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PubMedDate not supplied

Acute renal failure in dogs after the ingestion of grapes or raisins: a retrospective evaluation of 43 dogs (1992-2002).

A review of records from the AnTox database of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Animal Poison Control Center identified 43 dogs that developed increased blood urea nitrogen concentration, serum creatinine concentration, or both as well as clinical signs after ingesting grapes, raisins, or both. Clinical findings, laboratory findings, histopathological findings, treatments performed, and outcome were evaluated. All dogs vomited, and lethargy, anorexia, and diarrhea were other common clinical signs. Decreased urine output, ataxia, or weakness were associated with a negative outcome. High calcium x phosphorus product (Ca x P), hyperphosphatemia, and hypercalcemia were present in 95%, 90%, and 62% of the dogs in which these variables were evaluated. Extremely high initial total calcium concentration, peak total calcium concentration, initial Ca x P, and peak Ca x P were negative prognostic indicators. Proximal renal tubular necrosis was the most consistent finding in dogs for which histopathology was evaluated. Fifty-three percent of the 43 dogs survived, with 15 of these 23 having a complete resolution of clinical signs and azotemia. Although the mechanism of renal injury from grapes and raisins remains unclear, the findings of this study contribute to an understanding of the clinical course of acute renal failure that can occur after ingestion of grapes or raisins in dogs.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMed2002

Immunoglobulin G responses to Malassezia pachydermatis in healthy dogs and dogs with Malassezia dermatitis.

Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses of healthy dogs and dogs with Malasseziapachydermatis dermatitis were compared by Western immunoblotting. M pachydermatis CBS 1879 was disrupted mechanically and its proteins were separated and blotted on to nitrocellulose membranes before being incubated with sera from eight healthy beagles, eight Irish setters with gluten-sensitive enteropathy, 15 healthy basset hounds, and 30 dogs with Mpachydermatis-associated dermatitis, 20 of which were basset hounds. The mean (se) numbers of bands of immunoreactivity observed in the seborrhoeic basset hounds (10.7 [0.4]) and affected mixed-breed dogs (9.4 [0.9]) were significantly greater than in the beagles (3-0 [1.0]), Irish setters (5.5 [1.1]) and healthy basset hounds (5.6 [0.7]). The number of bands identified was correlated (r(s) = 0.76, P < 0.001) with the anti-M pachydermatis IgG values measured by ELISA in a previous study. Most of the dogs were immunoreactive towards the 132, 66 and 50 to 54 kDa proteins and the affected dogs were also usually reactive towards the 219, 110, 71 and 42 kDa proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Experimental old dog encephalitis (ODE) in a gnotobiotic dog.

Experimental infection of a gnotobiotic Beagle dog with the neurovirulent R252 strain of canine distemper virus (R252-CDV) resulted in long-term central nervous system (CNS) infection; cerebral and brain stem lesions were consistent with old dog encephalitis (ODE). Eight clinical cycles of relapsing cortical and subcortical signs were documented over 33 months and were corroborated by the presence of both chronic and active inflammatory demyelinating lesions within the neuraxis. Immunocytochemistry revealed that CDV antigen was restricted to neurons. Attempts to use fresh brain tissue to directly transmit the infection to CDV-susceptible gnotobiotic dogs were unsuccessful. Reisolation of infectious virus from the infected dog required prolonged culture and coculture of brain explant cells with CDV-susceptible Vero cell monolayers. These findings demonstrate that ODE is a variant of virulent CDV-induced canine neurologic disease that can evolve de novo within the CNS of subclinically infected dogs in the absence of external sources of reinfection. The highly cell-associated nature of the virus, when first recovered from this dog, suggests that the virus was present within the CNS in a replication-defective form.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of ramipril and ramiprilat in healthy dogs and dogs with reduced glomerular filtration rate.

Ramipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor for use in dogs, is converted in vivo to its active form, ramiprilat, which is eliminated in the bile and urine in the dog. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of ramipril and ramiprilat. Ten adult Beagle dogs were used. PK/PD studies were performed before and after the induction of subclinical renal impairment. Ramiprilat was given at 0.25 mg/kg by a single IV bolus. After a 2-week washout period, ramipril was administered PO at 0.25 mg/kg once daily for 8 days. Ramipril and ramiprilat PKs were studied by using a physiologically based model. The relationship between free plasma ramiprilat concentration and ACE activity was described by using the fractional Hill model. Glomerular filtration rate was decreased by 58%. No biologically relevant changes in usual plasma variables were observed between the 1st and the 8th day of oral treatment with ramipril under either condition. After an IV bolus of ramiprilat, the only changes in renal-impaired dogs were a 14 and 49% decrease in clearance of the free fraction of ramiprilat (P < .01) and free plasma concentration required to produce 50% of the maximal effect (P < .05), respectively. After repeated PO administration of ramipril, there were no alterations in any of the PK and PD parameters in healthy or renal-impaired dogs. No adjustment of the recommended PO dosage of ramipril is needed in dogs with moderate renal impairment.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination of Tunisian dogs with the lyophilised SAG2 oral rabies vaccine incorporated into the DBL2 dog bait.

The protective effect of the lyophilised SAG2 oral vaccine bait DBL2, already demonstrated on laboratory dogs, needed to be verified on common Tunisian dogs. Seven Tunisian dogs consumed totally or partially one DBL2 bait containing 10(8.3) TCID50 of the highly attenuated rabies vaccine strain, SAG2. Five of the seven vaccinated animals survived a challenge administered 33 days later with a Tunisian canine street rabies virus to which five of the six controls that were not vaccinated and had no specific antibodies succumbed. The partial or total consumption of a single DBL2 bait thus conferred a protective immune response similar to that observed in laboratory dogs to dogs of poor health status. The sero-antibody response was, however, weak: only two vaccinated dogs exhibited a significant neutralising antibody response after vaccination and before the challenge, and four after the challenge.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Determination of plasma and skin concentrations of orbifloxacin in dogs with clinically normal skin and dogs with pyoderma.

Plasma and skin concentrations of orbifloxacin (Orbax tablets, Schering-Plough Animal Health) were assessed in 14 clinically normal dogs and 14 dogs with pyoderma following oral administration of the drug at 7.5 mg/kg once daily for 5 to 7 days. Skin biopsies and whole blood samples were obtained before dosing and at the time of the expected maximum concentration in skin (3 hours after dosing) on the first and on the fifth to seventh day of dosing. Skin biopsies and plasma were analyzed for orbifloxacin concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Dogs with pyoderma had significantly higher mean skin concentrations of orbifloxacin within 3 hours of administration (Day 0: 7.80 +/- 3.40 mcg/g, Days 4 to 6: 9.47 +/- 6.23 mcg/g) than did dogs with normal skin (Day 0: 3.85 +/- 1.08 mcg/g, Days 4 to 6: 5.43 +/- 1.02 mcg/g). After dosing on Day 0 and after five to seven daily treatments, dogs with pyoderma had significantly higher mean orbifloxacin skin:plasma ratios (1.40 and 1.44, respectively) than did clinically normal dogs (0.81 and 0.96, respectively). The accumulation of orbifloxacin in diseased skin may contribute to the efficacy of this compound for the treatment of bacterial skin infections.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1986

Proteinuria in the dog: a clinicopathological study in 51 proteinuric dogs.

In 51 dogs with predominantly massive urinary protein loss, the daily loss was quantified and glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions from renal biopsies were characterised and graded using histology, immune fluorescence and electron microscopy. The highest median daily urinary protein loss occurred in dogs with membranous glomerulonephritis (median 380 mg kg-1 d-1) and renal amyloidosis (median 257 mg kg-1 d-1). Although in nine febrile dogs the urinary protein loss was transient, both glomerular and tubular lesions were diagnosed in five and seven of these dogs, respectively. The pattern of urinary proteins was determined using sodium dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The albumin fractional clearance (FC) was raised in 46 dogs, whereas the FCS of the low molecular weight (MW) protein fraction (MW less than 66,000) and high molecular weight protein fraction (MW more than 66,000) were raised in 42 and 28 dogs, respectively. Both the high molecular weight protein FC and albumin FC significantly correlated to the grade of glomerular lesions, whereas the low molecular weight protein FC only moderately significantly correlated to the grade of tubular lesions. The selectivity index, calculated as (formula; see text) did not differentiate between the various forms of glomerulopathies. The urinary lysozyme concentration was significantly correlated to the grade of tubular lesions. It is concluded that although quantitative and qualitative measurements of urinary proteins can provide additional clinical information, they do not have a reliable predictive value and histopathological examination of renal tissue is still necessary for the final diagnosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Echinococcosis in Libya. I. Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs with particular reference to the role of the dog in Libyan society.

Of 151 dogs examined in 14 localities in Libya, 42 (27.81%) were infected with Echinococcus granulosus. The prevalence of the worms was generally higher in the coastal areas. Infections were light (1-200 worms) in 24 of the infected dogs, medium (201-1000 worms) in ten and high (over 1000 worms) in eight. The maximum number of worms was 12,821, recorded in a four-year-old dog. Infection rates differed with age: 12.5% in dogs aged up to one year, 36.6% for one to two years, 19.3% for two to three years, 44.2% for three to four years and 14.3% for dogs aged over five years. The role of dogs in Libyan society is discussed.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1984

Selected physical and chemical characteristics of prostatic fluid collected by ejaculation from healthy dogs and from dogs with bacterial prostatitis.

Forty specimens of prostatic fluid, collected by ejaculation from 36 dogs with bacterial prostatitis, and 43 specimens of prostatic fluid collected by the same method from 42 healthy dogs were analyzed with respect to pH, specific gravity, cholesterol concentration, and zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. Values from prostatic fluid of infected dogs were compared with values from prostatic fluid of healthy dogs, using a variety of statistical methods. In striking contrast to data obtained from human beings, prostatic fluid pH, specific gravity, or cholesterol zinc concentrations were not altered in dogs with bacterial prostatitis. Seemingly, these tests are not reliable in the diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis in dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Ammonia tolerance test in clinically normal dogs and in dogs with portosystemic shunts.

The oral ammonia tolerance test was investigated in 20 clinically normal dogs and in 6 dogs with naturally occurring portosystemic shunts. The dogs with portosystemic shunting had a marked rise in venous blood ammonia following the administration of ammonium chloride, as compared with the control dogs. Fasting venous blood ammonia content was not uniformly reliable in separating the dogs with portosystemic shunting from the clinically normal dogs.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1982

Distribution of Ehrlichia canis among military working dogs in the world and selected civilian dogs in the United States.

Antibodies to Ehrlichia canis were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in sera from 233 of 2,077 (11%) military working dogs in various locations throughout the world and from 535 of 938 (57%) civilian dogs in the United States during a 1-year period of study. Overall, E canis infection rates ranged from 13% in the tropical and temperate zones below 45 degrees N to 8% in the cold zone north of 45 degrees N latitude. The highest antibody prevalence rate (24%) was found among a select population of dogs stationed between 40 degrees and 45 degrees north latitude (Japan and Okinawa). The seropositive military dogs did not have clinical signs of ehrlichiosis, thus indicating that the predominant form of infection was subclinical. On the other hand, 216 (23%) of the seropositive civilian dogs had various signs of the disease. The difference was attributed to the fact that the sera from civilian dogs were submitted by practitioners who suspected the disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effects of iatrogenic blood contamination on results of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in clinically normal dogs and dogs with neurologic disease.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects that iatrogenic blood contamination would have on total protein concentration and nucleated cell count in CSF from clinically normal dogs and dogs with neurologic disease. DESIGN: Case-control study. STUDY POPULATION: 53 dogs confirmed to have neurologic disease and 21 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: CSF samples were obtained from the cerebellomedullary cistern or the lumbar portion of the subarachnoid space. Red blood and nucleated cell counts were determined, and protein concentration was measured. RESULTS: RBC count was not significantly correlated with nucleated cell count or protein concentration in clinically normal dogs or dogs with neurologic disease. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: High CSF nucleated cell counts and protein concentrations are indicative of neurologic disease, even if samples contain moderate amounts of blood contamination.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1976

Cumulation and elimination of horse-anti-dog lymphocyte and normal horse gammaglobulin in dogs.

Two groups of dogs received daily intravenous doses of 20 mg/kg 131-I-labelled horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin or normal horse gammaglobulin respectively over a period of 11 days. Horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin showed a significantly higher eleimination rate than normal horse gammaglobulin. In contrary to the continuous increase in serum radioactivity during normal horse gammaglobulin treatment, there was a plateau after the 5th day in the horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin group. The xenogeneic protein concentration, measured with the single radial immunodiffusion technique, at the end of treatment was 165 +/- 8 mg/1 in the horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin, compared to 498 +/- 15 mg/1 in the normal horse gammaglobulin group. After treatment horse-anti-dog-lymphocyte globulin treated animals showed a significantly higher increase in active hemagglutination titer against horse erythrocytes with an average of 2(-8).

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolism of the new nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agent, RWJ-51204, in mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human hepatic S9 fractions, and in rats, dogs and humans.

The in vitro and in vivo metabolism of the nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agent, RWJ-51204 was investigated after incubation with mice, rat, dog, monkey, and human hepatic S9 fractions in the presence of NADPH-generating system, and a single oral dose administration to rats (100 mg/kg), dogs (5 mg/kg), and humans (2.5 mg/subject). Plasma and red blood cells (2 h, rat) and urine samples (0-24 h, rat, dog and human) were obtained postdose. Unchanged RWJ-51204 (39-93% of the sample in vitro; < or =5% of the sample in vivo) plus 14 metabolites were profiled, quantified and tentatively identified on the basis of API-MS and MS/MS data, and by comparison of synthetic samples. The in vitro and in vivo metabolic pathways for RWJ-51204 are proposed, and the metabolite formations are via the following five pathways: 1. phenyl oxidation, 2. pyrido-oxidation, 3. N-deethoxymethylation, 4. dehydration, and 5. glucuronidation. Pathway 1 formed 4-hydroxy-2-fluoro-phenyl-RWJ-51204 (M1, 7-24% in vitro; 5-60% in vivo) in major amounts, OH-benzimidazole-RWJ-51204 (M2, 5-8% in vitro and in vivo) and diOH-phenyl-RWJ-51204 (< or =5-16% in vitro and in vivo); in conjunction with pathway 5 produced M1 glucuronide (60% in rat & dog; 17% in human), M2 glucuronide (16% in human). Pathways 2-4 formed minor/trace oxidized, and dehydrated metabolites. RWJ-51204 is extensively metabolized in vitro (except dog) and in vivo in rats, dogs and humans.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Developmental changes of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase subunit levels in erythrocytes from normal dogs and dogs affected by glycogen storage disease type VII.

1. The subunit proportions (L:M:C) of the PFK isozymes from normal adult erythrocytes were 2:86:12. Affected adult erythrocyte 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK) isozymes contained normal L-type (31%) and C-type (61%) subunits as well as a small amount (8%) of truncated M-type subunit. 2. When measured within 24 hr of birth, both normal and affected dog erythrocytes contained high PFK activities due to elevated levels of the L-type subunit. As the dogs matured, PFK activity decreased due to a greater than 99% loss of the L-type subunit. 3. By 2 weeks of age, the M-type and C-type subunits in normal dog PFK isozymes increased several-fold and attained near adult levels. 4. During post-natal development, the L-type subunit from affected dog erythrocytes decreased more rapidly than from normal dog erythrocytes; but it was maintained at a higher level in the affected adult erythrocytes. Also, in the affected dog erythrocytes, truncated M-type subunits were detected; and the initially high levels of the C-type subunit decreased approximately 50% after 4 weeks.

Aging↗

PubMed1996

NADPH-dependent reductases in dog thyroid: comparison of a third enzyme "glyceraldehyde reductase" to dog thyroid aldehyde reductase.

The increased incidence of thyroiditis reported to occur in diabetes has also been observed in long-term galactose-fed dogs where it is reduced by the administration of aldose reductase inhibitors. Since this suggests that thyroidal changes are linked to the abnormal accumulation of sugar alcohols (polyols), present studies were conducted to confirm the presence of aldose and aldehyde reductases in dog thyroid through isolation and characterization. Aldose and aldehyde reductases were isolated from dog thyroid by a series of chromatographic steps which included gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, affinity chromatography on Matrex Gel Orange A and chromatofocusing on Mono P. A third, labile NADPH-reductase was partially purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, affinity chromatography on Matrex Green A and hydroxylapatite chromatography on BIO-GEL HT. The kinetic properties of aldose and aldehyde reductases and their susceptibility to inhibition by aldose reductase inhibitors are similar to those of dog kidney aldose and aldehyde reductases. However, the levels of aldose reductase present in thyroid are extremely low compared to the levels of aldehyde reductase. A third NADPH-dependent reductase, tentatively identified as glyceraldehyde reductase, is also present in dog thyroid. This novel enzyme utilizes NADPH to reduce DL-glyceraldehyde and is clearly distinct from the other aldo-keto reductases in molecular weight, substrate specificity, inhibition by aldose reductase inhibitors and immunological properties. In summary aldose reductase, aldehyde reductase and a third novel glyceraldehyde reductase, all of which can utilize glyceraldehyde as substrate, have been identified and characterized in dog thyroid. Only aldose and aldehyde reductases, which can catalyze the production of polyols and were inhibited by aldose reductase inhibitors, appear to be linked to thyroiditis.

Aldehyde Reductase↗

PubMed1988

The suitability of dogs as guide dogs for the blind: criteria and testing procedures.

Criteria and testing procedures with regard to the suitability of dogs as guide dogs for the blind were developed on the basis of a literature study and own observations. A profile of the guide dog comprising physical characteristics, skillfulness, behaviour, and obedience was drawn up. As a rule, the testing procedures concern health and skills of the dogs. In the skill test some elements of the behavioural and obedience test were included. The final evaluation is based on the results of physical examination and the skill test, unless testing of behaviour and/or obedience appears necessary as well. A method for evaluating the performance of the dogs as objectively as possible is described. Some implications of using and testing guide dogs are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Acute head-only exposure of dogs to phosgene. Part III. Comparison of indicators of lung injury in dogs and rats.

To better understand the relevance of phosgene-induced changes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid protein observed in acutely exposed rats, groups of beagle dogs were similarly exposed for 30 min to phosgene using a head-only mode of exposure. The actual exposure concentrations were 9, 16.5, and 35 mg/m3, with resultant C x t products of 270, 495, and 1050 mg/m3 x min. In rats, a C x t product of 270 mg/m3 x min caused a significant elevation of protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, while the nonlethal threshold concentration (LCt01) was estimated to be 1075 mg/m3 x min. The endpoints examined in dogs focused on changes in BAL, lung weights, arterial blood gases, and lung histopathology approximately 24 h postexposure. Mortality did not occur at any C x t product. Increased lung weights and elevations in protein, soluble collagen, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts in BAL were observed at 1050 mg/m3 x min with borderline changes at 495 mg/m3 x min. Following exposure to 1050 mg/m3 x min, the analysis of arterial blood gases provided evidence of a significantly decreased arterial pO2. Histopathology revealed a mild, although distinctive, inflammatory response at the bronchoalveolar level at 495 mg/m3 x min, whereas serofibrinous exudates and edema were observed at 1050 mg/m3 x min. The magnitude of effects correlated with the individual dogs' respiratory minute volume and breathing patterns (panting). Collectively, phosgene-induced indicators of acute lung injury appeared to be characterized best by protein in BAL fluid. With regard to both the inhaled dose and the associated increase of protein in BAL, the responses obtained in dogs appear to be more similar to humans. In contrast, elevations in BAL protein occurred in rats at three-fold lower concentrations when compared to dogs. The results of this study demonstrate that the magnitude of elevations of plasma exudate in BAL fluid following acute exposure to the pulmonary irritant phosgene is markedly more pronounced in rats when compared to the dog which is considered more human-like than rats. This is believed to be associated with the higher ventilation of small rodents and with rodent-specific sensory bronchopulmonary defense reflexes.

Administration, Inhalation↗