed to show yet again how Ovid, in spite of his undoubtedly great talent, is capable of ruining a story by exaggeration. Nevertheless, a medical look at his wording leads to quite a different judgement. In his simile of the burst water-main Ovid obviously had in mind the haemorrhage from a damaged femoral artery, which can shoot blood to a considerable distance, sometimes over several yards. Only in this way can the fruits of the mulberry tree, hanging high over the wounded Pyramus, be moistened with blood and painted dark. This is, after all, the metamorphosis which justifies the inclusion of the story in the whole corpus. As it is possible for a person fatally wounded in this way to survive for some hours, the poet has to guarantee that Pyramus dies within minutes of turning his sword against himself. Only so can Thisbe, returning quickly, confess her love for Pyramus in such a heartfelt way and follow him at once. The haemorrhage from a femoral artery my indeed kill a person within a few minutes. Therefore Ovid's description is neither gruesome nor tasteless but simply natural and dramatically conclusive. The comparison with the water-main is one which would easily have occurred to the poet. From Ovid' point of view and that of his contemporaries, who had no knowledge of the circulation of the blood, no better comparison can be imagined than that between the blood vessels of the human body and urban water-pipes, a technical achievement of which the Romans were particularly proud.

Blood Circulation↗

PubMed1989

[Therapeutic consultation: information oriented to clinical problems].

Therapeutical information is progressively becoming more abundant, difficult to cope with and in most cases it consists on the description of drugs rather than focusing on practical problems. In medical practice, however, we are presented with multiple complex therapeutical problems and he should be able to obtain reliable information oriented to the resolution of particular clinical situations. This is practically impossible to achieve with the currently available sources. In this paper we describe a service of therapeutic consultations created with the aim of covering this need of the health care system and as a complement of other therapeutical information. This service receives consultations from different hospitals and elaborates individualized solutions. The system is computerized so that the various solutions are kept in a data base from which the information can be easily retrieved using key words. During its first four years, 525 consults regarding the following matters have been answered: selection of therapeutic strategies (29.7%), diagnosis, attitude and prognosis of adverse reactions (28.4%), documentation (11.4%), use of drugs during pregnancy (11.2%), available preparations, bibliography, interactions, pharmacokinetic, breast feeding and others. The number of consultations has increased up to date. This new service, which can be coordinated by means of a computerized data base network, participating several centers, offers a quick, reliable, direct, and individualized information oriented to particular therapeutical problems at a relatively low cost.

Drug Information Services↗

PubMed1995

[Something more about adverse reactions to medications].

OBJECTIVE: To describe adverse drug effects (ADE) and their frequency in primary care patients. DESIGN: Descriptive and longitudinal study during 1 year (1990). SETTING: Urban Health Center. Primary Care. Madrid (Spain). PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: 15,483 persons, nine general practitioner and one pharmacist. INTERVENTIONS: Doctors were invited to register any adverse drug effects they had notice in their patients. Doctors registered information and gave notice to the pharmacist about medicines, dosage and period of administration, clinical manifestations, and improving or not if drug was withdrawal. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 326 adverse drugs effects were notified, 30.9 ADE per thousand attended patients. 117 principles actives were involved, and 415 clinical manifestations were registered. The more affected patients were women (2/1). The age groups with higher ADE relative frequencies were children under one year and older people. CONCLUSIONS: The absolute frequency of medicines involved in ADE are different to relative frequencies when ADE per thousand prescription units are used. Some of the ADE notified were not referred before in the bibliography, so primary care is a good place to research on pharmacosurveillance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Benefits of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for hydrocarbon pneumonitis.

OBJECTIVE: To review the therapeutic benefits of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the management of hydrocarbon pneumonitis. METHODS: A search of the medical literature was conducted through Medline and the bibliographies of relevant articles and a search of patient databases maintained by the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization and the American Association of Poison Control Centers was performed. All articles and case reports on the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with hydrocarbon pneumonitis were selected. The data were abstracted without judgments about study design. RESULTS: There is some evidence that pulmonary parenchymal tissue can recover from hydrocarbon pneumonitis, but the degree of injury and recovery are variable. In the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry 19 children with hydrocarbon pneumonitis were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during 1985 to 1994 and 68% survived compared to the 52% overall survival of 883 pediatric cases who had a diagnosis of a respiratory condition. A review of the American Association of Poison Control Centers data for 1993 and 1994 identified five cases of hydrocarbon pneumonitis in which extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used and two survived. There are two full case descriptions in the literature with both children surviving, but one child developed persistent moderate left hemiparesis and seizure activity. CONCLUSIONS: The need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is rare owing to the generally good outcome of most cases of hydrocarbon ingestions and pneumonitis. Only with further research on the nature and clinical course of severe hydrocarbon pneumonitis, refinement of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation criteria, and evaluation of alternative therapies, will the benefits of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation be better defined.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Supplement to the Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB): results of animal bioassays published in the general literature in 1993 to 1994 and by the National Toxicology Program in 1995 to 1996.

The Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB) is a systematic and unifying analysis of results of chronic, long-term cancer tests. This paper presents a supplemental plot of the CPDB, including 513 experiments on 157 test compounds published in the general literature in 1993 and 1994 and in Technical Reports of the National Toxicology Program in 1995 and 1996. The plot standardizes the experimental results (whether positive or negative for carcinogenicity), including qualitative data on strain, sex, route of compound administration, target organ, histopathology, and author's opinion and reference to the published paper, as well as quantitative data on carcinogenic potency, statistical significance, tumor incidence, dose-response curve shape, length of experiment, duration of dosing, and dose rate. A numerical description of carcinogenic potency, the TD(subscript)50(/subscript), is estimated for each set of tumor incidence data reported. When added to the data published earlier, the CPDB now includes results of 5,620 experiments on 1,372 chemicals that have been reported in 1,250 published papers and 414 National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program Technical Reports. The plot presented here includes detailed analyses of 25 chemicals tested in monkeys for up to 32 years by the National Cancer Institute. Half the rodent carcinogens that were tested in monkeys were not carcinogenic, despite usually strong evidence of carcinogenicity in rodents and/or humans. Our analysis of possible explanatory factors indicates that this result is due in part to the fact that the monkey studies lacked power to detect an effect compared to standard rodent bioassays. Factors that contributed to the lack of power are the small number of animals on test; a stop-exposure protocol for model rodent carcinogens; in a few cases, toxic doses that resulted in stoppage of dosing or termination of the experiment; and in a few cases, low doses administered to monkeys or early termination of the experiment even though the doses were not toxic. Among chemicals carcinogenic in both monkeys and rodents, there is some support for target site concordance, but it is primarily restricted to liver tumors. Potency values are highly correlated between rodents and monkeys. The plot in this paper can be used in conjunction with the earlier results published in the CRC Handbook of Carcinogenic Potency and Genotoxicity Databases [Gold LS, Zeiger E, eds. Boca Raton FL:CRC Press, 1997] and with our web site (http://potency.berkeley.edu), which includes a guide to the plot of the database, a complete description of the numerical index of carcinogenic potency (TD50), and a discussion of the sources of data, the rationale for the inclusion of particular experiments and particular target sites, and the conventions adopted in summarizing the literature. Two summary tables permit easy access to the literature of animal cancer tests by target organ and by chemical. For readers using the CPDB extensively, a combined plot on diskette or other format is available from the first author. It includes all results published earlier and in this paper, ordered alphabetically by chemical. A SAS database is also available.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Primary care research in the Valencia community. Original articles published over a 4-year period (1990-1993)].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of Primary Care (PC) research in the Community of Valencia through research articles. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Primary Care in the community of Valencia. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Research articles on PC published 1990-1993 by professionals from the Community of Valencia in: Atención Primaria, Medicina Clínica, Revista Clínica Española and Gaceta Sanitaria. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 43 articles published between 1990 and 1993 (6, 6, 9 and 22, respectively) were obtained from the Medline and Indice Médico Español (Spanish Medical Index) bases. Characteristics of the study, authors and bibliographic references were analysed. The greatest number of studies were published in Atención Primaria (81%), making up consistently about 10% of the annual total of articles in this journal. A descriptive design and inferential statistical analysis (comparison of proportions) were mainly used. Average number of authors was 5.14 (C.I. 95%, 4.7 - 5.6). The participation of residents (39%) was greater than that of family doctors and below that of other specialists, suggesting a certain disenchantment with research. The collaboration of different centres (49%) was high, fundamentally Health Centres among themselves and with universities. CONCLUSIONS: PC research in the Community of Valencia appears to be experiencing similar growth to that in the rest of Spain.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing research in smoking cessation: a listing of the literature, 1996-2005.

A listing of publications related to nurses and tobacco is posted on the Tobacco Free Nurses Web site (www.tobaccofreenurses.org). For this conference, a chronological listing of the numbers and type of data-based articles that focused on nursing involvement in tobacco cessation published since 1996, the year of the first publication of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Clinical Practice Guideline #18, through 2005 was developed. One hundred and seventy-five data-based papers that met the criteria, that is, the paper focused on smoking cessation and involved nurses, were identified. Most (88%) articles were exclusively focused on cessation. Research designs included experimental (38%), quasi-experimental (24%), descriptive-quantitative (25%), descriptive-qualitative (8%), meta-analyses (2%), and secondary analyses and systematic reviews (each 1%). The number of articles that focused on nursing involvement in tobacco cessation has increased eight fold in the past 10 years, from less than 5 articles published in 1996 to more than 40 published in 2005. The minority (35%) of data-based articles that focused on nurses and tobacco cessation were published in nursing journals.

Bibliometrics↗

PubMed2004

The turning point from an archaic Arab medical system to an early modern European system in Jerusalem according to the Swiss physician Titus Tobler (1806-77).

Until the end of the Ottoman period the Hippocratic-Galenic doctrine, which had been improved by medieval Muslim medicine, was the pre-dominant medicine in the Holy Land. The penetration of modern medicine into the region was a slow process, advancing step by step over the years until it was established around the end of the 19th century.Dr. Titus Tobler, a Swiss physician of many talents, first visited Jerusalem in 1835, then again in 1845, 1857, and 1865. He reported his experiences and impressions in several books and articles. His publications portray the condition of medicine in the city before the advent of European physicians, their arrival, and the establishment of the first hospitals in the city. Thanks to his endeavours, a professional description of the medical conditions prevailing in Jerusalem in the mid-19th century is available to the public. Tobler's writings include descriptions of the healers, blood-letters, quacks, medicinal substances and their market, and the diseases and illnesses from which the inhabitants suffered. In addition, Tobler produced a detailed report of the different hospitals, pharmacies, European physicians, and their experiences. A digest of Tobler's information, its fresh systematic arrangement, and its comparison with other historical sources, early as well as recent, produces a better picture than ever previously available of the medical conditions of the city in the final years of the ascendancy of Arab medical systems and in the early stages of early modern European medicine in Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

Europe↗

PubMed2003

[Ovarian mature teratoma. Clinico-pathological study of 112 cases and review of the literature].

A retrospective, descriptive study of 112 patients diagnosed and treated of mature ovarian teratoma, between January 1995 and September 2001, at Reina Sofía University Hospital, was carried out. The patient's mean age is 36.2 years old (SD = 13.8). The most frequently symptom was abdominal pain (50.9%) though a high percentage of the cases (41.1%) the patients were asymptomatic. The mean size of the tumor was 76.2 mm (SD = 35.8) and 9.8% were bilateral. The most used diagnostic procedure was ultrasound with a right diagnostic of 47.6%, though 81.3% of the cases a surgery was performed, with a preview diagnostic of ovarian tumor and the 53.8% with the right diagnostic of benign teratoma. 18.7% of the tumors was found in a laparotomy for other cause. From the 123 tumors, 96% were benign ovarian cyst, 1.6% mature solids teratomas and 2.4% struma ovarii. The most frequent surgery was unilateral oophorectomy (54.5%) and 19.6% was total hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy, with the mean age of this last ones of 54.8 years old (SD = 12.0). The preservation of the ovarian function was in 75% of the patients. We will analyze our results and compare with the bibliography.

Adolescent↗