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PubMed1985

Delayed developmental sequences in rodent diabetic embryopathy.

Diabetes induced by alloxan at day 6 of gestation in Wistar rats produced decreased fetal growth, delayed skeletal ossification, decreased fetal kidney beta-glucuronidase, and an increased frequency of fetal birth defects which correlated with the degree of diabetic control. Offspring of severely diabetic mothers (mean blood glucose greater than 501 mg/dl) sacrificed at 20 days had a mean weight of 2.12 +/- 0.16 g, a mean of 1.8 +/- 0.46 caudal ossification centers, and a 28% incidence of birth defects as compared to 3.70 +/- 0.22 g, 5.9 +/- 0.42 caudal centers, and 1.1% defects for controls. Offspring of severely diabetic mothers sacrificed at 21 days had mean numbers of caudal and sternal ossification centers which did not significantly differ from controls, indicating that decreased ossification observed at 20 days of gestation is a delayed developmental sequence which is mostly corrected by 21 days. Offspring of moderately diabetic (mean blood glucose 300-500 mg/dl) and insulin-treated dams (mean blood glucose 152-168 mg/dl) had intermediate degrees of growth or ossification delay and birth defect frequency at both the 20- and 21-day sacrifices. Maternal diabetes also retards the developmental increase in fetal kidney beta-glucuronidase such than 20-day offspring of severely diabetic mothers had a mean specific activity of 1.1 nmol/min/mg compared to 3.0 nmol/min/mg for controls. The results support prior studies in rodents suggesting a progression of early growth delay, altered developmental sequences, and birth defects in diabetic pregnancy. This progression is suggested as a common teratogenic mechanism which has implications for evaluating analogous pregnancies in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Religion and families of children with developmental delays.

Parents in 102 families with a 3- to 5-year-old child with developmental delays of uncertain etiology were interviewed concerning religion and adaptations to their child with delays. Religious parents were somewhat more familistic than were nonreligious parents, emphasized parental nurturance, and said that their child was an opportunity rather than a burden. Religious and nonreligious families were similar on other measures of developmental beliefs and social support. Religious parents described the "purpose" of their children with delays in their lives in emotionally powerful and meaningful ways that clearly helped them, although direct measures of peace of mind and emotional adjustment did not differ between religious and nonreligious families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Ataxia, developmental delay and an extensive neuronal migration abnormality in 2 siblings.

Two siblings with developmental delay and a non-progressive cerebellar ataxia are described. The electroencephalograms in both children showed a rather unusual pattern of high amplitude 10-12/s rhythms maximal anteriorly, while extensive neuronal migration abnormalities were apparent on Magnetic Resonance scans. There were no dysmorphic features, metabolic abnormalities, chromosomal defects or evidence of prenatal environmental toxins. It is considered that these siblings have an autosomal recessive neuronal migration defect which has not previously been reported.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Social interactions at school of children who are medically fragile and developmentally delayed.

The social interactions (n = 576) of 11 children who were medically fragile and developmentally delayed (MF/DD) were analyzed. Children interacted with a range of 5-23 people (M = 13.82) during the course of a school day, averaging 52 social encounters (range, 27-75). Most interactions (83.5%) were with adults and often occurred while the adults were providing care and teaching. Only 4.2% of social encounters were initiated solely for play, and 7.2% included play with another activity. Network members initiated most interactions, and 60% were reciprocal. Children who are MF/DD require assistance and support to play and interact with other children.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Early rehabilitation service utilization patterns in young children with developmental delays.

OBJECTIVE: There is a growing demand for interdisciplinary rehabilitation services for children with developmental disabilities, however, information is lacking on service utilization patterns. This study describes the type, frequency and location of initial rehabilitation services provided to young children recently diagnosed with a developmental delay. METHODS: A telephone survey was conducted on a consecutive cohort of children referred to subspecialists for the first investigation of their delay. RESULTS: Out of 129 respondents, only 30 (23%) did not receive any rehabilitation services within the first 6 months following medical evaluation, and 61 (47%) received two or more services. Services were provided most frequently in the hospital setting, especially for occupational or physical therapy (73-80%). Services were less often rendered in a rehabilitation centre (5-13%) or in the community (< 10%). Services were provided privately for a subset, particularly for speech language pathology and psychology (34% and 30% respectively). Interventions were typically given weekly or bi-weekly. Children receiving physical therapy were significantly younger whereas children referred to speech language pathology were older than the age of our cohort at intake. Overall, parents' educational level did not influence services received with the exception of private services, which were more likely to occur in children of fathers with university education. CONCLUSIONS: The findings would suggest that long waiting times and lack of resources may limit access to comprehensive services, particularly in community settings. Service utilization patterns were not consistent within types of developmental disability, suggesting that formal and co-ordinated interdisciplinary programmes are not in place for this population of interest.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and nonsocial stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants.

Spontaneous shifts of attention were observed in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants. Three types of attention shifting behaviour were observed; (1) between an object and another object, (2) between an object and a person, and (3) between a person and another person. The two control groups shifted attention more frequently between an object and a person than between an object and another object or between a person and another person. The infants with autism showed a different pattern, shifting attention between an object and another object more than any other type of shift. Furthermore, infants with autism showed fewer shifts of attention between an object and a person, and between person and person, than did the two control groups. They also spent less time overall looking at people and looked more briefly at people and for longer durations at objects, compared to the two control groups. These results indicate an abnormality in social orientation in autism even at the early age of 20 months.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

Disruption of DMD and deletion of ACSL4 causing developmental delay, hypotonia, and multiple congenital anomalies.

We have studied a male patient with significant developmental delay, growth failure, hypotonia, girdle weakness, microcephaly, and multiple congenital anomalies including atrial (ASD) and ventricular (VSD) septal defects. Detailed cytogenetic and molecular analyses revealed three de novo X chromosome aberrations and a karyotype 46,Y,der(X)inv(X) (p11.4q11.2)inv(X)(q11.2q21.32 approximately q22.2)del(X)(q22.3q22.3) was determined. The three X chromosome aberrations in the patient include: a pericentric inversion (inv 1) that disrupted the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, dystrophin, at Xp11.4; an Xq11.2q21.32 approximately q22.2 paracentric inversion (inv 2) putatively affecting no genes; and an interstitial deletion at Xq22.3 that results in functional nullisomy of several known genes, including a gene previously associated with X-linked nonsyndromic mental retardation, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4). These findings suggest that the disruption of DMD and the absence of ACSL4 in the patient are responsible for neuromuscular disease and cognitive impairment.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

Microphthalmia, marked short stature, hearing loss, and developmental delay: extension of the phenotype of GOMBO syndrome?

An adult male with microphthalmia, severe developmental delay, conductive hearing loss, marked short stature of prenatal onset, and radiographic skeletal changes is described. A review of the literature, focusing on his major findings, suggests that his manifestations might be an extension of the phenotype of GOMBO (growth retardation, ocular abnormalities, microcephaly, brachydactyly, oligophrenia) syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1988

Oddity learning in developmentally delayed children: facilitation by means of familiar stimuli.

Four of 8 low-functioning, developmentally delayed children initially failed to demonstrate oddity responding under conditions in which ostensibly similar children did show oddity responding (e.g., Soraci et al., 1987). In the context of a multiple baseline across-subjects design, each of the 4 previously unsuccessful children demonstrated statistically significant increases in the percentage of correct oddity responses immediately upon introduction of familiar stimuli. These results indicate that perceptual differentiation enhances relational learning of the type required by the oddity task.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

Two brothers with severe developmental delay, growth retardation and unusual appearance.

We report on two brothers with short stature, severe developmental delay and unusual appearance. Several conditions including the Russell-Silver, Dubowitz, Floating-Harbour and Cockayne syndromes were considered in the differential diagnosis, but subsequently rejected. These two cases are likely to represent a new autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive syndrome.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Ecocultural assessment in families of children with developmental delays: construct and concurrent validities.

Home interviews were conducted with 102 families of children with developmental delays to assess ecocultural family resources and constraints, values, and goals as well as proactive adaptive efforts to deal with their circumstances. Interview topics included (a) economic factors; (b) child safety, health, and education; (c) domestic and childcare workloads; (d) familial support networks; and (e) sociocultural influences. Factor analyses performed on the ecocultural measures revealed 12 salient factors. Results indicated that some of the ecocultural factors were unique and statistically independent of the traditional measures of home environment (e.g., child-rearing attitudes, cognitive stimulation of the child, and general psychosocial climate). Significant relations were found between certain ecocultural factors and child's developmental status. Both ecocultural factors and traditional family measures accounted for significant variation in child outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Supernumerary der(1) marker chromosome derived from a ring chromosome 1 which has retained the original centromere and euchromatin from 1q21.1 --> q21.3 with substantial loss of 1q12 heterochromatin in a female with dysmorphic features and psychomotoric developmental delay.

We report on a 5.5-year-old girl with dysmorphic features and psychomotoric developmental delay with a mitotically stable supernumerary marker chromosome. The origin of the marker was identified by microdissection and reverse painting of marker DNA as the pericentromeric region of chromosome 1. Fine mapping by FISH with selected YAC or BAC clones identified no p-arm material on the marker. The marker has retained its original centromere and euchromatin from 1q21.1-q21.3 but only small remnants of the 1q12 heterochromatin. Furthermore, some FISH clones presented single signals on the marker and others presented double signals indicating a partial duplication within the marker. These observations suggest a multi-step origin of the marker most probably with ring formation as the first step.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2005

Prevention of alcohol-induced developmental delays and learning abnormalities in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Prenatal alcohol exposure results in fetal death and neurobehavioral complications including learning impairment. Previously synthetic peptides derived from activity-dependent neurotrophic factor have been shown to prevent aspects of alcohol-induced damage in pregnancy. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12 could prevent alcohol-induced damage in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: Using a well-characterized model, C57Bl6/J mice on gestational day 8 were treated with placebo, alcohol (30% volume/volume alcohol 0.03 mL/kg), alcohol plus activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12 30 minutes prior to alcohol, or activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12 alone. Fetal death was assessed on gestational day 18 (25 litters were evaluated: alcohol, n = 5; placebo, n = 9; alcohol plus activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12, n = 11). Neonatal behavior tests were performed on postnatal days 1 through 21 with the offspring of 12 dams (alcohol, n = 16; placebo, n = 46; alcohol plus activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12, n = 23; and activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12, n = 35). Adult males were tested in the Morris water maze for learning assessment and with the hole punch activity test for exploratory activity. Statistical analysis included Kruskal-Wallis and analysis of variance. RESULTS: Fetal death was greater in alcohol (67% +/- 13%) vs placebo (8.4% +/- 3%, P < .001). Pretreatment with activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12 prevented the alcohol-induced fetal death (2.2% +/- 8.1%) with levels similar to control (P = .12). Alcohol exposure caused a delay in achieving developmental milestones, with alcohol achieving milestones later than all other groups (all P < .001). Pretreatment with activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12 prevented the alcohol-induced milestone delays. In the Morris water maze, the placebo learned, decreasing their latency to find the hidden platform over 70% (P < .01). Alcohol plus activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12 also significantly learned, with a learning curve not different from placebo (all P > .5) and significantly better than alcohol on days 4, 6, and 7 (all P < .05). Alcohol exposure resulted in significantly less time in hole punch activity (P < .02) than control. Activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12 pretreatment prevented the alcohol-induced decline, with levels the same as control (P = .1). CONCLUSION: The novel peptide activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-12 prevents alcohol-induced fetal death and developmental and learning abnormalities in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome. This demonstrates that a single treatment with a peptide is efficacious and may be of value in the prevention of alcohol-induced damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Midline-crossing inhibition: an indicator of developmental delay.

In normal development midline crossing integration is usually attained by eight or nine years of age. The inability to attain this developmental milestone is called midline crossing inhibition (MCI). A new method to detect MCI was used to examine the presence of MCI in a group of subjects with mental retardation. Seventeen subjects with mental retardation and an equal number of non-disabled peers participated in the study. Choice response time measurements consisting of reaction time and movement time were the dependent variables. These variables were recorded when subjects executed ipsilateral, midline and contralateral movements with each leg. Analysis of data revealed for both dependent variables significant differences between the two groups of subjects. Only the group with mental retardation exhibited contralateral times that were significantly slower than ipsilateral times. Midline crossing inhibition was evident with these developmentally delayed subjects. This new method shows promise for assessing developmental and neurological anomalies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

CAT/CLAMS. A tool for the pediatric evaluation of infants and young children with developmental delay. Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends regular developmental screening as a part of routine child health supervision. However, the pediatrician has a limited number of tools available to further evaluate a child who is found to be suspect or abnormal on a developmental screening test. The Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) was therefore developed to provide pediatricians with a technique to assess infants and toddlers with suspected developmental delay. The CAT/CLAMS demonstrated strong psychometric properties. Concurrent validity with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) was demonstrated in 43 children ages 12 to 19 months who were tested on three occasions with both instruments (correlation coefficient ranging between 0.63 and 0.87; P < .001). Predictive validity 6 and 12 months later was also demonstrated in this population with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.73 and 0.77, significant at the P = .001 level. Utilizing the CAT/CLAMS as part of the pediatrician's evaluation of children with developmental concerns would allow the pediatrician to compare language and nonlanguage problem-solving abilities and, therefore, aid in diagnosis and appropriate referral.

Developmental Disabilities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Current practices in sensory motor programming with developmentally delayed infants and young children.

This study examined the current practices of sensory motor programming with developmentally delayed infants and young children. A survey was conducted of facilities listed as serving this population group. There were 625 facilities which responded (response rate 84%). The responses of these facilities showed that each modal facility served between 21-50 children in day settings, and that 95% of the facilities offered individualized sensory motor programmes. Responses indicated that the way sensory motor programming was developed, the activities used, and the expected benefits had a high degree of similarity. Differences, however, were reported in the professional background of the programme directors, in their theoretical orientation, and in the assessment instruments used for developing and evaluating sensory motor programmes. There are implications for future study.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Mother-child interactions: a comparison of a clinic-referred developmentally delayed group and two non-delayed groups.

The purpose of the present study was to compare a clinic-referred sample of developmentally delayed children to two groups of children who were not delayed: a clinic-referred sample and a nonclinic sample. Multiple outcome measures, including home observations of mother-child interactions, parental perceptions of child adjustment, and parental measures of depression and marital adjustment, were utilized. The results indicated that the delayed sample differed from the two nondelayed samples primarily in terms of emitting more maternal behavior, particularly the number of commands issued. A lower rate of compliance to total maternal commands also occurred for the delayed group. Finally, the clinic-referred delayed sample differed from the nonclinic non-delayed sample by perceiving their children as less well-adjusted. Implications of the results are discussed.

Attitude↗