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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Urban malaria treatment behaviour in the context of low levels of malaria transmission in Lagos, Nigeria.

Urban malaria in West Africa is not well documented. While rapid urbanisation may create environmental conditions that favour mosquito breeding, urban pollution may inhibit the growth of Anopheles species. In 1996, the Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival (BASICS) Project of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) started building urban community health coalitions in Lagos, Nigeria, to empower communities to provide prompt treatment and appropriate prevention for major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality, including malaria, diarrhoeal disease, acute respiratory infections and vaccine preventable diseases. Intervention against malaria was predicated on national policies that assumed Nigeria was holo-endemic for malaria and that prompt treatment of febrile illness with anti-malarial drugs was an appropriate action. At the suggestion and with the assistance of another USAID programme, the Environmental Health Project (EHP), BASICS embarked on a rapid assessment of the epidemiological, entomological and sociological situation of malaria transmission and case management in three Lagos communities. During April and May 1998, blood film investigation of 916 children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years yielded a parasite prevalence rate of 0.9%. Night knockdown collections of mosquitoes in rooms yielded only C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti. The same results were obtained for night landing collections on human bait. Very low densities of A. gambiae larvae were found in breeding sites in Lagos Island (0.7) and Ajegunle (0.3). In contrast, community members, during focus group discussion identified malaria, in it various culturally defined forms, as a major health problem. Among the children examined clinically, 186 (20.3%) reported an illness, which they called "malaria" in the previous two weeks, and 180 had sought treatment for this illness. Data obtained from 303 shops in the area documented that a minimum of US dollars 4,000 was spent on purchases of anti-malarial drugs in the previous week. The implications of these findings for both professional and community education are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The Evora foundlings between the 16th and the 19th century: the Portuguese public welfare system under analysis.

By the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese State imposed on local powers the obligation to bring up and take care of foundlings. However, with the creation of the Misericórdia fraternities all over the country, the municipalities transferred the assistance of the children to those charities, with the promise of economic support. Nonetheless, in spite of the State "interest", the concern of local powers and the care provided by the Misericórdias, the results were tragic for the children. In this paper I intend to provide a summary about the welfare services for foundlings in Portugal, and to study the assistance that was given to them in the city of Evora.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Pre-placement screening in international adoption.

BACKGROUND: The number of child adoptions from abroad is increasing, but the adverse living conditions of these children prior to the adoption raise questions on their medical and neurodevelopmental status, particularly since there are no guidelines for pre- or post-adoption medical evaluation. OBJECTIVES: To describe the condition of a cohort of young children who were candidates for adoption in East European orphanages and foster homes, and to determine those attributes associated with a family's decision to adopt or refuse a particular child. METHODS: Eighty-two young children, median age 11 months, were evaluated by Israeli pediatricians in Eastern Europe between 3 weeks and 6 months prior to their adoption. The evaluation consisted of comprehensive medical and neurodevelopmental testing on site using a battery of standardized assessment tools, and observation of free play and social interactive behaviors recorded on videotape. Laboratory tests included complete blood count, chemistries, serology screening, and metabolic and genetic testing. RESULTS: The children were growth-retarded. Medical problems were classified as resolved (pneumonia and diarrhea) in 32.8%; or ongoing, such as hepatitis B and C, failure to thrive, organomegaly, and visual and hearing disorders, in 14.8%. Neuromotor status was grossly abnormal in 13.4%. Twenty-two percent of the children were rejected for adoption by families in Israel. Factors associated with the adoption decision were performance skills on developmental testing (P = 0.0001), present medical status (P = 0.002), and weight (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-placement comprehensive screening of children eligible for foreign adoption, which includes developmental screening, helps to identify a wide variety of strengths and impairments in a child's background before the adoption procedure is finalized. A family's decision to adopt or not was associated with the child's performance on Bayley Scales, weight, and current medical status, but not with language delays, serious past medical history or suspect family background.

Adoption↗
PubMed1992

Nutritional status of children of urban leprosy patients staying at preventoria based on biochemical parameters.

Measurements of nutritionally relevant biochemical and endocrine variables were made on 60 apparently healthy children (group A) whose parents suffered from leprosy and who had been separated at the age of 4 years and brought up in preventoria. Most of the measurements were also made on a comparison group of healthy children from the same poor socio-economic class (group B). In both groups the serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were well below those found in Western populations. Almost all the children in both groups were anaemic, but serum iron and ferritin levels were satisfactory. Folate and vitamin B12 levels were measured in group A only and were low in a significant proportion. Deficiency of these water-soluble vitamins may be a cause of the anaemia. Low albumin levels were found in 40% of group A children, compared with 2% in group B. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium were lower and that of phosphate higher in group A than in B. In both groups one-third of the children had low levels of serum zinc. Fifteen per cent of group A children had biochemical evidence of vitamin A deficiency, but none were deficient in vitamin E. Levels of total T3 and total T4 were below the lower limit of normal in a substantial proportion of children in both groups. Concentrations of parathyroid hormone were increased in parallel with the low values for serum calcium. Radiological studies of ossification centres in 57 group A children showed delayed maturation in 11 cases. The relevance of these findings to previous studies of the children of lepers in India is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative study of vitamin status of children 5-6 years of age in different children's institutions].

A total of 205 children were under observation (48 children aged 1.5-3 years in a Baby's Home--spring, 1987; 85 children aged 3-6 years in nurseries with 24-hour stay--spring, 1987; 77 children aged 3-6 years in a Children's Home--spring, 1989). As a result of nutrition reorganization in these institutions vitamin consumption increased due to a more rational selection of food products and the vitamin status of children improved. This was more expressed in vitamin excretion levels, than in the incidence rate of microsymptoms of vitamin deficiency. Additional vitaminization with multivitamin compounds is necessary to eliminate vitamin deficiency in preschool children of isolated institutions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiological study of children institutionalised for psychiatric disorders.

A cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological study of children institutionalised for psychiatric disorders has been carried out. The differences of discharge distribution allows to describe an entanglement of three differents logics: the medical logic: diagnostic (Emotional and conduct disorder, Mental retardation, Psychosis), etiological organic factors, associated somatic disorder. the social logic: father's occupational level and etiological environnemental factors. the institutional logic: child's age when admitted, institutional categories.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

The practical significance of lactose maldigestion in institutionalised black children.

A study was carried out to determine the practical significance of a high prevalence of lactose maldigestion in institutionalised children whose diet included 500 ml milk daily. Thirty of 34 children at a child welfare home were found to be lactose maldigesters as judged by a 2-hour rise in breath hydrogen of 20 parts per million or more after an oral load of lactose. Breath hydrogen tests were also performed on the same group of children, before and up to 150 minutes after the routine mid-morning cup of milk. Sixteen of the 30 lactose-maldigesting children did not show increased breath hydrogen up to 2.5 hours after milk. No children were clinically intolerant of either the lactose or the milk. In these children the degree of lactose digestion was much improved in the non-fasting state when measured by the breath hydrogen response to milk lactose. Lactose maldigestion per se is not a contraindication to institutional feeding routines, including regular moderate milk intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of health and medical undertreatment on the clinical status and social behavior of infants and small children in a Romanian orphanage].

The homage of 135 abandoned children in the city of Resita, south west Rumania, has been checked by a medical team from the University of Innsbruck for social, clinical and hyginical situation. The local government had applied for such an investigation. Most of the infections and other diseases are based on a dramatically bad hygienical situation. 52% of checked sera were HIV positiv by RIA and Western Blot, moreover 60% Hepatitis B antigen positiv. We assume a high rate of horizontal transmission of the HIV virus. One of the main clinical symptoms was maternal-deprivation syndrome, with an incidence of 80%. Consequences in personal policy of the homage as well as medical strategies have to follow.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed1990

Cryptosporidiosis among orphanage children in Thailand: a one year prospective study.

The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and other parasitic infections was studied among the orphanage children in Nonthaburi province, Thailand, during May 1986--April 1987. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in fecal specimens of 22 out of 303 diarrheal cases (7.3%) by using a modified cold Kinyoun acid-fast technique. None were found among 513 children without diarrhea. Most of the cryptosporidiosis cases were those under 3 years old. The duration of diarrhea in 20 cases varied from 1 to 25 days (mean = 6.6 days). All cases recovered uneventfully without repeated infection. No sexual preponderance was found. Most of the infections were documented during March to June when both temperature and rainfall were high. It was also noted that these children had high rates of other parasitic infections, 38.1% of the total population. Thus, cryptosporidiosis was not uncommon among children with diarrhea and could be detected almost throughout the year.

Adolescent↗