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PubMed1990

Traditional predictors of performance in medical school.

This paper addresses the predictive value for performance in medical school of undergraduate grades, the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), information on the selectivity of the undergraduate institution, and selected transcript data. The performance data examined were basic science grades; clinical science grades; scores on National Board of Medical Examiners examinations, Parts I, II, and III; and information on academic difficulty. Methodological sources of differences in validity data, including restriction in range, criterion attenuation, and method specificity, are discussed. Reported validity data affirm the substantial value of traditional academic predictors of performance in medical school. Selection committees should, nevertheless, supplement academic data with nonacademic and interview information. Their inclusion is particularly important for minority and disadvantaged applicants. Medical schools should assess the validity of their selection systems. Additional research on the relations between academic predictors and performance-based indexes of clinical competence and on the role of traditional predictors with regard to the recently declining medical school applicant pool is suggested.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

[Low dose ionising radiation and cancer: findings and methods. Report of a meeting and consequences for Switzerland].

Today's society is concerned about the dangers of ionising radiation, especially in the aftermath of Chernobyl. On the other hand, there exists a widespread lack of understanding radiation biology and radioepidemiology--the very sciences which provide the data from which today's risk estimates have been derived. The papers in this issue of the Journal were presented at a workshop on "Low level radiation and cancer: data and methods" held on 10th-11th December in Feuisberg, near Zurich. The meeting was organised by the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine of the University of Zurich under the auspices of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. Its aims were threefold. First, to give an introduction to some basic facts and methodological issues in radiation physics, biology and epidemiology. Secondly, to give an overview of the availability of data for radioepidemiological research in Switzerland and, thirdly, to evaluate possible research strategies in this country. A list of some notions and units commonly used in the radiation sciences serves an an introduction to the field (G. Schüler et al.). In using units and notions it is important to distinguish the description of biological experiments and epidemiological observations from definitions and risk projections proposed by international reports and consensus bodies for radioprotection purposes. The next papers deal more specifically with selected aspects of the basic sciences. Dosimetry means quantifying the physical effects of ionizing radiation in human tissue; this is not a straight-forward procedure (I. Cordt). The foundations of general radiation biology are succinctly summarised by C. Michel. An account of our present knowledge and theories of radiation carcinogenesis is provided by W. Burkart. W Lutz compares dose-response models of chemical carcinogenesis with those used in radiation carcinogenesis. During the last decade the epidemiological foundations of radioprotection have changed considerably. Longer follow-up studies have become available from the atomic bomb survivors and fro other cohorts. A new dosimetry system (DS 86) has been introduced for Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Exposure to domestic radon has become a major focus of interest. Not only the data, but also the methods of analysis and modeling of risks have evolved, as shown by the recent reports of national and international scientific committees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1988

[Spontaneous tumors in mongrel breeding-stock mice and rats from the vivarium of the R. E. Kavetskiĭ Institute for Oncology Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR].

Data obtained from the 10 year study of the spontaneous neoplasm incidence in mongrel mice and rats (males and females) from the colony of the R.E. Kavetskiĭ Institute for Oncology Problems are adduced. Spontaneous carcinogenesis was at an average 1:8 in mice (132 tumours per 1120 mice) and 1:3 in rats (93 tumours per 335 rats). Tumours of mammary glands and of pituitary prevailed in rat females.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2026

Neurometabolites and Antipsychotic Response in Psychosis: A Mega-Analysis.

IMPORTANCE: Revealing neurobiological markers of antipsychotic nonresponse in psychosis may aid outcome prediction and inform novel treatment targets. OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in neurometabolites in antipsychotic nonresponsive compared to antipsychotic-responsive psychosis using individual participant data and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Web of Science was searched for studies published between January 1, 1980, and November 1, 2025. Authors of 21 eligible studies identified before August 2024 were invited to contribute individual participant data. STUDY SELECTION: Eighteen studies examining neurometabolites by treatment response in psychosis contributed individual participant data for the mega-analysis. These studies plus a further 5 studies were included in the meta-analyses of standardized mean differences and variability. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Individual participant data were analyzed using linear mixed models with study as a random effect. Subgroup analyses examined prospective designs and treatment-resistant samples. Published group means and standard deviations were extracted for meta-analyses. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Group differences in glutamate, glutamate plus glutamine, choline, myo-inositol, N-acetylaspartate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutathione in the medial frontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia. RESULTS: The mega-analysis included 1189 participants from 18 studies; of these, 476 were treatment nonresponders (mean [SD] age, 33.0 [12.5] years; 340 male), 427 were treatment responders (mean [SD] age, 30.3 [11.5] years; 299 male), and 286 were healthy control individuals (mean [SD] age, 31.0 [12.5] years; 170 male). Compared with the antipsychotic response group, nonresponders showed elevations in medial frontal glutamate (Glass Δ = 0.21; P = .02), glutamate plus glutamine (Glass Δ = 0.29; P = .002), choline (Glass Δ = 0.22; P = .03), and myo-inositol (Glass Δ = 0.35; P = .001); similar elevations were observed relative to control individuals. Elevated medial frontal glutamate plus glutamine in antipsychotic nonresponders compared with responders was also observed prospectively in first-episode psychosis (Glass Δ = 0.41; P = .002), whereas myo-inositol elevations were greatest in individuals meeting criteria for treatment-resistance (Glass Δ = 0.64; P = .001). The meta-analysis of 23 studies (1844 participants) also showed elevated medial frontal choline and myo-inositol in antipsychotic nonresponse compared with response. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings provide evidence of an association between antipsychotic nonresponse in psychosis with elevations in medial frontal glutamate, choline, and myo-inositol. The presence of elevations in these markers supports the continued investigation of glutamate-acting and inflammatory pathway-associated interventions for psychosis and schizophrenia.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

The logistic analysis of categorical data from dental and oral experiments.

Logistic analysis methodology is being increasingly used in the analysis of categorical data from the biomedical sciences. We describe how the relationships between a dichotomous outcome variable and several qualitative classificatory or experimental variables can be modeled in a format similar to that used for quantitative data. The technique of weighted least squares is used to estimate the underlying parameters in the model and to perform various tests of statistical significance. The methodology is illustrated using data from a randomized dental anaesthetic study comparing three local anaesthetic solutions under two operative procedures. The similarities between the logistic analysis of dichotomous data and the analysis of variance applied to quantitative data are stressed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

[Initial and continuous education. Entreaty for better education of physicians in therapeutics].

Concrete education on therapeutical decision must constitute a major institutional objective during the higher academic period of the medical students. The current therapeutics constitutes a branch of instruction based on the up-to-date of the "medical science" and on the evidence evaluation. However, such evidence-based medicine still biased, evolutionary and thus provisory valid; whereas at the same time it must be appropriate and suitable for the patients benefit. Data issued from medical science are on the basis of the interactive and pragmatic apprenticeship of the therapeutical decision and prescription with a personalized approach of patient and at each step of its disease. The continuous postgraduate education programs following the initial Academic instruction contributes to up date the knowledges and moreover the professional experience and practice. This evolution is performed with respect of both the individual ethic-related to the patient and the collective ethics in terms of public health.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1995

Research to strengthen the scientific basis for health risk assessment: a survey of the context and rationale for mechanistically based methods and models.

Assessment of health risks is an integral part of regulatory decision-making that occurs at the interface between science (e.g. facts) and policy (e.g. values). Because existing scientific knowledge and understanding are often inadequate to answer the most critical risk-related questions, regulatory agencies have developed sets of formalized 'science policies' to extrapolate from existing data to real-life events and situations. These science policies, as, for example, the use of default assumptions or exposure scenarios, can introduce significant uncertainties into the final risk estimate. We survey the rationale for research to reduce extrapolation-related uncertainties, focusing specifically on the need to develop mechanistically based methods and models, including test methods to identify and characterize health effects, integrated human exposure models, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Computer-based diagnosis support for the interpretation of Hess charts.

Computer-based storage of patient data is the basis for their comprehensive use in science and patient care. Developing a data base for storage and interpretation of strabologic data must be prepared by an analysis of data items, terminologies, and diagnostic methods. We analyzed patient data collections and constructed a minimal strabologic data structure focused on methods for the examination of eye-muscle function. Geometric methods for the analysis of Hess charts help to prepare diagnostic parameters for assignment of Hess-result figures (classified according to their shapes) to certain diagnoses of muscle paresis. In this way the system can help in preparing and verifying diagnoses and structuring data according to various scientific or patient-management needs. Moreover, the system can support diagnostic training as it can present Hess charts, related diagnoses, and geometric parameters in a concise manner and hence enable learners to understand the diagnostic procedure.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1998

[Forty years study of systemic scleroderma (data of Institute of Rheumatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences)].

The basic stages and the results of 40-year studies of systemic scleroderma (SSD) at the Institute of Rheumatology, Russia Academy of Medical Sciences, are given. The goal-oriented studies of the systemic, peripheral, and visceral manifestations of the disease, which were undertaken in the 1960s basically altered our insight into the disease. Subsequently the diagnostic signs of the disease were developed, which substantially improved the diagnosis of SSD. Long-term studies examined the evolution of SSD and identified three major types of its course: acute, subacute, and chronic, which differ in the rapidity of progression of a pathological process, the pattern of clinical and morphological manifestations and prognosis, as evidenced by survival rates. The identified types of the course (n = 3) and clinical forms (n = 5) formed the basis for the Russia classification of SSD. Studying the pathogenesis of the disease mainly in the context of the mechanisms of formation of fibrosis and impaired microcirculation, as well as its clinical heterogeneity served as the basis for developing pathogenetic therapy regimens by differentially using disease-modifying agents and other therapeutical complexes. At present, the Institute of Rheumatology has accumulated unique experience in studying and following over 1500 patients with SSD and related diseases. There is a rise in the sclerodermal group of diseases, cross-over and combined forms of SSD along with great progress in the diagnosis and treatment, which enhances the quality of life of patients with SSD and prognosis in them.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1994

From Index Catalogue to Gopher space: changes in our profession as reflected in the Handbook and CPHSL.

A fifty-year review of the history of health sciences librarianship, as reflected in four editions of the Handbook of Medical Library Practice and its successor, Current Practice in Health Sciences Librarianship, illustrates the significant changes our profession has undergone. Publication in 1943 of the first edition of the Handbook marked an important milestone in the development of the Medical Library Association, as a group of dedicated volunteers documented standard practice and recorded useful data. Administration of health sciences libraries has moved from art to science. Responsibility for the development of collections is now the sole purview of professional librarians. Automation and bibliographic standards have revolutionized the methods for controlling and providing access to information resources. And, the means by which assistance is provided to library users, through the use of computer and telecommunications technology, has changed dramatically.

Cataloging↗
PubMed1987

Chemical information science coverage in Chemical Abstracts.

For many years Chemical Abstracts has included in its coverage publications on chemical documentation or chemical information science. Although the bulk of those publications can be found in section 20 of Chemical Abstracts, many relevant articles were found scattered among 39 other sections of CA in 1984-1985. In addition to the scattering of references in CA, the comprehensiveness of Chemical Abstracts as a secondary source for chemical information science is called into question. Data are provided on the journals that contributed the most references on chemical information science and on the languages of publication of relevant articles.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1996

A biomechanical model of the lumbar spine during upright isometric flexion, extension, and lateral bending.

STUDY DESIGN: Task-specific and subject-specific lumbar trunk muscle function, muscle geometry, and vertebral density data were collected from 16 men. A biomechanical model was used to determine muscle strength and the compressive forces acting on the lumbar spine. OBJECTIVES: To develop an anatomic biomechanical model of the low back that could be used to derive task-specific muscle function parameters and to predict compressive forces acting on the low back. Several model-specific constraints were examined, including the notion of bilateral trunk muscle anatomic symmetry, the influence of muscle lines of action, and the use of density-derived vertebral strength for model validation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Clinical and basic science investigators are currently using a battery of diverse biomechanical techniques to evaluate trunk muscle strength. Noteworthy is the large variability in muscle function parameters reported for different subjects and for different tasks. This information is used to calculate forces and moments acting on the low back, but limited data exist concerning the assessment of subject-specific, multiaxis, isometric trunk muscle functions. METHODS: A trunk dynamometer was used to measure maximum upright, isometric trunk moments in the sagittal (extension, flexion) and coronal (lateral flexion) planes. Task- and subject-specific trunk muscle strength or "gain" was determined from the measured trunk moments and magnetic resonance image-based muscle cross-sectional geometry. Model-predicted compressive forces obtained using muscle force and body force equilibrium equations were compared with density-derived estimates of compressive strength. RESULTS: Individual task-specific muscle gain values differed significantly between subjects and between each of the tasks they performed (extension > flexion > lateral flexion). Significant differences were found between left side and right side muscle areas, and the lines of action of the muscles deviated significantly from the vertical plane. Model-predicted lumbar compressive forces were 38% (lateral flexion) to 73% (extension) lower that the L3 vertebral compressive strength estimated from vertebral density. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that biomechanical models of the low back should be based on task-specific and subject-specific muscle function and precise geometry. Vertebral strength estimates based upon vertebral density appear to be useful for validation of model force predictions.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Fundamental analysis in research on well-being: distress and the sense of control.

Fundamental analysis defines the basic terms of social and behavioral research. It usually follows the rule "one concept to a measure." However, some responses inherently reflect more than one underlying attribute, as when a test score reflects both knowledge of the subject and practice with taking tests. The standard methods of fundamental analysis break down in the presence of such cross-cutting factors. In this article, we discuss two instances of confusion and disagreement among social and behavioral scientists generated by the effects of cross-cutting factors on critical measures. In the first instance, a tendency to agree with the statements of others can make beliefs about personal control over events and outcomes seem unrelated to beliefs about control by chance, fate, or powerful others. The tendency to agree correlates positively with age. In the second instance, emotional expressiveness can make the frequency or intensity of sadness seem unrelated to the frequency or intensity of happiness. Women, who make up the large majority of older Americans, express themselves more freely than men. The apparent disjointedness of internal and external attributions of control, or of positive and negative emotions, results from methods assuming that the response to each question reflects one and only one underlying factor. Cross-cutting factor models eliminate the bias and confusion produced by response tendencies and help isolate and define the essential dimensions of response.

Aged↗