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PubMedDate not supplied

[Cranio-cerebral trauma and circadian rhythms of activity of several functions of the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-adrenal system in patients of different age groups].

The circadian rhythms of the androgenic and glucocorticoid activity of the adrenal cortex were examined in 7 patients with concussions of the brain, and in 22 -- with contusions. The excretion of 17-ketosteroids and of total 17-oxycorticosteroids was determined dynamically in separate 6-hour portions of the urine. In cases of brain concussions, both in the initial period of the trauma, and 10--12 days therafter, only a tendency towards increased excretion of corticosteroids during the night and decreased excretion in the morning hours was observed. In brain contusions the rhythm of andorgenic activity was altered. The most significant alterations caused by a severe trauma were observed in the rhythm of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex: its reduction in the morning hours, and increase during the night. Some 10--12 days after the brain contusions the rhythm of the hormonal activity remained altered, especially in young and middle-aged patients. These peculiarities of the rhythms should be taken into account when prescribing replacement corticosteroid therapy.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed2001

[Changes in the activities of oxidoreductases, content of malondialdehyde and medium weight molecules in the blood of patients with craniocerebral injuries of different severity].

Biochemical changes are determined by the severity of craniocerebral injury. Twenty-four hours after the injury the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in lymphocytes increases significantly in patients with brain concussion and contusion of medium severity. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity increases in patients with repeated brain concussion. The content of malonic dialdehyde is increased in patients with repeated brain concussion and decreased in severe brain contusion. The level of medium-weight molecules is increased in all patients with craniocerebral injuries. The activities of these enzymes are virtually unchanged in the patients with lethal outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow after experimental fluid percussion injury of the brain.

To test the hypothesis that concussive brain injury autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), 24 cats were subjected to hemorrhagic hypotension in 10-mm Hg increments while measurements were made of arterial and intracranial pressure, CBF, and arterial blood gases. Eight cats served as controls, while eight were subjected to mild fluid percussion injury of the brain (1.5 to 2.2 atmospheres) and eight to severe injury (2.8 to 4.8 atmospheres). Injury produced only transient changes in arterial and intracranial pressure, and no change in resting CBF. Impairment of autoregulation was found in injured animals, more pronounced in the severe-injury group. This could not be explained on the basis of intracranial hypertension, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, or brain damage localized to the area of the blood flow electrodes. It is, therefore, concluded that concussive brain injury produces a generalized loss of autoregulation for at least several hours following injury.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prospective studies of multimodal evoked potentials in patients after cranio-cerebral injury].

In 42 patients aged 18-68 years somatosensory, visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials were studied in the first month after trauma and after 6-8 months after craniocerebral trauma for evaluation of their diagnostic importance in less severe craniocerebral trauma. On the basis of the results of neurological examination, CT of the head, and duration of unconsciousness in 22 cases brain concussion and in 20 cases brain contusion was diagnosed. In patients after brain concussion the frequency of early and late abnormalities after head trauma was as follows: for SSEP 36.4% and 27.3% respectively, for visual evoked potentials 21.1% and 5.3%, for auditory potentials 9.5% and 4.8%. In cases of brain contusion abnormalities were found in the 1st month and 6-8 months after trauma in SSEP in 60% and 20% respectively, in visual EP in 11.1% and 22.2%, and in auditory EP in 30% and 40%. In the group of concussion the greatest and most persistent changes developed in the later components od SSEP. Among certain patients with brain contusion deterioration of the results of visual and auditory evoked potentials were noted late after trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Plasma corticosterone level in experimental mild cranio-cerebral injury in rabbits].

The content of corticosterone in the rabbits blood plasma in dynamics of experimental brain concussion was studied. We found two peaks of elevating the content of corticosterone during two weeks (15 minutes-2 hours, 7 days). Level of corticosterone more than twice exceeded the control values after 3 months of concussion. We can conclude that the brain concussion distinct from the stress action was more deep and in some cases with irreversible changes in neuro-humoral status.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Post-concussion syndrome. Brain damage, constitutional characteristics and environmental reactions.

A 9-year-old boy was referred for child-psychiatric examination because of failure in school, restlessness, impulsiveness and concentration difficulties. The symptomatology was ascribed to a previous severe head injury and defined as a post-concussion syndrome. During the examination it was found that he had an identical twin brother without a history of brain-damage. A comparison of the patient and his twin brother with the same examination methods at the age of 9 and 18 gave similar results. These indicate that factors other than brain damage also could explain a clinical picture with school failure, restlessness, impulsiveness and concentration difficulties in a schoolboy. The question arises whether a clinical picture of this kind are the symptoms of stress among vulnerable boys in reaction to excessive demands from their psychosocial environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The dynamics of aminotransferase activity in the blood plasma as a reflection of the characteristics of the pathological process in patients with craniocerebral trauma].

The activity of alanin-aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) was measured in blood plasma of 103 patients with brain trauma. Sex-related differences were found. One day after the trauma ALT and AST activity rose significantly both in men and women with brain concussion, in males with mild and moderate brain contusion. In severe brain contusion the enzymes activity did not change. Eight days after the trauma AST activity significantly lowered in patients with brain concussion. No changes in aminotransferases activity one day after severe brain contusion evidence for biochemical maladaptation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Early and late outcome in head injury patients with radiological evidence of brain damage.

This study examined the early and late outcome in head injury patients with focal or multifocal (unilateral or bilateral) brain contusions revealed by computerized tomography (CT) scanning. The outcome was also evaluated in patients hospitalized due to brain concussion. Three months after the injury (the early outcome) 43% of the 86 cases with multifocal contusions on the CT scan were dead. As evaluated by the Glasgow Outcome Scale, all the 57 patients with a focal brain contusion, as well as the 117 cases with brain concussion, made a good recovery or were moderately disabled. The late outcome (1 to 5 years after injury) was evaluated in 78 cases with brain contusion and in 85 cases with brain concussion, and revealed that complaints and impaired adaptive functioning were frequent in both the contusion and concussion group. The occurrence of headache, dizziness and sleep problems did not significantly differ among the various head injury groups. However, focal or multifocal brain contusions on the CT scan increased the frequency of impaired memory, impaired concentration, speech problems, weakness in arms or legs and seizures with loss of consciousness. Cognitive deficits and speech problems were particularly common in patients with a focal contusion in the temporal lobe. The late adaptive and social functioning were most markedly impaired in cases with multifocal bilateral contusions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The serotonin content of the blood plasma in patients with craniocerebral trauma of varying degrees of severity].

It is shown that 24 hours after closed craniocerebral trauma plasma serotonin significantly rises in patients with moderate brain concussion and contusion. In repeated brain concussion and severe contusion these changes were absent. This may be due to biochemical maladaptation. Serotonin levels in patients with brain contusion lowered significantly 15 and 22 days after the trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Excitatory and inhibitory corticospinal responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with minor to moderate head injury.

OBJECTIVES: The changes in excitatory and inhibitory responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), as attested by motor evoked potential (MEP) and silent period (SP) parameters, were compared in patients who sustained minor to moderate head injury. METHODS: A total of 38 patients with brain concussion, and diffuse, focal, and combined brain injury and 20 healthy volunteers were examined. The MEPs and SPs were recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis muscle after single pulse TMS 2 weeks after head trauma. The parameters assessed were the MEP resting threshold, the MEP/M wave amplitude ratio, the central motor conduction time (CMCT), the SP threshold, the interthreshold difference (ITD), and the SP duration (SPD). RESULTS: The main finding was an increase in the ITD in patients with mild and moderate head injury due to the relatively greater augmentation of the MEP threshold. This was associated with a reduction of the MEP/M wave amplitude ratio. The degree of MEP and SP changes depended on severity of head injury and was not related to the type of brain lesions. The SPD did not differ significantly in brain concussion, or diffuse, focal and combined brain injury groups compared with the control group. The CMCT was prolonged in patients with diffuse and combined brain lesions. Among subjective complaints only fatigue was significantly related to ITD, MEP, and SP threshold abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that mechanisms involved in MEP and SP generation are differently affected in head injury, the first being impaired more severely. The increase of the ITD accompanied by reduction of the MEP/M wave amplitude ratio may reflect a dissociated impairment of inhibitory and excitatory components of central motor control in head trauma.

Adolescent↗