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PubMed1980

Early child development in China.

A psychiatrist compares his direct observations of child rearing in China with reports from other Western professionals. He differs from them in interpreting what all of them saw. He stresses the discripancy between psychiatric knowledge in the cities and absence of it among the teachers in the provinces. He distinguishes between contented children, and conforming children. Chinese emphasis on conforming, on discipline, the failure to acknowledge emotional factors, result in psychopathology going undetected or misdiagnosed and in emotional impovershment of the children.

Child↗
PubMed2006

A feasibility study on recruiting fathers of young children to examine the impact of paternal depression on child development.

Fathers are underrepresented in research on mental health and child outcome. We tested a range of methods of recruitment of fathers to establish feasibility and recruitment rates to obtain a sample for a study on paternal depression and child development. The study took place in North London. Fathers of children aged 6 years and under were approached via: general practice surgeries by post and by face-to-face contact with attendees; child health surveillance clinics face-to-face or via their partners and via hospital postnatal wards face-to-face or by post. Researcher time and associated costs were monitored for each method, and symptoms of depression and anxiety measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Face-to-face recruitment of fathers on the postnatal ward generated the highest return rate of HADS (28/37; 76%), followed by postal recruitment through general practice (41%;124/303). Lower response rates were observed with postal recruitment via postnatal wards (31%), recruitment in child health surveillance clinics (20%) and approaching attendees in general practice (16%). Twelve percent (23/194) and 30% (58/194) of fathers respectively reported depression and anxiety above the cut-off for case-definition. Costs were calculated on pro-rata researcher time. Costs of recruiting one participant ranged from 3 pounds sterling (general practice postal) to 11.75 pounds sterling (child health surveillance clinics), however the general practice attender method was disproportionately expensive (52.50 pounds sterling). This feasibility study shows that it is possible to recruit fathers to mental health studies and provides clear guidance on planning, costing and the expected levels of recruitment for future studies on fathers of young children.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Influence of toxoplasma infection on the course of pregnancy and child development. Results of a prospective study].

This report gives a survey of the statistical evaluation in the combined study of "The course of gravidity and development of the child" in connection with toxoplasma infection which is sponsored by the German Research Council (DFG). In respect to the collected data it is possible to summarize as follows: 1. Neither the anamnestic nor the data of the observed gravidities allow the construction of a relationship between toxoplasma infection of a mother and the child after eliminating disturbing factors, especially that of the age (Tabelle 1-4 and Fig. 1). 2. An effect of prophylactic sulphonamide treatment in cases of latent and acute infected women has never been observed. The low number of abortions in the group of treated women is misleading because pregnant women with early abortion never received any treatment, therefore these people are included under the untreated group. 3. Up till now we have not observed a case of connatal toxoplasma infection in nearly 5,000 new born babies. After eliminating unreliable reports, abnormal developments which are thought to be related to toxoplasma infections have never been observed.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1988

Environmental and sibling resemblance components of variance and covariance in traits of early child development.

The multiple regression analyses were undertaken to elucidate the significance and relative importance of different potential determinants of several child development traits (i.e. age at which child 1. turns himself over; 2. sits up; 3. stands up; 4. walks, and 5. cuts his first tooth). Despite the fact that we used a relatively wide gamut of potential determinants (such as parental age, geographic origin, occupation, current residence, or family size) of trait variability, the results of multiple regression analysis (N = 300 families) indicate an almost complete absence of significant factors and studied variables of development. Sibling resemblance component of variance and covariance for five mentioned traits of development and some morphological characters (weight, length and head circumference at day of birth and at 16 months) were studied in 66 families. The transmissibility ("heritability") values for the development traits were small, ranging from 0 ("Turn") to 0.42 ("Walked"). The Findings suggest that there are significant inverse relationship between some of the developmental traits and inborn morphological characters.

Body Height↗
PubMed1993

[Child development: primary influences, primary stages and foundations of psychotherapy].

Recent research on child development and on infant-mother psychotherapy is reviewed. The problem of continuity or discontinuity of early patterns is thus brought out, as well as the possibility of change under the influence of environmental modifications or in psychotherapy. After briefly presenting the most often proposed mechanisms to explain change, the possibility is suggested that such change could be better conceptualized by using fundamental modes of development that can be particularly observed in mother-infant or parent-young child interaction.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early gestation (fT4 below the lowest tenth percentile and TSH within the reference range: 0.15-2.0 mIU/l) on infant development, together with any subsequent changes in fT4 during gestation. DESIGN: A prospective 3-year follow-up study of pregnant women and their children up to the age of 2 years. MEASUREMENTS: Child development was assessed by means of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development in children of women with hypothyroxinaemia (fT4 below the tenth percentile at 12 weeks' gestation) at 12 weeks' gestation (cases), and in children of women with fT4 between the 50th and 90th percentiles at 12 weeks' gestation, matched for parity and gravidity (controls). Maternal thyroid function (fT4 and TSH) was assessed at 12, 24 and 32 weeks' gestation. The mental and motor function of 63 cases and 62 controls was compared at the age of 1 year, and of 57 cases and 58 controls at the age of 2 years. RESULTS: Children of women with hypothyroxinaemia at 12 weeks' gestation had delayed mental and motor function compared to controls: 10 index points on the mental scale (95% CI: 4.5-15 points, P = 0.003) and eight on the motor scale at the age of 1 year (95% CI: 2.3-12.8 points, P = 0.02), as well as eight index points on the mental (95% CI: 4-12 points, P = 0.02), and 10 on the motor scale (95%CI: 6-16 points, P = 0.005) at the age of 2 years. Children of hypothyroxinaemic women in whom the fT4 concentration was increased at 24 and 32 weeks' gestation had similar scores to controls, while in the controls, the developmental scores were not influenced by further declines in maternal fT4 at 24 and 32 weeks' gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early gestation is an independent determinant of a delay in infant neurodevelopment. However, when fT4 concentrations increase during pregnancy in women who are hypothyroxinaemic during early gestation, infant development appears not to be adversely affected.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A methodological model to study the effects of toxins on child development.

Human research on the effects of drugs, medications, pollutants, and other toxins on fetal and child development requires longitudinal studies. Such studies must recognize the heterogeneity of populations and individuals, the multiplicity of variables, and the dynamic interactional character of development. This requires the construction of an a priori theoretical model, selection of research tools to fit the model, and the use of appropriate multidimensional data analysis techniques that can identify profiles of variables in individuals and subgroups, and can trace development over time. A model, based upon the facet theory of Louis Guttman, is presented with examples from a study of infant offspring of methadone-maintained women. An introductory explanation of one non-metric multidimensional data analysis technique. Guttman's Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA), is presented. Examples of its use and its relation to the theoretical model are given in subsequent papers.

Child Development↗