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PubMed2002

Crossing the line.

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Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2004

The morality of problem selection in proteomics.

The emerging power of new technologies in proteomics and the biological sciences to alter the human condition demands that scientists hold a new perspective on the social responsibilities of their research. Ethical theory can help scientists recognize not only those research projects that are harmful, but also those research paths that can create the greatest improvements in human health on a global scale. Whereas individual choices are important for the direction of scientific research, these choices may have limited social effects if they are not coordinated with larger institutional and inter-institutional structures. The perspective presented here calls for the Human Proteome Organization to recognize the ten most ethically significant proteomes to be characterized, with the hopes of rallying support and directing the research efforts of scientists in the proteomics community toward these goals.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2006

Biostatisticians, biostatistical science and the future.

Biostatistical Science is in a 'golden period'. The definition of Biostatistical Science is the application of statistics, probability, mathematics and computing to advance our understanding of the subject matter in the biomedical sciences. Our field is experiencing unparallel developments due of the advances in communication and computing. We are becoming more global, we have resources which can expand educational opportunities for distant learning; the growth of quantitative methods in the biomedical sciences has made biostatistical science a key component in many research areas. What about the future? Are we receptive to change as many new scientific areas expand? Will the interaction between academia and industry likely to grow-especially in the training of future practitioners of biostatistical science. This paper discusses some of challenges facing our profession if we are to continue to be relevant in the biomedical sciences.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2006

Training of the next generation of biostatisticians: a call to action in the U.S.

Two workshops (2001, 2003) were held by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to examine the need to train more biostatisticians in the U.S. to meet the increasing opportunities in the biomedical research enterprise. The supply of new PhD graduates in biostatistics in the U.S. has been relatively steady for the past two decades while the demand has increased dramatically. These workshops concluded that a renewed effort must be made in the U.S., led in part by the NIH, to add to and expand the existing training programs to increase the supply. This article summarizes those two workshops and their recommendations. Some progress has been made through a new biostatistics training program with emphasis in bioinformatics sponsored by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS).

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed1992

The effect of a multiple literature database search--a numerical evaluation in the domain of Japanese life science.

In literature database searching, we show that it is necessary to use plural databases for a more improved search. We also compare the results of a single database search with that of multiple database search in the domain of Japanese life sciences. We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE using the same search terms. There were some differences in the results, owing to differences in the journals and recording methods. We herein show some of the differences in the journals contained in both databases. Furthermore, we show the differences in the number of papers derived from the same journal. Next, as an example of a practical search, we selected some universities in Japan, searched both databases regarding papers published from these universities and then merged the results by hand. According to our results, only 63% of all papers were common to both databases.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed1992

[Research under reduced gravity. Part II: experiments in variable gravitational fields].

Recently, the reduced gravitational field of space laboratories, rockets, or satellites in Earth orbits offers a gravitational field which is variable from 10(-4) g to 1 g by the use of centrifuges. Especially with plants, data concerning gravisensitivity are based on experiments with clinostats. First experiments in reduced gravitational fields, however, demonstrate the uncertainty of these results. Thus, the main task of gravitational biologists is to test the validity of results obtained with the aid of clinostats. On this basis it should be possible to find a common mechanism to explain the influence of gravity on organisms. Experiments under reduced gravity in sounding rockets provided new knowledge on the perception of the gravity stimulus in plant cells.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed1992

[Research under reduced gravity. Part I: bases of gravitational biology].

The orientation of organisms in space and their morphogenesis in relation to the gravitational field of the Earth are the main topics of research in the field of gravitational biology. For more than 100 years clinostats provided the only possibility to simulate physiological weightlessness. In contrast to animals, plants are characterized by intracellular gravireceptors. Nevertheless, there are some indications, e.g., the minimal energy of approx. 10(-18) J triggering a gravity-dependent response, for similar mechanisms of gravity perception. Stretch-activated ion channels might be the common structural basis.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of nuclear physics methods in life sciences in the USSR.

Analytical nuclear physics methods, as well as radioanalytical, X-ray, and radiometric techniques are widely used in the Soviet Union in life sciences studies. Main approaches to the study of natural materials by activation analysis, including bulk analyses, localized analyses, speciation, and in vivo experiments are described. Examples of applications in agriculture to increase protein content of wheat, to improve crop yield, and to enhance resistivity of cotton plants to diseases are given. Activation analysis is used in medicine for prognosis and study of processes of pathogenesis. Detailed information on trace elements is valuable in environmental studies, and general regularities in biogeochemistry may be clarified with activation analysis.

Activation Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Applications of nuclear analytical methods in the life sciences as exemplified by recent research programs of the IAEA.

More than 300 research nuclear reactors are presently in operation in 56 countries, most of which are suitable for neutron activation analysis (NAA). Typical applications in the life sciences are exemplified by recent research programs of the IAEA involving the participation of institutes in 47 countries. Topics of interest include applications of NAA (together with XRF and PIXE) in occupational health, nutrition, and environmental studies, including analyses of solid wastes and aerosols. The IAEA supports such programs not only by providing funding, but also through quality assurance and information services.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2006

[Psychotherapy in the life sciences].

In the 150 years since psychotherapies were theoretically founded and first practised, changes have occurred in the understanding of humans from concepts based on physical sciences to concepts rooted in biologic life sciences. Biopsychosocial knowledge of the way human nature links with environmental factors has resulted in new views on the causes of psychological disorders and the tasks of psychotherapy. The main selective processes of adjustment to the environment take place with genetic variations between the 6th and 20th years of life and in further developments until death. Psychotherapy has to overcome pathologically distorted impressions of the environment. Latent abilities and neglected options need to manifest themselves for patients to find a new outlook on life.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2006

Gravitational biology within the German Space Program: goals, achievements, and perspectives.

Gravity plays an important role for the evolution, orientation and development of organisms. Most of us, however, tend to overlook its importance because--due to its constant presence from the beginning of evolution some 4 billion years ago--this environmental parameter is almost hardwired into our interpretation of reality. This negligence of gravity is the more surprising as we all have our strong fights with this factor, especially during the very early and again during the late phases of our lives. On the other hand, scientists have been fascinated to observe the effects of gravity especially on plants and microorganisms for more than a hundred years, since Darwin and Sachs demonstrated the role of the root cap for downward growing plants. Different experimental approaches are nowadays available in order to change the influence of gravity and to study the corresponding influences on the physiology of biological systems. With the advent of spaceflight, a long-term nearly nullification of gravity is possible. Utilisation of this so-called "microgravity" condition for research in life sciences thus became an important asset in the space programs of various space agencies around the world. The German Space Life Sciences Program is managed--like all other space programs and activities in Germany--by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in its role as space agency for Germany. Within the current space program, approved by the German government in May 2001, the overall goal for its life sciences part was defined as to gain scientific knowledge and to disclose new application potential by research under space conditions, especially by utilising the microgravity environment of the International Space Station. Three main scientific fields have been identified in collaboration with the scientific community: integrative human physiology, biotechnological applications of the microgravity environment, and fundamental biology of gravity and radiation responses (i.e., gravitational and radiation biology). In the present contribution, specific goals as well as achievements and perspectives of research in gravitational biology are given. In addition, some information is provided on spaceflight opportunities available.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Functional anatomy: a taxonomic proposal.

It is argued that medical science requires a classificatory system that (a) puts functions in the taxonomic center and (b) does justice ontologically to the difference between the processes which are the realizations of functions and the objects which are their bearers. We propose formulae for constructing such a system and describe some of its benefits. The arguments are general enough to be of interest to all the life sciences.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2005

Historical and philosophical perspectives on experimental practice in medicine and the life sciences.

The aim of this paper is to discuss a key question in the history and philosophy of medicine, namely how scholars should treat the practices and experimental hypotheses of modern life science laboratories. The paper seeks to introduce some prominent historiographical methods and theoretical approaches associated with biomedical research. Although medical scientists need no convincing that experimentation has a significant function in their laboratory work, historians, philosophers, and sociologists long neglected its importance when examining changes in medical theories or progress in scientific knowledge. The reason appears to have been the academic influence of the then dominant tradition in the history of ideas, but was also due to a misconception of what could usefully be termed the view on "historical ontology." During the last two decades, there have been many books and research articles that have turned towards the subject, so that the study of experimental practice has become a major trend in the contemporary history and philosophy of medicine. A closer look at the issue of laboratory research shows that concepts in medicine and the life sciences cannot be understood as historically constant, free-standing ideas, but have to be regarded as dependent on local research settings. They often carry particular "social memories" with them and thus acquire important ethical implications.

Biological Science Disciplines↗