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PubMed1996

Energy metabolism and protein balance in growing rats housed in 18 degree C or 28 degree C environments and fed different levels of dietary protein.

A study was performed to investigate the effect of environmental temperature and increasing levels of protein in the diet on visceral organ size, digestibility, protein balance and energy metabolism in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats, initial body weight 77-80 g, were used in a factorial design consisting of three levels of dietary protein and two environmental temperatures of either 18 or 28 degrees C. Three fish meal-based diets were prepared to contain 91, 171 and 262 g protein (N X 6.25/kg diet). Gas-exchange measurements were made and urine and feces were quantitatively collected. The weights of the visceral organs from rats housed at 18 degrees C were greater (P < 0.05) than those of rats housed at 28 degrees C. The digestibilities of dry matter and protein were not affected by environmental temperature, whereas fat and energy digestibilities were higher (P < 0.05) at 18 degrees C than at 28 degrees C. As the level of protein was increased, the digestibilities of protein, energy and fat increased (P < 0.05). Protein intake and protein retention were higher at 18 degrees C (P < 0.05) than at 28 degrees C and increased (P < 0.05) as dietary protein concentration increased. Apparent biological value was lower (P < 0.05) at 18 degrees C than at 28 degrees C and decreased (P < 0.05) as dietary protein level increased. Heat production as a percentage of metabolizable energy was higher (P < 0.05) for the low protein diet than for the medium and high protein diets. The efficiency of energy utilization was depressed (P < 0.05) for the high protein diet when rats were kept at 28 degrees C. The results suggest that thermogenesis was induced when low protein was fed. The increase in thermogenesis may have been important in regulating energy balance and maintaining a constant body temperature in a cold environment.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Dietary protein concentration correlates in a complex way with glucose metabolism and growth performance in pregnant rats.

We studied the influence of dietary protein concentration (PC) on the adaptation mechanism of maternal glucose metabolism to gestation, and on maternal body weight (BW) gain using pregnant rats fed 4% (low protein, LP), 10% (medium protein, MP) or 20% (high protein, HP) dietary protein concentration. Feed (FI), energy (EI) and protein (PI) intakes were recorded. Plasma glucose, insulin and GH were determined, and insulin:glucose (insulin resistance) and insulin:GH ratios computed. Correlation and regression analyses were used to determine the physiological relationships between metabolic and ponderal variables. MP dams with greater FI and EI (12%), and lower PI (44%) than HP dams showed similar maternal and fetal growth performance because of the maintained energy efficiency (EE). LP dams, with similar FI and EI, and lower PI (81%) than HP dams, failed to catch up due to the low EE. PC exerted a non-linear influence on BW gain, insulin and GH, through EI and EE modifications. The EI linearly influenced hormone concentrations with the maximum and minimum hormone response in MP and LP dams, respectively. Insulin resistance increased as PC decreased, whereas the GH lipolytic effect appeared to predominate over insulin action. Circulating hormones and metabolites affected nutrient partitioning between dam and fetus, with the result that the competing demands for materno-fetal growth of HP and MP dams, but not the LP dams, were satisfied. A deeper knowledge of the nature of the materno-fetal energy relationships will enhance the manipulation of the growth performance of the fetus in several animal species.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2002

Effects of quantity and quality of dietary protein on the brain polysome profile in aged rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the quantity and quality of dietary protein affected the polysome profile of the brain in aged rats. Two experiments were done on three groups of aged rats (30 wk) given the diets containing 20% casein, 5% casein, or 0% casein (experiment 1), and 20% casein, 20% gluten, or 20% gelatin (experiment 2) for 10 d. The aggregation in brain ribosomes declined with a decrease of quantity and quality of dietary protein except in the hippocampus. The RNA concentration (mg RNA/g protein) did not differ among the three groups varying the dietary protein in any brain regions. The results suggest that the higher quantity and quality of dietary protein improves the polysome profile in the brain of aged rats, and that the polysome profile is at least partly related to the mechanism by which the dietary protein affects brain protein synthesis in aged rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Vitamin B-6 status of women with a constant intake of vitamin B-6 changes with three levels of dietary protein.

To determine the effect of varying levels of dietary protein with a constant intake of vitamin B-6 (B-6) on B-6 status, nine women were fed diets providing daily intakes of 1.25 mg B-6 and 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g protein/kg body weight. After an 8-d adjustment period, the women consumed each level of dietary protein for 14 d in a Latin-square design. Several direct and indirect B-6 status indicators were measured in blood and urine. Significant differences among protein levels were found for urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) excretion (P < 0.01), plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentration (P < 0.05), and urinary excretion of volatile amines (VA, kynurenine plus acetylkynurenine) after a 2-g L-tryptophan load (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake was significantly negatively correlated with urinary 4-PA excretion (r = -0.619, P < 0.001) and plasma PLP concentration (r = -0.549, P < 0.01), and positively correlated with erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase percentage stimulation (r = 0.418, P < 0.05) and urinary post-tryptophan load excretion of xanthurenic acid (r = 0.535, P < 0.05), kynurenic acid (r = 0.563, P < 0.05) and VA (r = 0.626, P < 0.01). Compared with men consuming diets with similar B-6 to protein ratios In a previous study, the women excreted a greater percentage of the B-6 intake as 4-PA, had lower plasma PLP concentrations and excreted greater amounts of postload urinary tryptophan metabolites at all three protein levels. If the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin B-6 is to be based on the dietary B-6 to protein ratio, gender differences in response to varying protein intakes should be considered. For the levels of protein intake used in this study and a B-6 intake of 1.25 mg/d, a B-6 to protein ratio of greater than 0.020 mg/g is required for adequate vitamin B-6 status in women.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Copper deficiency in rats: the effect of type of dietary protein.

The present investigation was conducted to determine whether type of dietary protein can exacerbate the pathology induced by the combination of fructose feeding and copper (Cu) deficiency. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three different groups differing in the nature of dietary protein. The proteins used were egg-white, casein or lactalbumin. All diets contained 62.5% carbohydrate as fructose and were low in Cu (0.6-0.72 microgram Cu/g diet). Although the lowest concentration of Cu was found in the livers of rats fed egg-white, the pathology associated with Cu deficiency was more severe in rats fed lactalbumin. The highest concentration of hepatic Cu was found in rats fed casein. The data show that the type of dietary protein can exacerbate signs associated with Cu deficiency. The concentrations of hepatic Cu do not reflect accurately the pathology associated with Cu deficiency.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Postfasting dietary protein requirements of induced molted hens.

An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement of induced molted hens during the postfast recovery period. In a temperature-controlled room, Single Comb White Leghorn hens (97 wk of age) were induced to molt for a second time by feed deprivation. After losing 30% of their body weight, they received a corn-soy diet containing 17.0, 14.8, 13.5, or 12.4% protein until the first egg was produced. In each diet, total sulfur amino acids were supplemented to provide a level equal to 5.0% of the protein. Average daily protein intakes were 17.2, 15.7, 13.4, and 11.9 g/day, respectively, for hens fed diets containing 17.0, 14.8, 13.0, and 12.4% protein. Times required from the end of the fast until the first egg produced were 28.0, 28.2, 28.5, and 31.0 days, respectively. Dietary protein level did not significantly influence the time required to begin egg production, body weight at Egg 1, or the hen-day production rate. Three hens from each treatment were sacrificed at Egg 1. No differences were seen in the weight of the left breast muscle, liver, abdominal fat pad, ovary plus ova and oviduct, or in the percent of carcass moisture, fat, or protein. Under the controlled environmental conditions of this experiment, the 12.4% protein diet with supplemental methionine met the postfasting dietary protein requirement.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Dietary protein modulates the effect of CLA on lipid metabolism in rats.

The effect of the interaction of CLA and type of dietary protein on lipid metabolism was studied in male rats by feeding diets containing casein (CAS) or soy protein (SOY) as dietary protein and either linoleic acid (LA, a control FA) or graded levels of CLA at 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% for 28 d. CLA reduced the weight of perirenal adipose tissue in a dose-dependent manner, but the magnitude of the reduction was greater when rats were fed SOY. Feeding SOY resulted in a significant reduction of the concentrations of serum total and HDL cholesterol, TG, glucose, and insulin irrespective of dietary CLA. The concentration of serum leptin tended to be lower on the SOY diet free of CLA than in the corresponding CAS diet, but it fell with an increasing dietary level of CLA in the CAS groups. In contrast, serum leptin tended to increase when CLA was added to SOY diets. The concentration of serum adiponectin was higher in the CAS than in the SOY groups, and it tended to increase in response to dietary CLA levels in the CAS-fed rats, whereas CLA showed no effect in SOY-fed rats. The activity of liver mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase was higher in the SOY than in the CAS groups, but it tended to increase with an increasing dietary level of CLA in both protein groups. Although the body fat-reducing activity of CLA was more effective when the protein source was SOY, rats fed CAS appeared to be more susceptible to CLA than in those fed SOY with respect to cytokines examined. These results suggest that the type of dietary protein may modify the antiobesity activity of CLA.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Dietary protein restriction and glomerular permselectivity in nephrotoxic serum nephritis.

We have previously demonstrated that long-term dietary protein restriction ameliorates proteinuria and limits glomerular structural injury in rats with nephrotoxic serum nephritis. In the present study, we examined the influence of short-term dietary protein restriction on glomerular permselectivity. As compared to nephritic rats maintained on a normal protein diet, whole kidney and single nephron hemodynamics were lower in nephritic rats subjected to dietary protein restriction of three days duration (glomerular filtration rate: 0.79 +/- 0.10 vs. 1.46 +/- 0.11 ml/min, P less than 0.003; renal plasma flow rate: 2.50 +/- 0.34 vs. 3.96 +/- 0.38 ml/min, P less than 0.02; glomerular capillary pressure: 44 +/- 1 vs. 53 +/- 1 mm Hg, P less than 0.002; proteinuria: 77 +/- 15 vs. 224 +/- 14 mg/24 hr, P less than 0.01). This was associated with a rise in afferent resistance, from 2.99 +/- 0.77 to 5.45 +/- 0.94 dyn.sec.cm-5, NS. In nephritic rats maintained on 24% protein, fractional clearances were elevated above control values for neutral dextrans with molecular radii exceeding 50 A but were depressed for those with molecular radii below 30 A (P less than 0.05). Dietary protein restriction elevated the fractional clearances of dextrans with radii less than 30 A while depressing the fractional clearances of dextrans with radii greater than 50 A (P less than 0.05). The proportion of glomerular filtrate permeating the shunt pathway was elevated above control values in nephritic rats on the 24% protein diet but declined in those fed the low protein diet (NSN-24%: 0.86%; NSN-6%: 0.31%; control: 0.19%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Effect of level of dietary protein on arginine-stimulated citrulline synthesis. Correlation with mitochondrial N-acetylglutamate concentrations.

Increases in dietary protein have been reported to increase the rate of citrulline synthesis and the level of N-acetylglutamate in liver. We have confirmed this effect of diet on citrulline synthesis in rat liver mitochondria and show parallel increases in N-acetylglutamate concentration. The magnitude of the effect of arginine in the suspending medium on citrulline synthesis was also dependent on dietary protein content. Mitochondria from rats fed on a protein-free diet initially contained low levels of N-acetylglutamate, and addition of arginine increased the rate of its synthesis. Citrulline synthesis and acetylglutamate content in these mitochondria increased more than 5-fold when 1 mM-arginine was added. A diet high in protein results in mitochondria with increased N-acetylglutamate and a high rate of citrulline synthesis; 1 mM-arginine increased citrulline synthesis in such mitochondria by only 36%. The concentration of arginine in portal blood was 47 microM in rats fed on a diet lacking protein, and 182 microM in rats fed on a diet containing 60% protein, suggesting that arginine may be a regulatory signal to the liver concerning the dietary protein intake. The rates of citrulline synthesis were proportional to the mitochondrial content of acetylglutamate in mitochondria obtained from rats fed on diets containing 0, 24, or 60% protein, whether incubated in the absence or presence of arginine. Although the effector concentrations are higher than the Ka for the enzymes, these results support the view that concentrations of both arginine and acetylglutamate are important in the regulation of synthesis of citrulline and urea. Additionally, the effects of dietary protein level (and of arginine) are exerted in large part by way of modulation of the concentration of acetylglutamate.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Dietary protein restriction and renal injury in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

We examined the influence of a low-protein diet on the course of the renal injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and SHR given antihypertensive drug therapy (SHRD). Antihypertensive drug treatment was hydralazine, reserpine, and chlorothiazide. Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats served as normotensive controls. SHR, SHRD, and WKY were each placed on a 24, 14, and 10% protein diet at 5 wk and followed to 80-90 wk of age. Untreated SHR showed a steady rise in protein excretion from 5 to 70 wk regardless of dietary protein content. Protein excretion in SHRD on a 24% protein diet was similar to untreated SHR. However, SHRD on a 14 or 10% diet had a more moderate increase in protein excretion. Glomerular, tubular, and vascular pathology in untreated SHR was not influenced by dietary protein intake. Despite successful antihypertensive therapy, kidney pathology in SHRD on a 24% diet was not significantly different from untreated SHR. In contrast, SHRD on 14 or 10% protein diets had less segmental glomerulosclerosis and vascular pathology than untreated SHR. The results indicate that dietary protein restriction does not influence the course of renal injury in untreated SHR. However, the combination of antihypertensive drug therapy with protein restriction in SHR delays and may arrest progression of glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Effects of dietary proteins on plasma lipoprotein levels in normal subjects: interaction with dietary cholesterol.

We have compared the effects of dietary soy protein and casein in diets low in cholesterol (less than 100 mg/d) and in diets enriched in cholesterol (500 mg/d) to examine whether the level of cholesterol intake affects the response of plasma lipoproteins to dietary proteins of plant and animal origin. Normal men and women consumed formula diets containing 20% of calories as soy protein or casein, 27% as fat and 53% as carbohydrate in 2 crossover studies. The dietary periods lasted for 31 days and were separated by a month-long interim period on self-chosen food. Following an initial reduction of plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels on all diets, the plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations stabilized. On low-cholesterol diets the concentration of each of the major lipoprotein classes were similar during the soy and the casein dietary periods. On cholesterol-enriched diets, the concentration of LDL-C stabilized at a 16% lower level on soy protein than on the casein diet (p less than 0.02), while the concentration of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was 16% higher (p less than 0.01). Since the difference in LDL-C (p less than 0.05) and in HDL-C (p less than 0.025) levels on casein and on soy protein diets were significantly greater on the high than on the low cholesterol intake, the findings indicate that the level of dietary cholesterol may determine whether plant and animal dietary proteins have similar or different effects on plasma LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Metabolic responses of matrinxa (Brycon cephalus) to dietary protein level.

Effects of increasing dietary protein were studied in matrinxa, (Brycon cephalus), an omnivorous teleost from the Amazon Basin in Brazil. Four isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 20%, 27%, 34% and 41% of crude protein (CP). Plasma glucose levels were significantly increased while triacylglycerols were significantly reduced at 41% of CP. Free fatty acids were significantly reduced at each level of rising CP. Plasma amino acids and ammonium followed the dietary CP increase. Liver glycogen and amino acids were reduced; liver glucose and lactate were constant, and ammonium increased with the CP in diets. Muscle glycogen and pyruvate decreased, protein did not change, while lactate and free amino acids increased. Kidney glycogen proportionally rose with the increase of CP from 20-41%. Pyruvate and lactate augmented irregularly from 20-41% CP. A gluconeogenic profile was observed in the kidney; the liver worked as regulator of body glucose. Increase of dietary CP and decrease of carbohydrates pushed muscle and liver catabolism of fat and sugar stores to satisfy energetical demands. CP contents above 34% were not recommended for B. cephalus, if the carbohydrate does not compensate the metabolical demands.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary protein as a risk factor in gentamicin nephrotoxicity.

The effects of dietary protein on renal function and structure, both prior to and after initiation of daily gentamicin treatment, were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pair-fed on low-protein (LP, 5%), normal-protein (NP, 20%), or high-protein (HP, 60%) diets for 10 days prior to gentamicin treatment. Gentamicin was administered as daily subcutaneous injections (150 mg/kg) for 6 days. Immediately after beginning daily gentamicin injections some of the rats on NP diets were switched to LP or HP diets, and some of the rats on HP diets were switched to LP diets. Renal function was monitored by evaluating serum creatinine levels and 24-h urine volumes; renal histology was evaluated by light and electron microscopy; and gentamicin uptake was determined using radioimmunoassay. Our findings indicate that conditioning to higher dietary protein prior to gentamicin administration results in less uptake of gentamicin by the kidneys. If rats on HP diets are placed on LP coincident with gentamicin administration, there is a significant improvement in survival. Switching rats from NP to LP protein coincident with gentamicin administration does not improve renal function, histology, or survival. However, switching rats from NP to HP coincident with gentamicin administration significantly increases mortality. Maintaining rats on LP both prior to and after gentamicin administration results in a significant improvement in survival but does not improve renal function. These results indicate that dietary protein both prior to and following the administration of gentamicin can significantly affect the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMed2005

Relation between reproductive, physiological, and immunological condition of Litopenaeus setiferus pre-adult males fed different dietary protein levels (Crustacea; Penaeidae).

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of amount of dietary protein levels on blood indicators of protein metabolism and immune condition (blood protein, hemocyanin, osmotic pressure, and hemocytes concentrations), and reproductive capacity of pre-adult Litopenaeus setiferus males (F0). Assessments were made of the relationship between amount of dietary protein, immune condition, and reproductive condition of the shrimp during the maturation process. Three different diets, with different amounts of protein (DP; 35, 45, and 55%), were evaluated over 55 days and compared with shrimp that were from a baseline group before treatments were administrated. Osmotic pressure, hemocyanin, blood protein, and hemocytes were greater in shrimp from control ponds than those obtained of shrimp fed 35 and 45% DP and similar to that obtained in shrimp fed 55% DP, demonstrating that food in the control pond had a nutritional value to that obtained by feeding amounts of dietary protein beyond 45%. Osmotic pressure, hemocyanin (Hc), blood protein (BP), and hemocytes were influenced by amount of DP with the physiology and immune system of shrimp being influenced by diet. At the same time, a maximum reproductive condition (measured as a proportion of normal cells of the total sperm cells) of shrimp males was observed in shrimp fed 45% DPL with lesser normal cells being present in shrimp fed 35 and 55% DPL. These results indicate that an immune reaction can occur in response to dietary protein with excess DP affecting several physiological functions included the sperm synthesis and sperm quality. Influence on hemocytes concentration in shrimp fed protein in excess could activate an attack on sperm cells in the vas deferens provoking lose of sperm quality in such conditions. Results indicate an optimal DP of 45 for maintaining the broodstock bank of L. setiferus.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1990

Interaction of dietary protein content and exogenous porcine growth hormone administration on protein and lipid accretion rates in growing pigs.

Sixty-six intact male pigs were used to investigate the relationships between exogenous porcine growth (pGH) administration (0, excipient-treated, and .09 mg recombinant pGH.kg-1.d-1) and dietary protein content (8.3, 11.4, 14.5, 17.6, 20.7 and 23.8%) on protein and lipid accretion rates over the live weight range of 30 to 60 kg. Feed intakes were restricted (1.84 kg.pig-1.d-1) and pGH was administered daily by i.m. injection. Rate of protein deposition increased with increasing dietary protein up to 17.6 and 20.7%, respectively, for control and pGH-treated pigs; both growth and protein deposition were enhanced by pGH on the four higher protein diets but remained unaffected by pGH administration to pigs given the two lowest protein diets. Plasma IGF-I concentration was elevated by pGH administration in pigs given the four higher protein diets but unaffected by pGH with the two lowest protein diets. Rate of fat deposition was depressed on all dietary protein treatments by pGH administration; carcass fat content of control and pGH-treated pigs declined with each increase in dietary protein up to 17.6 and 23.8%, respectively. The results demonstrate that pGH acts independently on protein and lipid metabolism.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Influence of the origin and level of dietary protein on TBI-induced oxidative damage in mice.

The influence of the origin and level of dietary protein on oxidative damage of lipid, protein, and DNA in mice after total body irradiation (TBI) was examined. Male mice were fed two types of dietary protein (casein and soybean protein) and different dietary protein levels (casein, 8% and 20%; soybean protein, 8% and 20%), and then treated with TBI with X-rays. The levels of lipid peroxides and chromosomal damage did not differ among the groups that did not receive TBI. However, the oxidative damage of lipid increased due to TBI only in the 8% protein group. The chromosomal damage in bone marrow increased due to TBI regardless of the different protein diets, and the damage was higher in the 8% protein group than that in the 20% protein group. Protein carbonyl levels were consistently higher in the 8% protein group than in the 20% protein group. In the 8% protein group, a greater decrease in the relative spleen weight was also observed. Concentrations of antioxidants [vitamins C, E, and glutathione (GSH)] in the liver were lower, and the concentration of non-heme iron in the liver was higher in the 8% protein group than in the 20% protein groups. Mice fed a low-protein diet became susceptible to TBI-induced oxidative damage regardless of the origin of protein. Vitamin C and E values of the soybean protein group were markedly lower than those of the casein group.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1992

Dietary protein sensitivity: is it an important risk factor for persistent diarrhea?

Although the causes of persistent diarrhea are largely unknown, dietary protein sensitivity has been identified as one possible mechanism. Since nutritional therapy appears to be an essential component of treatment for persistent diarrhea, a clearer understanding of the importance of dietary protein allergy is needed to provide optimal dietary recommendations. This paper reviews the current concepts of the pathophysiology, clinical features and criteria for diagnosis of dietary protein sensitivity. Evaluation of the results of several clinical studies indicates that dietary protein sensitivity does occur especially in young infants fed cows' milk but that it is an uncommon event, especially in older infants and children.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2001

Dietary protein and soluble fiber reduce ambulatory blood pressure in treated hypertensives.

In population studies, higher blood pressure has been associated with lower intake of protein and, possibly, lower fiber consumption. In the present randomized controlled trial, we sought to determine whether dietary protein and fiber had additive effects on blood pressure reduction in hypertensives. Treated hypertensive patients changed for 4 weeks (familiarization) to a diet low in protein (12.5% energy) and fiber (15 g/d). Patients (n=41) were then randomized to 1 of 4 groups in an 8-week factorial study of parallel design in which they continued the low-protein, low-fiber diet alone or had supplements of soy protein to increase protein intake to 25% energy, of psyllium to provide an additional 12 g soluble fiber/d, or of both protein and fiber. The 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure was compared from the end of familiarization to the end of intervention. In the 36 subjects who provided complete data, protein and fiber had significant additive effects to lower 24-hour and awake systolic blood pressure. Relative to control subjects, the net reduction in 24-hour systolic blood pressure was 5.9 mm Hg with fiber and with protein. Findings were independent of age, gender, and change in weight, alcohol intake, or urinary sodium and potassium. Relative to reduced fiber and protein intake, dietary protein and soluble fiber supplements lower blood pressure additively in hypertensives. These findings have important implications for the prevention and management of hypertension, particularly in populations in which high blood pressure is prevalent in association with diets low in protein, fiber, or both.

Blood Pressure↗