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PubMed2003

[Change in body image of patients with alcohol dependence during treatment process].

In order to find useful information for the establishment of new treatment method to alcohol dependence, we investigated the change of the body image of patients with alcohol dependence before and after the treatment. HABIT (Haga Body Image Test), a questionnaire about body image developed in department of psychiatry in Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, was used to examine the change of body image between pre- and post-3-month conventional treatment program in 46 patients with alcohol dependence hospitalized into special institutions for treatment of the disease in Kyoto. Patients with poor outcome of the treatment showed improvement of body image on visceral function, feeling of appetite and outward appearance, while patients with good outcome indicated no significant change in these aspects. This finding likely suggests that the treatment would result in good outcome in patients having stable feeling of physical health, and the cognitive treatment approach about these aspects of body image should be performed on the patients with poor treatment outcome. On the other hand, the body image about motor function showed significantly higher score in the patients approach for the patients with poor outcome to become aware of their physical activity would be effective.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Correlates of body image dissatisfaction in extremely obese female bariatric surgery candidates.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated correlates of body image dissatisfaction in 131 extremely obese female bariatric surgery candidates. METHODS: Female gastric bypass surgery candidates participating in a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation completed a battery of established self-report measures of body image and psychosocial functioning. Nine predictors of body image dissatisfaction were considered: body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, childhood onset of obesity, childhood teasing about weight, binge eating, depression, self-esteem, shame, and perfectionism. RESULTS: Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the nine variables jointly accounted for 48% of the variance; three variables, depression, self-esteem and perfectionism, made significant independent contributions. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of adult psychological functioning (depression, self-esteem and perfectionism) for predicting body image dissatisfaction in extremely obese female bariatric surgery candidates.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes and perceptions of body image in postpartum African American women. Does weight make a difference?

PURPOSE: To describe the attitudes and perceptions of body image of African American postpartum women, and the differences in these measures when body mass index (BMI) was considered. DESIGN: Descriptive comparative. METHODOLOGY: Secondary analysis of a larger study. The sample was 45 African American women. Body image was assessed using the Attitude to Body Image Scale (ABIS) and the topographic device. Participants were grouped according to BMI categories. Body image differences by BMI category were determined using ANOVA. RESULTS: The mean ABIS score for the total sample was 2.8 (range = 1.0-5.8). Although not statistically significantly different, the mean ABIS score for the overweight/obese group was 3.4 (SD = 0.42), for the normal weight group the mean score was 2.8 (SD = 0.22) and for the underweight group it was 2.6 (SD = 0.24). The mean amount of perceived space occupied was 30.0 while the mean amount of actual space occupied was 21.0 in (N = 45). When the perceptual component was assessed, all women, irrespective of size, considered themselves larger than they actually were. However, perceptions did not differ by body mass category. IMPLICATIONS: Nurses can use this information to plan culturally sensitive postpartum care relative to body image and weight. Healthcare providers may wish to develop interventions that foster healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as healthy eating habits, based on health promotion rather than on weight loss. With this caveat in mind, performing a 24-hr recall of foods eaten would be an appropriate assessment strategy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Current conceptualisation of body image dissatisfaction: have we got it wrong?

BACKGROUND: This study addresses limitations of previous research by examining the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction within two developmental periods: childhood and adolescence. METHODS: A sample of 448 boys and 508 girls completed self-report measures of global body image dissatisfaction. Weight and height of all participants were also determined. RESULTS: Our results indicated that body image dissatisfaction differs significantly depending upon sex and body mass. Importantly, the results revealed a multi-modal distribution in the data, particularly for boys. That is, for females there was a significant increase in body dissatisfaction across bodyweight, reflecting a predominant desire to be thinner. In contrast, for boys, there was a differential pattern; with those who were overweight wanting to be thinner, but those who were underweight wanting to be larger. Moreover, whilst for both sexes, body image dissatisfaction was found to be evident in childhood as well as adolescence, during the former developmental period, it appeared to be less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that, contrary to previous propositions, body image dissatisfaction is of concern for males as well as females, although the distribution of such is strikingly different. The outcomes suggest that it is time to reframe our conceptualisation of this construct. Specifically, the identified non-linear distribution of means indicates that inferential analysis of body image dissatisfaction data needs to be conducted independently for each sex, as well as each body mass grouping.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Child sexual abuse sequelae and body-image surgery.

Child sexual abuse is common and damages the body image. Child sexual abuse survivors may request body-image surgery. Seven patients are described in whom child sexual abuse sequelae complicated body-image surgery. Two patients viewed their surgeons as similar to sexual abusers. Yet two patients were clearly, and two possibly, helped by the surgery. Surgeons can detect and manage such patients by (1) having a child sexual abuse therapist on hand for consultation, (2) adding "abuse" to the medical history form, (3) recommending to known or suspected child sexual abuse patients preoperative therapy or a self-help book, (4) obtaining specific permission for any body contact, (5) stating belief in abuse, if revealed, (6) explaining the surgery in unusual detail, (7) recognizing the high-risk child sexual abuse groups, and, (8) declining to operate on the angry child sexual abuse patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Male body image following acquired brain injury.

The purpose of this study was to investigate body image concerns and psycho-emotional health in males with acquired brain injury (ABI). Using a between subjects study of 25 males with ABI and 25 matched controls, variables were analysed using correlations and 2 x 2 analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with head injury and injury type as independent variables. Body image and psycho-emotional health were evaluated using self-report questionnaires. Disability and cognitive impairment were measured using a mixture of self-report, cognitive testing and clinical notes. Results indicated that males with ABI had significantly lower self-esteem and body dissatisfaction on a number of items relating to physical and sexual functioning. There were significant differences in body image between stroke and TBI, but there was no corresponding relationship with psycho-emotional health. These body image differences might be explained by age. The finding that ABI has a negative effect on body image and that this relates to psycho-emotional health should be investigated further, perhaps being included in future rehabilitation strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of weight control and weight control plus body image therapy for obese men and women.

Participants were 65 obese men and women who were randomly assigned to either weight control or weight control plus cognitive behavioral body image therapy. Both conditions showed clinically significant improvements in body image at posttreatment and 1-year follow-up. Adding body image therapy to weight control did not result in greater psychological improvements and did not result in better maintenance of body image change when participants regained weight after treatment. Weight loss and maintenance were equivalent between groups. Adding body image therapy did not improve or detract from weight loss. Although body image therapy has been shown to be effective in obese persons, it appears that a well-rounded cognitive-behavioral weight control program is effective as well.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Body image concerns and behavioral responses in a patient with cerebellopontine angle tumor].

This case report investigates the behavioral responses of body image change of a cerebellopontine angle tumor patient. Twelve process recordings obtained from a field study comprised the data for analysis. The dimensions of the subject's body image change were body structure, body function, body sensation, and social function change. Two types of behavioral response were delineated and categorized as the following: (1) Identifying the individual's body image change, such as seeking information, seeking reassurance, and comparative behavior. (2) Maintaining the integrity of individual's body image, such as rationalizing behavior, maintenance behavior, cooperative behavior and seeking religious support. This paper reports how the investigators used nursing interventions to help the subject gradually get through the process and adapt to the body image changes properly.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1983

Body image of drug and alcohol abusers.

This study attempted to determine whether male and female drug and alcohol abusers evidenced more body image distortions than nonabusers. Body image was measured by magnitude estimations of 22 two-dimensional body parts. Results indicated a differential sex effect for the drug and alcohol abusers: Male abusers manifested body image distortions related to heightened need for control and power; female abusers manifested body image distortions related to feelings of insecurity and inferiority.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Experimental analyses of body image in the chimpanzee.

It is difficult to study body image in animals. In this study, it is assumed that the perception of the body of others reflects body image. The perception of the human face was examined in a series of six experiments with a chimpanzee. Delayed-matching-to-sample tasks were employed. Although the chimpanzee mastered the tasks and showed transfer of performance to new faces, subtle changes in the matching face resulted in the deterioration of performance. Responses of the chimpanzee were often controlled by factors other than the facial stimuli. Thus, although the chimpanzee has a body image as humans do, it may not be as clear and as segmented.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in elementary-age school girls.

Concerns about weight, shape, body image, dieting, and eating are evident among elementary-age school girls [Int. J. Eating Disord. 10 (1991) 199; J. Adolesc. Health 12 (1991) 307; Pediatrics 84 (1989) 482; J. Clin. Psychol. 21 (1992) 41; Addict. Behav. (2000).]. Body image dissatisfaction, found to predict the formation of eating disturbances in longitudinal studies [Eating Disord.: J. Treat. Prev. 2 (1994) 114; Int. J. Eating Disord. 18 (1995) 221.], is likely a necessary precursor of eating disturbance development [J. Abnorm. Psychol. 102 (1993) 438.]. Turning back the etiological clock, this study examines the association between body image dissatisfaction and four potential areas of influence, including peer relationships, family characteristics, personality features, and body mass index, among girls in grades three, four, and five. Each conceptual area significantly contributed to the prediction of body image dissatisfaction. The combination of statistically significant variables, including teasing, peer modeling of weight and shape concerns, daughters' perceptions of parental influence to lose or control weight, appearance comparison, sensitivity, and body mass index, accounted for 50% of the variance in general body image dissatisfaction and 45% in weight and shape dissatisfaction. Implications for prevention, treatment, and future research are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Relating body image to psychological and sexual functioning in child sexual abuse survivors.

Cognitive-affective body image variables and their relation to long-term psychological and sexual functioning were investigated in a community sample of 57 female adult child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors and 47 comparison subjects. The Body-Self Relations Questionnaire and the Body Esteem Scale were administered to assess cognitive-affective body image. Group comparisons indicated that, after controlling for actual weight status, survivors evaluated their health more negatively and reported less body esteem regarding their sexual attractiveness than comparison subjects. Body image variables related to health and sexual attractiveness significantly explained variance on symptom measures that reflect the diverse CSA long-term sequelae. Results suggest the need for careful assessment of body image disturbances and the development of effective interventions targeting body image in the treatment of CSA survivors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

New assessments of weight-related body image derived from extant instruments.

A study of 79 female college students examined the reliability and validity of two new size/weight-related measures of body image. The Body-size Appraisal Scale and the Overweight Preoccupation Scale were derived from existing instruments. Analyses supported the internal consistency and 2-wk. test-retest reliability of both new scales. Correlations of scores on each scale with measures of anxiety about being fat, negative body-image affect and avoidance, restrained and bulimic eating, and depression support their concurrent and construct validity. Scores on the Overweight Preoccupation Scale were also related to the extent of investment in physical appearance. Regression analyses indicated that each new scale could be predicted from several other conceptually relevant body-image attitudes, even after actual body weight was controlled.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Bigger is not always better: body image dissatisfaction in breast reduction and breast augmentation patients.

This study investigated body image dissatisfaction in breast reduction and breast augmentation patients. Thirty breast reduction and 30 breast augmentation patients completed two body image measures preoperatively. Breast reduction patients reported greater dissatisfaction with their overall body image as compared with breast augmentation patients, part of which can be understood as a function of their increased body weight. When asked specifically about their breasts, reduction patients displayed increased body image dysphoria and maladaptive behavioral change, including embarrassment about their breasts in public areas and social settings and avoidance of physical activity. Results are discussed in the context of ideal body weight cutoffs by third-party payers for reimbursement for breast reduction. Recommendations for reimbursement criteria that de-emphasize the role of body weight are made.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Women seeking treatment for advanced pelvic organ prolapse have decreased body image and quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: Women who seek treatment for pelvic organ prolapse strive for an improvement in quality of life. Body image has been shown to be an important component of differences in quality of life. To date, there are no data on body image in patients with advanced pelvic organ prolapse. Our objective was to compare body image and quality of life in women with advanced pelvic organ prolapse with normal controls. STUDY DESIGN: We used a case-control study design. Cases were defined as subjects who presented to a tertiary urogynecology clinic with advanced pelvic organ prolapse (stage 3 or 4). Controls were defined as subjects who presented to a tertiary care gynecology or women's health clinic for an annual visit with normal pelvic floor support (stage 0 or 1) and without urinary incontinence. All patients completed a valid and reliable body image scale and a generalized (Short Form Health Survey) and condition-specific (Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20) quality-of-life scale. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to adjust for possible confounding variables. RESULTS: Forty-seven case and 51 control subjects were enrolled. After controlling for age, race, parity, previous hysterectomy, and medical comorbidities, subjects with advanced pelvic organ prolapse were more likely to feel self-conscious (adjusted odds ratio 4.7; 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 18, P = .02), less likely to feel physically attractive (adjusted odds ratio 11; 95% confidence interval 2.9 to 51, P < .001), less likely to feel feminine (adjusted odds ratio 4.0; 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 15, P = .03), and less likely to feel sexually attractive (adjusted odds ratio 4.6; 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 17, P = .02) than normal controls. The groups were similar in their feeling of dissatisfaction with appearance when dressed, difficulty looking at themselves naked, avoiding people because of appearance, and overall dissatisfaction with their body. Subjects with advanced pelvic organ prolapse suffered significantly lower quality of life on the physical scale of the SF-12 (mean 42; 95% confidence interval 39 to 45 versus mean 50; 95% confidence interval 47 to 53, P < .009). However, no differences between groups were noted on the mental scale of the SF-12 (mean 51; 95% confidence interval 50 to 54 versus mean 50; 95% confidence interval 47 to 52, P = .56). Additionally, subjects with advanced pelvic organ prolapse scored significantly worse on the prolapse, urinary, and colorectal scales and overall summary score of Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 than normal controls (mean summary score 104; 95% confidence interval 90 to 118 versus mean 29; 95% confidence interval 16 to 43, P < .0001), indicating a decrease in condition-specific quality of life. Worsening body image correlated with lower quality of life on both the physical and mental scales of the SF-12 as well as the prolapse, urinary, and colorectal scales and overall summary score of Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 in subjects with advanced pelvic organ prolapse. CONCLUSION: Women seeking treatment for advanced pelvic organ prolapse have decreased body image and overall quality of life. Body image may be a key determinant for quality of life in patients with advanced prolapse and may be an important outcome measure for treatment evaluation in clinical trials.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of participation in physical activity on body image of amputees.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine body image in individuals with amputations and to determine if a relationship exists between body image and level of participation in physical activity and sports. A secondary objective was to examine correlations between two body-image assessments. DESIGN: A nonrandomized survey was given to a convenience-volunteer sample of individuals of at least 18 yr of age with a lower limb amputation. RESULTS: Twenty-four participants were active and 32 were minimally active. Statistical significance was preset at P < 0.05, with a 95% confidence interval. An overall significant difference was found between groups on the MBSRQ and on three of the 10 MBSRQ subscales. Significant correlations were found between six MBSRQ subscales and the ABIS. CONCLUSION: A positive relationship was found between regular participation in physical activity and body image among lower limb amputees.

Adult↗