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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The effect of follicular growth and luteal function of "missing the pill". A comparison between a monophasic and a triphasic combined oral contraceptive.

The effects of follicular growth and hormonal indices of the deliberate omission of two low-dose combined oral contraceptives, a monophasic 130 micrograms ethinylestradiol + 150 micrograms desorgestrel) and a triphasic (30 micrograms ethinylestradiol + 50 micrograms levonorgestrel for 6 days, followed by 40 micrograms ethinylestradiol + 75 micrograms levonorgestrel for 5 days and 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol + 125 micrograms levonorgestrel for 10 days) combination during the first three days of one contraceptive pill cycle was studied in two groups of 10 women each. Follicular growth was followed by ultrasound scanning and plasma levels of estradiol, and progesterone were measured every other day until day 19 of the contraceptive pill cycle. In each group, ovulation occurred in one subject and 4 women reacted with follicular activity only, while 5 women on the monophasic and 3 on the triphasic formulation exhibited complete ovarian suppression. Two subjects on the triphasic preparation showed follicular growth followed by insufficient luteal function. Thus, the risk of escape ovulation when the pill-free interval is prolonged to 10 days in women taking low-dose combined oral contraceptive pills, is low (1/10).

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Oral contraceptives in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized comparison of triphasic and monophasic preparations.

Thirty-seven women with cyclical mood changes, either only in the premenstrual phase ('pure PMS') or during the entire cycle with premenstrual aggravation ('PMA'), were recruited to participate in a randomized study investigating the effect of three different oral contraceptives (OCs) on mood symptoms; 32 out of the 37 women completed the study. The monophasic ethinylestradiol (EE)/desogestrel (DSG) OC was compared, in a single (doctor)-blind cross-over design, with a monophasic and a triphasic levonorgestrel (LNG)-containing combined OC. The women kept a record of their symptoms and complaints by noting daily ratings using a validated visual analogue scale. One pretreatment cycle was followed by four treatment cycles, two cycles on each OC. All OCs had a beneficial effect on the PMS symptoms compared to the pre-treatment period. There were no changes between consecutive cycles. Cyclical symptom changes were noted during all OC treatment. The monophasic desogestrel pill provoked less changes in mood parameters than the monophasic and triphasic levonorgestrel OCs. However, physical complaints were less frequently reported during the use of the triphasic preparation as compared to the monophasic desogestrel preparation. Women with 'pure' PMS (premenstrual syndrome) were more consistent in their reactions on OCs compared to women with PMA.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effect on lipid metabolism of a biphasic desogestrel-containing oral contraceptive: divergent changes in apolipoprotein B and E and transitory decrease in Lp(a) levels.

The effect of a low dose biphasic oral contraceptive containing 40 micrograms ethinylestradiol + 25 micrograms desogestrel (7 tablets) and 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol + 125 micrograms desogestrel (15 tablets) on lipid metabolism was investigated in 19 women during 6 cycles of treatment and compared to the values of the pre- and post-treatment cycle. During treatment, all components of HDL increased reversibly by 10 to 30%. The levels of total cholesterol (CH), LDL-CH and IDL-CH rose only slightly, while those of total triglycerides (TG), VLDL-TG and LDL-TG rose continuously by more than 100% until the 6th cycle. At the same time, plasma levels of VLDL-CH increased by 60% and of apolipoprotein B by 20%. Contrary to this, apolipoprotein E decreased by 25% during treatment, and Lp(a) was transitorily reduced during the 3rd cycle. After termination of intake, total CH, LDL-CH, IDL-CH and apolipoprotein B remained elevated, while total TG, VLDL-TG, VLDL-CH and LDL-TG decreased significantly, but were still elevated during the post-treatment cycle. The levels of apolipoprotein E returned to pre-treatment values. The results indicate a marked preponderance of the effect of the estrogen component. The rise in TG and VLDL synthesis seems to be outweighed by an enhanced removal of apolipoprotein E-containing remnants which might offer protection from the development of atherosclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Mood, sexuality, oral contraceptives and the menstrual cycle.

4112 women completed a retrospective questionnaire indicating when during their last menstrual cycle they felt their well-being and sexual interest to be at their best and worst. The commonest pattern was for well-being to be lowest during the premenstrual and highest during the postmenstrual week. Sexual interest was strongly associated with well-being, suggesting that variations of well-being have a powerful effect on sexuality in the majority of women. Oral contraceptive users, though broadly similar in their reported pattern, were less likely to show peaks and troughs of well-being and highs and lows of sexual interest. This was most evident in the subgroup of monophasic pill users who showed the least tendency to variations in both well-being and sexual interest, and a greater tendency to show either peaks or troughs of well-being during menstruation. Triphasic pill users were intermediate between monophasic and non-pill users.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The impact of oral contraceptives on the experience of perimenstrual mood, clumsiness, food craving and other symptoms.

Two-hundred and seventy-six oral contraceptive (o.c.) users (171 combine o.c. and 105 triphasic o.c.) were compared with 276 non-o.c. users. All women regarded themselves as PMS sufferers, and the groups were matched for age, parity and marital status. Each woman rated severity of 27 symptoms during the premenstrual, menstrual and postmenstrual phases of their last menstrual cycle. The o.c. users reported significantly less menstrual pain and premenstrual breast tenderness. When controlling for the severity of premenstrual depression, there were no differences between the three groups in the timing or severity of perimenstrual food craving or clumsiness. When controlling for the severity of menstrual pain, the o.c. users showed significantly less improvement in negative mood during the menstrual phase, compared with non-users. The apparent tendency for o.c. users to show either a delayed or more prolonged pattern of perimenstrual negative mood deserves further study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on lipoproteins and lipolytic enzymes: differences between two commonly used preparations.

Changes in circulating lipoproteins, which may be related to the risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease, were studied in a control group and in two groups of 24 or 26 women using different preparations of low-dose oral contraceptives for 3 months. One preparation contained 150 micrograms levo-norgestrel and 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol (Stediril-d 150/30); the other contained 750 micrograms lynestrenol and 37.5 micrograms ethinylestradiol (Ministat). No significant changes were found with either of the preparations in serum cholesterol or high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Apolipoprotein A-II levels increased during Ministat treatment from 50.4 to 61.4 mg/dL and during Stediril-d 150/30 treatment from 52.7 to 58.9 mg/dL (both P less than 0.001). These changes differed significantly from each other (P less than 0.01). Apolipoprotein A-I levels increased significantly during use of Ministat only. Apolipoprotein B in low density lipoprotein increased by about 20% (P less than 0.001) in both groups. Post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity did not change, but hepatic lipase activity decreased to the same extent in both groups (P less than 0.001). Reductions in post-heparin lipase activity were not correlated with increases in HLD-C.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Hepatic vein thrombosis in a teenager: a case report.

Hepatic vein thrombosis or the Budd-Chiari syndrome is an uncommon condition which rarely occurs in teenagers. The condition involves obstruction of blood flow from the liver with progressive congestion and hepatic failure. The etiology is often idiopathic but may involve conditions that increase thrombogenic tendencies. Oral contraceptives are known to increase the risk of a number of thrombotic conditions and have been associated with the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Although millions of teenagers have used oral contraceptives without incident, occasionally we are reminded of their potential serious complications. The case of a 19-year-old who developed hepatic vein thrombosis while using oral contraceptives is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Biochemical effects in women following one year's exposure to a new triphasic contraceptive--I. chemistry profiles.

1. Thirty-nine nonsmoking women, 14 who had never used oral contraceptives and 25 who had a prior history of contraceptive use were placed on a 1-year regimen of oral triphasic contraception containing a new progestin. 2. Biochemical determinations of 21 different variables were made at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months of exposure. 3. Most of the significant changes were in those women with no prior exposure to contraceptives. 4. Thyroxine increased and T3 decreased, as did urinary cortisol. No changes were noted in the CBC, hematocrit, or platelet count. Slight increases in cholesterol and triglycerides resulted, with small nonsignificant increases in LDL also occurring; this increase was also noted for HDL. 5. The experimental contraceptive seems to have a very minimal influence on chemistry profiles, suggesting a favorable biochemical response to the progestin.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Biochemical effects in women following one year's exposure to a new triphasic contraceptive--II. coagulation profiles.

1. Coagulation variables were determined in 14 contraceptive nonusers and 25 prior contraceptive users at 3, 6, and 12 months' exposure to a new oral form of progestin. 2. Overall hemostasis was unaffected, as was the intrinsic pathway. 3. Changes were noted in several vitamin-K dependent factors along with a marked decrease in fibrinogen. 4. Protein C antigen (a coagulation inhibitor), was elevated. 5. This new triphasic contraceptive appears to have a minimal influence on thrombosis while activating antithrombotic protein C. The data suggest a favorable hematologic response to this contraceptive.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

"Estrophasic" dosing: A new concept in oral contraceptive therapy.

The first of a new "estrophasic" type of oral contraceptive with 20 microg ethinyl estradiol on cycle days 1 through 5, 30 microg ethinyl estradiol on days 6 through 12, and 35 microg ethinyl estradiol on days 13 through 21 and 1 mg norethindrone acetate throughout the cycle (Estrostep; Parke-Davis, Morris Plains, NJ) combines a continuous low progestin dose with a low, gradually increasing estrogen dose. It was developed to ensure good cycle control while conferring the benefits of low hormone content, such as minimizing estrogen-related side effects. In a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group trial, Estrostep provided acceptable cycle control and excellent tolerableness, comparable to that of the 30-microg ethinyl estradiol monophasic control drug. In a second study Estrostep demonstrated a neutral impact on serum lipids, like the triphasic control drug. This new oral contraceptive design offers a useful low-dose alternative to existing combination preparations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Spermagglutinating antibodies and sperm penetration of cervical mucus from infertile women with spermagglutinating antibodies in serum.

Spermagglutinins were demonstrated by the tray agglutination technique in cervical mucus collected during presumably-ovulatory cycles in 8 women among 21 patients with spermagglutinating antibodies in serum treated for infertility. A "poor" sperm penetration test was recorded exclusively in women with spermagglutinins in cervical mucus, and the results of the sperm-cervical mucus contact test were significantly correlated to the spermagglutinin titers in cervical mucus. The incidence of spermagglutinating antibodies in cervical mucus from infertile women was estimated to be 2.2% on the basis of the results in the present study. However, an inhibiting effect on sperm penetration in cervical mucus by spermagglutinins is expected to occur in less than 1% of women from infertile couples. A decrease in spermagglutinin titers in cervical mucus observed during estrogen medication was significantly associated with improved sperm penetration in vitro. The latter results may indicate a new approach to the treatment of infertility due to the presence of spermagglutinating antibodies in cervical mucus.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1998

Behavioral and neurobiological effects of estrogen replacement therapy and a history of triphasic oral contraceptive exposure.

The effects of contraceptive steroids and estrogen replacement therapy on behavior and neuroendocrine function were evaluated in adult female cynomolgus monkeys. During the 'premenopausal' phase of the experiment, the animals were assigned to either treatment with a triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) for 24 months or the untreated control group. The monkeys were then ovariectomized and half of each of the premenopausal groups were randomly assigned to either treatment with conjugated equine estrogens (ERT) or the untreated control group for 12 months (the 'postmenopausal' phase). All evaluations were completed during the postmenopausal phase of the experiment. Both types of exogenous steroid treatments appeared to increase cardiovascular and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress in socially dominant but not socially subordinate females. A history of triphasic OC administration increased contact aggression received, and reduced the prolactin response to fenfluramine, suggesting reduced serotonergic activity, for at least a year following the cessation of triphasic OC treatment.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1990

[Incidence of side effects of a 3-stage preparation administered to 10,034 women].

In an open multicentre study, 10,034 women received a low-dose three-phase combination of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol for oral hormonal contraception. Duration of this treatment was three months. During this time, incidence of side effects were documented by reports of the patients or in reply to questions of the treating gynaecologists. Data has been analysed with special regard to smoking, obesity and increase of blood pressure. Upon inquiry, 38.1% of women had complaints before and 28.5% after treatment with this oral contraceptive, whereby in 16.9% of patients, complaints were noted for the first time. The observed side effects were more pronounced in smokers than in non-smokers, in obese women more than in those with normal weight, and more pronounced in patients with increased blood pressure compared to normal controls. Cycles became regular, whereas the number of spottings increased. Dysmenorrhoea disappeared almost completely. In the same time interval, genital infections were less prominent. During treatment, 26 patients (0.26%) became pregnant. It is concluded, that this triphasic combination with its varying ratios of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel is an effective and well tolerated oral contraceptive. It is shown, that the incidence of side effects is affected by additional risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Comparison of a 2-phase preparation (Oviol 22) with a low-dose 1-phase preparation (Ovoresta M)].

Oviol 22 was administered to 145, and Ovoresta M to 118 healthy female volunteers. During the first six cycles, 27 (18.6%) women discontinued the Oviol 22 intake, and 45 (38,1%) women discontinued the Ovoresta M intake. The other women were observed over 6 cycles. Together, 1,369 cycles were evaluated. Overall, the clinical results with Oviol 22 were more favourable than those with Ovoresta M. The discontinuation rate because of nausea, headache, acne and breast tenderness was lower in the group of women who received Oviol 22 than in the group of women receiving Ovoresta M. Cycle control was much better with Oviol 22 than with Ovoresta M. Following the administration of both preparations, no significant alteration in blood pressure, weight or mental status was seen. None of the patients became pregnant during the period of observation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Oral contraceptives in the United States: trends in content and potency.

Data from the National Prescription Audit, a nationwide pharmaceutical marketing research data base, were reviewed to study changes in the type of oral contraceptives marketed in the US, their content and their relative oestrogen and progestin potency over the 21-year time period of 1964-84. Three major types and 42 brands of oral contraceptives were marketed in the US during this time period. All oral contraceptives dispensed in the US have contained one of nine different progestins and one of two oestrogens or, in the case of the progestin-only pills, no oestrogen at all. A comprehensive classification listing all 42 brands of oral contraceptives by content and strength is presented. Secular changes in oral contraceptive potency are described in terms of a categorization scheme which simultaneously ranks both the oestrogen and progestin potencies of each oral contraceptive. Over the time period studied, oral contraceptives have evolved from high strength, high potency drugs to much lower strength, lower potency drugs. The epidemiological implications of these shifts in oral contraceptive content and potency are discussed.

Contraceptives, Oral↗