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PubMed2000

Tooth slice organ culture for cytotoxicity assessment of dental materials.

The purpose of this work was to develop a tooth slice organ culture method to assess the response of the cells of the dental pulp to commonly used dental materials and products. Wistar rat tooth slices were grown in culture for two and ten days in the presence of dental materials. After culture, the tooth tissues were processed and the responses of the pulpal cells were analysed histomorphometrically. Cytotoxic cell destruction was observed following the direct application of test materials to tooth slices (n = 298) after 10 days in culture (MANOVA, P = 0.0001), whilst the restoration of prepared deep dentine cavities (n = 30), with test products, did not result in a significant amount of pulpal injury (MANOVA, P = 0.287). In rank order of causing pulpal injury, the test materials from the most to the least cell destructive, was; Salicylic acid. Calcium hydroxide, Kalzinol zinc oxide eugenol, high-mercury Amalgam, Prime & Bond, Dycal, Barium sulphate, Hypocal, Scotchbond, Calasept, Life and One-step. Tooth slice organ culture, provided a cytotoxicity screening method for dental materials, bearing a closer physiological resemblance to the clinical situation than cell culture screening methods. Tooth slice culturing may have the potential to replace some types of in vivo animal experimentation, as there is a clear need to reduce this form of testing.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The desirability of using radiopaque plastics in dentistry: a status report. Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment.

Radiopacity in dental plastic materials is desirable. Currently, only radiopaque composite restorative materials and one temporary crown material are commercially available. Developments in incorporating radiopacity in other dental polymeric materials should be encouraged. Also, research should be conducted to quantify and standardize radiopacity both in materials and their clinical utilization. No requirement of radiopacity is currently included in any ANSI/ADA Specification applicable to dental plastic materials. However, standard test methods (ASTM Standard F640-79) have been established for radiopacity of plastics for medical use. The Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment recommends that appropriate subcommittees of the American National Standards Committee MD156 develop, as quickly as possible, requirements and appropriate test methods to be placed in future revisions of standards covering plastics in dentistry.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed1996

Review of dental materials citations: Part B, July to December 1995.

OBJECTIVE: A lag of many months occurs between journal issue publication and updates to electronic databases. The objective of this literature analysis was to identify and categorize all of the dental materials citations in biomedical journals that were published from July 1995 through December 1995. METHODS: Seventeen primary and 51 secondary journals were searched using their tables of contents to detect and record dental materials publications from July to December of 1995. Those journals that were typically rich in dental materials articles were classified as primary ones. Citations were categorized into 17 topics and divided into subsections. The review excluded case reports, most literature related primarily to dental implants, and most articles on biomedical materials used outside of the field of general dentistry. RESULTS: The greatest number of citations was related to topics of dentin bonding and resin-based restorative filling materials (composites and glass ionomers). There was no major change in the number of dental materials publications per year reported from 1993 (n = 786) to 1995 (n = 751). SIGNIFICANCE: This citation list provides a comprehensive resource for use by academicians and researchers to bridge the gap between initial publication and access to electronic searching methods for major databases.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Importance of cell cultures in biocompatible dental materials research].

The need for biocompatible materials implies the necessity of toxicity testing. The toxicity of a dental material can be evaluated by in vitro tests, by animal experimentation including usage tests, and by clinical studies in humans. In vitro studies are mainly performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity (cell damage) or the genotoxicity (specific DNA damage or chromosomal aberration) of a dental material. Cell or tissue cultures play an important role because they allow a maximum standardization. This paper describes their application and interpretation of results in biocompatibility tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging disturbances and the magnetic susceptibility of dental materials.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to correlate the size and the orientation of image disturbances observed on specific samples of dental materials with their magnetic susceptibility. The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility was performed in the 10(-5) or 10(-6) range using MRI to establish a classification of dental materials. METHODS: Cylindrical dental alloy samples incorporating gold, silver, and palladium were placed in a Pyrex beaker filled with distilled water. Images were performed at 0.13 Tesla using two-dimensional Fourier transformation and projection reconstruction at 360 degrees imaging methods. The magnetic susceptibilities were obtained by measuring distances between spots having the highest intensity on the image. RESULTS: A very discriminating classification may be established on MRI criteria. This method permits one to determine the dia- or para-magnetic character of the dental materials tested. Only palladium-based alloys have been detected to be paramagnetic with kappa > 0. One of the silver-based alloys did not induce detectable distortion because its susceptibility was very close to that of distilled water. Based on this MRI data, the use of this material may be recommended for applications that may be subjected to MRI evaluation. SIGNIFICANCE: With the increasing use of MRI as a diagnostic tool, it is useful to establish a classification of prosthetic biomaterials compatible with MRI.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2002

Dental materials and magnetic resonance imaging.

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the reaction of selected dental materials in the magnetic field of a magnetic resonance imaging device to determine a possible health risk. The following dental materials were tested in vitro during magnetic resonance imaging: 15 dental alloys, four dental implants, one surgical splint and two wires for fixation of maxillofacial fractures. Possible artefacts (corresponding with magnetic properties), heating and force effects were tested. Results concerning movement and heating were in agreement with the literature. The artefacts seen were significant: for the surgical splint, a spherical artefact with a diameter of 55 mm; for the wires, up to 22 mm; and for the dental blade implant, an artefact of 28 x 20 mm. The results of our tests of selected dental appliances indicate that their presence in the human organism is safe for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging procedures. The presence of artefacts can substantially influence the magnetic resonance imaging results.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2003

Reporting on adverse reactions to dental materials--intraoral observations at a clinical follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: A national reporting system designed to monitor adverse reactions to dental materials was established in Norway in 1993. The activities have also included clinical examination of patients with suspected reactions to dental materials. The ongoing activities are coordinated by the Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit at the University of Bergen. The reporting procedure is based on voluntary spontaneous reporting by dentists and physicians. The reports could be based on subjective symptoms or objective findings, or both. The aim of the present study was to compare reported objective intraoral findings with those found during examination at the unit. METHODS: Reported reactions were compared with clinical findings obtained following dental and medical examination at the unit. From 1993 to 1999, a total of 899 reports were received while 253 patients were referred and examined at the unit. RESULTS: The reports on patients who were examined at the unit involved mainly reactions related to amalgam fillings (84%), metals in fixed dentures (11%), resin-based materials and cements (4%), materials used in removable dentures (2%), and endodontic materials (2%). Edema, lichenoid reactions, ulcers/vesicles, erythema, and atrophy were found in 80 patients during the examination at the unit. For 35 of these patients, the intraoral findings at the unit were also given in the reports. For another 45 patients, objective intraoral signs of reactions were found upon examination at the unit, but these findings had not been reported. CONCLUSION: A spontaneous reporting system is a cost-effective method for monitoring intraoral reactions associated with dental materials. Considering the increasing number and complexity of these materials, there appears to be a need for continuous validation of reports by a speciality unit. In order to receive more accurate information about the adverse reactions, it would be advisable that the reporting forms include more detailed guidance regarding signs of reactions that practitioners should be on the look out for and consider.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Animal tests for biocompatibility of dental materials--relevance, advantages and limitations.

Biocompatibility refers to the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response, in a specific application. Usage tests have been developed specifically for the evaluation of the biocompatibility of dental materials. The pulp and dentine test, the pulpotomy test and the endodontic usage test are widely recognized. The relevance, advantages and limitations of these tests are discussed with particular reference to the pulp and dentine usage test. Controversies remain in the understanding of the role of several variables in determining the outcome of this test. These are highlighted by reference to the significance of the residual dentine thickness, the smear layer and microbial microleakage at the material-cavity wall interface. Limitations in the relevance of these animal models to man due to species variations in the structure and composition of the dental tissues and their oral environment may be more perceived than real. The nature of an appropriate host response may be different in the consideration of different dental materials, for example lining materials and filling materials, and there is a need for these criteria to be reviewed.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1982

A model culture system with human gingival fibroblasts for evaluating the cytotoxicity of dental materials.

A model experimental culture system and protocol are described to screen polymerized dental materials for diffusible toxic products. The system employs cultures of human gingival fibroblasts grown in plates containing immobilized samples of polymerized resins. Comparative cytoxicity is evaluated by counting viable cells with the aid of phase optics at several time periods up to 48 h. To achieve adequate statistical sampling, multiple counts are made in four different zones at 90 degrees angles from each sample and at three distances from the centers of samples. The most significant data were generated during a 24 to 48 h test period in climate. This cytotoxicity test measured cell death as a function of time of exposure and distance from the sample (24 h, 0 to 3 mm; 48 h, 3 to 6 mm) and permitted a calculation of the relative cytoxicity for each material, which is termed the viability index (VI). This can be expressed as a percentage related to the control, which is called the time-distance cytotoxicity index (TDCI). This method is simple to carry out because it used basic laboratory equipment, is rapid, and has a sound scientific basis. It focuses on times and distances when or where, or both, the greatest cellular changes are taking place. Some data illustrated are based on the screening of eight different restorative resins. The literature of cell culture testing of dental materials is reviewed. It is concluded that biotoxicity studies ideally should employ diploid human target cells from the oral cavity because the cells retain specialized features. Secondary cultures or strains of human diploid gingival fibroblasts, which are relatively easy to obtain and maintain, are recommended as cells of choice for screening dental restorative materials in vitro.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Biocompatibility of dental materials used in contemporary endodontic therapy: a review. Part 1. Intracanal drugs and substances.

Irrigation solutions and intracanal medicaments are used within the root canal to clean and aid in disinfecting the dentinal walls. Although these materials are intended to be contained within the root canal, they invariably contact the periapical tissues, either through inadvertent extrusion through the apex or leaching. This paper is a review on the methodology involved in biocompatibility testing followed by a discussion on biocompatibility of contemporary intracanal drugs and substances used in endodontics.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The future of dental materials.

This article reviews some of the rapid developments in dental materials that have occurred during the last 25 years, especially adhesive, biocompatible and aesthetic materials. Some innovative research developments, which have exciting possibilities for future dental treatment, are outlined.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1995

Review of dental materials citations: Part A, January to June 1995.

OBJECTIVE: Electronic databases are an excellent resource for identifying relevant references for research and education projects. However, these databases are not yet a substitute for direct inspection of the literature because: (a) there still is a lag of many months between journal issue publication and updates of the database, and (b) most databases selectively report a portion of the entire literature. The objective was to identify and categorize all the dental materials citations in biomedical journals that were published from January 1995 through June 1995. METHODS: Seventeen primary and 56 secondary dental journals were manually searched via their tables of contents to detect dental materials publications from January to June of 1995. Dental materials citations were categorized into 17 major sections and further divided into several subsections. The review excluded case reports and literature primarily related to dental implants or biomedical materials outside of dentistry. RESULTS: Three hundred-sixty-nine citations were identified. The greatest number of citations were associated with dentin bonding, composites, and glass ionomers. There was no significant increase in dental materials publications vs. the number reported for 1994. SIGNIFICANCE: This list provides a comprehensive source for review by academicians and researchers to bridge the gap between initial publication and electronic citation.

Dental Materials↗
PubMed1990

Experimental oral foreign body reactions. Commonly employed dental materials.

Foreign bodies and tissue reactions to foreign materials are commonly encountered in the oral cavity. The more common lesions include apical deposition of endodontic materials, mucosal amalgam and graphite tattoos, myospherulosis, oil granulomas, and traumatically introduced dental materials and instruments. Since many foreign materials are unidentifiable histologically, commonly used dental materials were experimentally implanted subcutaneously in rats to assess local host responses and characterize the nature of these materials microscopically. The histologic characteristics of these foreign body reactions are detailed herein. The implanted materials corresponded to reactions seen in human subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Cutaneous and mucosal reactions to dental materials].

The concentration of substances released by dental materials is usually too low to cause systemic-toxic effects, but there is the potential to induce dermatoses in especially dentists as well as mucositis in mainly dental patients. The cytotoxic irritative and allergic diseases are successively described categorized according to their pathogenesis. The identification of the diseases, which often have a similar appearance, depends on history-taking and patch testing. Non-dental sensitization is of diagnostic importance.

Dental Materials↗