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PubMed2004

The effect of accent evaluation and evidence on a suspect's perceived guilt and criminality.

The authors investigated the effect of accent evaluation, evidence, and crime type on participants' perceptions of guilt and criminality. British student raters (n = 199) listened to a tape-recorded exchange between a male criminal suspect and a male policeman. The authors manipulated this exchange to produce a 2 (accent type: English regional or standard) x 2 (evidence type: strong or weak) x 2 (crime type: blue collar or white collar) factorial design. Dependent measures consisted of participants' ratings of the suspect's guilt and criminality. Contrary to previous research, accent did not significantly influence attributions of guilt either as a main effect or in interaction with the contextual variables. However, independent of evidence presented and crime type, the regional-accented suspect was evaluated as more typically criminal and more likely to be reaccused of a crime than the standard-accented suspect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Mental disorder and criminality: male schizophrenia.

This study investigated lifetime prevalence of criminal behavior in a population of male schizophrenia patients. A total of 282 schizophrenia patients was divided into three subgroups (representing schizophreniform disorder, acute schizophrenia, and chronic schizophrenia). The same number of control subjects was drawn from the general population and matched with the patients for sex, age, marital status, occupational level, and community size. The full account of conviction records in the criminal register was used as a measure of criminal behavior. Patients were 5 times more likely to have been convicted of violent crimes, 2 1/2 times more likely to have been convicted of crimes against property, and almost 3 times more likely to have violated drug laws. Criminality rates in schizophrenia depended, however, not only on the type of offense but also on the type or stage of the illness, which contributed to criminal behavior to some extent independently of sociodemographic factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

DSM-IV conduct disorder symptoms in adolescents as markers of registered criminality.

A nationwide sample of 1,079 Norwegian adolescent psychiatric in-patients, 581 males and 498 females, were followed up after 11-33 (mean 23.2) years. On the basis of detailed records from index hospitalisation they were re-diagnosed and retrospectively scored on 14 of the 15 behaviour items listed as diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder in DSM-IV. The patient list was linked to the national criminal registry, and 48% were found to have a criminal record. The ability of the 14 behaviour items to identify overall and specific kinds of registered criminality was investigated. In males, "stealing" was the strongest marker for overall and violent crime. "Having fored someone into sexual activity" was a strong marker for later sex offences. In females, "running away from home" was strongly associated with overall and violent registered criminality. ROC curves were constructed to test the sensitivity and specificity of the sum of conduct disorder behaviour items fulfilled in the identification of individuals with registered criminality. The area under the curve was 0.81 (95% c. i. = 0.78-0.85) in males and 0.75 (95% c. i. = 0.71-0.80) in females. A cutoff at 3 criteria fulfilled seemed optimal in males and somewhat high in females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Criminal abortion and concealment of birth in Transkei region, South Africa.

The objective was to estimate the incidence of criminal abortions and concealment of births in Transkei. This paper presents a review of the records of the medico-legal register at Umtata General Hospital from 1993-2003. There were 37 cases of premature concealed births and conceptus material brought to the attention of medico-legal investigators between 1993 and 2003. Of these, 26 (70.3%) were concealed births, and 11 (29.7%) were abortion products. There is great variability in the incidence of abortion and concealment of births during this period. There were nine cases in 1993 and three in 2003. No case was reported in 1994. There was only a single case reported in each of the years 1995, 1997 and 2001, and four cases in each of the years 1996, 1998 and 2002. In 1998 there were eight cases, the highest for any year after promulgation of the Abortion Act. There is no significant difference in the number of cases reported for medico-legal investigation of criminal abortion and concealment of births before and after the Abortion Act which came into effect in 1997.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMed1993

Early language and intelligence development and their relationship to future criminal behavior.

The relationship between intelligence, measured regularly from the ages of 3 to 17 years, and registered criminality was investigated for boys (N = 122) in a birth-to-maturity study. Significant negative correlations appeared at several ages, even for intelligence assessed as early as at the age of 3. The hypothesis was advanced that the early language development of the boys would be negatively associated with future criminality. Information on language development, obtained by applying the Brunet-Lézine psychomotor developmental test for infants, substantiated this hypothesis. Significant correlations with registered criminality appeared for language development at 6, 18, and 24 months. Further support for the hypothesized link was provided by psychologists' ratings of children's verbal behavior and by maternal reports of their child's speech at the ages 3 to 5. The role of early language retardation in contributing to later criminality is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

The scientific and ethical basis of the clinical evaluation of medicines. Report of an international conference, held as a guest conference at the Ditchley Foundations, Ditchley Park, England, 13-16 September 1979.

The scientific basis of the clinical evaluation of medicines is well established, and clinical investigators have also given considerable attention to the ethical problems. But of recent years there has been increasing concern with and criticism of the ethics of these procedures. Lawyers, medical doctors and others have expressed the opinion that the randomised controlled therapeutic trial subordinates the rights of the individual to the advantage of society to a degree that can even be "criminal". Clinical investigators must respond to such criticism, even if it stems only from a few individuals. Therefore, a conference was convened on this topic. The scientific basis of evaluation of medicines in man was reviewed and found to be in accord with the best ethical standards. The objections that have been advanced were considered and were found to be both misconceived and liable to lead to the proliferation of medicines inadequately evaluated for efficacy and safety, to the disadvantage of society.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1988

Empirically derived MMPI profile subgroups of incarcerated homicide offenders.

Several classification systems have been developed to identify subgroups of criminals. Recently, investigations have attempted to derive empirical classifications of specific types of offenders. The present study investigated the occurrence of MMPI profile subgroups in a sample of incarcerated homicide offenders. One hundred and eighteen convicted male homicide offenders were the subjects. MMPIs were collected as a part of evaluations to determine eligibility for a work release program. Results identified four distinct profile subgroups, which ranged in levels of psychopathology from normal to severely disturbed. Subgroups are discussed with reference to previous research and the development of a taxonomic system for homicide offenders.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The Poehlman case: running away from the truth.

Eric T. Poehlman, Ph.D., was an internationally recognized, tenured professor at the University of Vermont (UVM) in Burlington when, in October 2000, a junior member of Poehlman's laboratory became convinced that he had altered data from a study on aging volunteers from the Burlington area. This suspicion developed into one of the most significant cases of scientific misconduct in the history of the US Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Office of Research Integrity (ORI), launching a US Department of Justice (DOJ) civil and criminal fraud investigation and, eventually, to a much publicized guilty plea and felony conviction. In the end, Dr. Poehlman admitted to 54 findings of scientific misconduct made by the UVM and ORI, agreed to retract or correct ten of his publications and to exclude himself from federal procurement and nonprocurement transactions for life. The United States Government's handling of this case was distinguished by a highly cooperative approach that integrated the resources of the US Attorney's Office for the District of Vermont (USAO) and both ORI and the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) in HHS in the common goal of prosecuting research fraud.

Geriatrics↗
PubMed2000

Precursors of lethal violence: a death row sample.

A qualitative methodology based on the standards of criminal defense investigation was used to analyze the social and family histories of 16 men sentenced to death in California. Using a multisource cross-validation methodology, we assessed patterns of impairment, injury and deficit at each of four ecological levels: family, individual, community and social institutions. Investigation documented consistent and pervasive patterns of serious impairment, injury and deficit across the cases and levels. The men share numerous risk factors and few resiliency factors associated with violence. We found family violence in all 16 cases, including severe physical and/or sexual abuse in 14 cases; individual impairments in 16, including 14 with post-traumatic stress disorder, 13 with severe depression and 12 with histories of traumatic brain injury; community isolation and violence in 12; and institutional failure in 15, including 13 cases of severe physical and/or sexual abuse while in foster care or under state youth authority jurisdiction. Appropriate interventions might have made a difference in reducing lethal violence and its precursor conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Tandem mass spectrometry: a helpful tool in hair analysis for the forensic expert.

The Bavarian State Bureau of Investigation in Munich has the exclusive responsibility for investigation of criminal acts. One considerable expertise is that of hair analysis. According to the legal system in Germany, there is a special interest when some clients' hair tested positive for illicit drugs. An accused with a lot of drugs in his hair will be treated as a supposed addict and will be guaranteed extenuating circumstances. The instrumentation used for hair analysis is a powerful analytical tool: a Varian 3400 gas chromatograph linked to a Finnigan Tandem-MS (TSQ 700). The methanol extraction method is used for the detection of illegal drugs and metabolites: amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA (ecstasy), MDE, MBDB, methadone, THC, EDDP (metabolite of methadone), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, opiates (dihydrocodeine, codeine, heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, acetylcodeine). For the detection of 9-carboxy-THC by negative chemical ionization the hair sample is hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions. Solid-phase extraction is used for clean-up. The LOQ for the determination of 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic-acid is 0.16 pg/mg hair. An unsurpassed combination for rendering an expert opinion based on hair analysis may be: a forensic expert using diligence and experience, coupled with the performance of a sophisticated analytical instrument.

Cannabinoids↗
PubMed1998

Forensic science program: a community effort.

A forensic science program has been developed to assist the professional community population in using a scientific approach in the investigation of criminal offenses. The science of medicine and the principles of the law come together to form a multidisciplinary group of professionals to instruct in the collection of evidence after a crime has been committed. Specialists in these areas include forensic pathologists, forensic anthropologists, forensic odontologists, entomologists, and a radiologist with a specialty in forensics. No longer can educators ignore the necessity of community involvement in the apprehension and prosecution of the perpetrators of crime. This program is the first to offer basic forensic science courses to professionals in a variety of related fields.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2002

Legal, financial, and public health consequences of HIV contamination of blood and blood products in the 1980s and 1990s.

Ensuring the safety of the blood supply connects politics and science. The business and service sectors share responsibility for the collection and processing of blood donations, and government agencies perform regulatory and surveillance roles. The onset of the AIDS epidemic has challenged the interface among these systems, leading to widespread fears about compromised safety of the blood supply. Because of public concern about blood-supply decisions made in the 1980s, developed countries in the 1990s established reimbursement programs for persons with transfusion-acquired viral infections from blood or blood products, adopted diagnostic tests and procedures that improved the safety of the blood supply, and held criminal judicial investigations of government officials and industry leaders accused of delaying implementation of potential blood-safety measures. In contrast, developing countries continue to struggle with blood-supply safety issues. This paper summarizes the current status of these safety concerns in developed countries, where viral transmission from contaminated blood or blood products is extremely rare, and in developing countries, where up to 10% of HIV infections result from transfusion of blood or blood products.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed2001

Predicting violent behavior in stalkers: a preliminary investigation of Canadian cases in criminal harassment.

This study examined the factors associated with violent/aggressive behavior in stalkers using a sample of 100 Canadian cases of persons charged with criminal harassment (more commonly known as stalking). Results revealed that the typical profile of a "simple obsessional" type of stalker was a middle-aged male, single or separated/estranged, with a history of emotional and/or anger management problems. The most common initial strategies used by the victims to cope with the stalkers were oriented towards legal resources. Initial legal remedies, including court orders or police warnings, seemed to be ineffective as a strategy to stop stalking given that most stalkers chose to ignore them. The study also provided partial support for a preliminary model of predictors of violent/aggressive behavior in stalkers. Stalkers with previous violent behaviors, strong negative emotions. and obsessional tendencies toward the victim may be most at risk of future violent and aggressive acts.

Adolescent↗