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Results for “Early Detection of Cancer”

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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

The need for health promotion in oral cancer prevention and early detection.

OBJECTIVES: This review paper provides a rationale for using health promotion to help reduce morbidity and mortality due to oral cancers by identifying barriers to prevention and early detection of these cancers and discussing strategies for change. METHODS: A literature review of the following areas was conducted: epidemiology of and risk factors for oral cancers; knowledge, opinions, and practices of health care providers and the public regarding prevention, early detection, and control of oral cancers; and policies and regulations that either enhance or act as barriers to the prevention and early detection of oral cancers. RESULTS: Overall, the public is ill-informed about risk factors for and signs and symptoms of oral cancers and relatively few US adults have had an oral cancer examination. Further, health care providers are remiss in providing oral cancer examinations and detecting early oral cancers. CONCLUSIONS: To achieve the 13 oral cancer objectives contained in "Healthy People 2000," health care providers and the public must know the risk factors for these cancers as well as their signs and symptoms. Further, health care providers need to provide oral cancer examinations routinely and competently. Equally important, the public needs to know that an examination for oral cancer is available and that they can request one routinely. Thus, a vigorous agenda that includes education, policy, and research initiatives is needed to enhance oral cancer prevention and early detection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Progress in early breast cancer detection.

Evidence indicates progress in the early detection of breast cancer. After 1982 there was a reported increase in the incidence of breast cancer, presumably as a result of increased screening for the disease. The increase was especially noted in early stage breast cancer. The incidence of in situ cases also increased. Since 1973 the San Francisco-Oakland Bay area has reported a statistically significant decrease in mortality for white women. The evidence supports continued efforts at early breast cancer detection.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2000

[Analysis of a program of early breast cancer detection in a rural area].

OBJECTIVE: To find the results of a breast cancer early-detection programme run in a rural area, in terms of the activities corresponding to primary care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study. SETTING: Rural district in Primary Care Area 11, Madrid. The programme was run in this area between 1st February and 31st March 1999. PATIENTS: Women from 50 to 64, both inclusive, who had been called for a mammography. INTERVENTIONS: Inclusion in the breast cancer early-detection programme and open telephone survey of those who did not take part to find the reasons for not taking part in the randomised sample. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the period mentioned, 3902 women were called for screening (60.07% of all women between 50 and 64. The rest will be called in a second round in the year 2000). 2099 women attended for mammography (participation index 53.79%), with the following results: 5 (0.24%) highly likely to be malignant; 6 (0.29%) probably malignant; 172 (8.19%) probably benign; 1393 (66.36%) found to be benign; 438 (20.87%) negative; and 85 (4.05%) who needed further evaluation. The main reasons why 46.21% of the women called did not attend for mammography were: they had had one recently (29.9%); could not attend (22.7%); did not want to have one (17.5%); had not received the notification (17.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The participation rate was acceptable, with fewer malignant cases found than in other programmes. It would be important to call again those women who could not attend.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1990

[Significance of fiberoptic bronchoscopy after pulmonary resection of lung cancer for early detection in second lung cancer].

By the end of 1988, seventy five cases after pulmonary resection for lung cancer and one case after pulmonary resection for basal cell hyperplasia were examined with fiberoptic bronchoscopy as postoperative follow up. Endobronchial tumor was detected in 14 cases. In seven cases, endobronchial tumor was located at site far from the surgical bronchial anastomosis. These tumors were suspected as second lung cancer as long as examined by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Histological type of all of these was squamous cell carcinoma. Re-operations were performed in five cases and two of them were early lung cancer. In 6 cases (13.6%) among 44 cases examined with fiberoptic bronchoscopy after pulmonary resection for central type squamous cell carcinoma, second lung cancer was detected. In the case of central type squamous cell carcinoma, usually the tumor appears to be of same histological type and at same location. Among those cases those who smoke heavily should be separated as high risk group. If this group is followed with fiberoptic bronchoscopy or sputum cytological examination, it is more possible to detect second lung cancer at an early stage.

Bronchoscopy↗

PubMed1994

Survival of patients with breast cancer diagnosed in the United Kingdom trial of early detection of breast cancer. United Kingdom Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer Group.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the survival of patients with breast cancer diagnosed in different centres and by different methods in the United Kingdom trial of early detection of breast cancer, in order to investigate the contribution of different factors to the previously observed reductions in breast cancer mortality. SETTING: A non-randomised trial of the early detection of breast cancer, in which women aged 45-64 in two districts were offered annual screening for seven years, women in a further two districts were offered education about breast self examination (BSE), and those in four districts formed a comparison group. METHODS: Patients with breast cancer are classified according to the type of centre, method of detection, and attendance for BSE education. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses are carried out, including tumour size, dissemination status, and use of adjuvant treatment as additional variables. RESULTS: In the univariate analysis, patients with breast cancer who are non-attenders for screening have a significantly worse prognosis than those in the comparison centres. Patients whose cancer is detected by mammography have the best survival rate. The inclusion of size and dissemination status in the multivariate analysis explains only about one third of the improved prognosis in these cases. There is a significant difference between prognosis in the two BSE centres. CONCLUSIONS: The use of prognostic factors as recorded in this trial to predict breast cancer mortality may be inadequate.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1996

Serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination for early detection of prostate cancer in a national community-based program. The Prostate Cancer Education Council.

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed methods of prostate cancer early detection in community settings throughout the United States against standards and findings of earlier studies conducted at academic medical centers. METHODS: The study was conducted at 148 clinical centers during Prostate Cancer Awareness Week in September 1993 and continued through June 1994. A total of 31,953 eligible subjects were tested by both digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PSA was tested with the Abbott IMx PSA assay and reported by Roche Biomedical, Inc. RESULTS: The study confirmed that elevated PSA levels (greater than 4.0 ng/mL) aid in the detection of organ-confined prostate cancer when used in conjunction with the DRE. Reflecting more conservative biopsy decision-making practices, study results nonetheless are comparable to earlier reports. Among 1307 subjects who underwent biopsy, 322 cancers were detected. The cancer detection rate was 3.6% for PSA, 3.0% for DRE, and 4.7% if either test result was positive. The positive predictive value (PPV) for elevated PSA levels (greater than 4.0 ng/mL) was 3l.6%, significantly better (P < 0.0001) than the PPV for abnormal DRE results (25.5%). Nearly 90% (88.9%) of staged cancers were diagnosed as localized. Elevated PSA levels detected more localized cancers (76 of 105 [72.4%]) than the DRE (72 of 105 [68.6%]). Of localized tumors, 33 (31.4%) were missed by DRE and detected solely by PSA, and 29 (27.6%) were missed by PSA and detected solely by DRE. The combined use of the two methods detected 33 additional localized tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Community practice throughout the United States demonstrates that PSA and DRE are consistently effective and efficient in the early detection of prostate cancer.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Early detection of prostate cancer following repeated examinations by multiple modalities: results of the American Cancer Society National Prostate Cancer Detection Project.

The American Cancer Society National Prostate Cancer Detection Project (ACS-NPCDP) is a multicenter, interdisciplinary demonstration project to assess the impact on early detection of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and digital rectal examination (DRE). Preliminary data are available from the first 3-5 y of planned observation. The results show declining rates of detection for each succeeding examination. Cancer detection rates are highly dependent on age. The positive predictive value of a solitary examination is low regardless of modality, but any combination of positive results has a much better predictive value. The cancers detected were predominantly clinically localized tumors, and detection of advanced stage cancer was uncommon after the initial examination. Radical prostatectomy was the most common form of treatment. These findings have implications for prostate cancer early detection guidelines and practice.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Methods of early detection of prostate cancer: the role of prostatic specific antigen, transrectal ultrasound and digital rectal examination.

PSA has significantly influenced the management of prostate cancer. Early detection of clinically significant cancer has been increased by combining PSA and digital rectal examination. PSA has been used as a prognostic factor for patients with local disease and as a monitoring test for patients undergoing curative therapy for localized prostate cancer.

Aging↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Teaching early breast cancer detection strategies.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer occurring among women. Currently, breast cancer can be detected early and treated effectively if all asymptomatic women participate in the screening program. Screening strategies include a mammogram, medical examination of the breast, and breast self-examination. This article describes the nurse's role in promoting and decreasing barriers to these strategies for early detection of breast cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Weak associations between sociodemographic factors and breast cancer: possible effects of early detection.

Differences in incidence and survival of breast cancer have been observed to vary with regard to sociodemographic factors. This might be related to variation in frequency of doctor consultation and in time of diagnosis, since sociodemographic factors appear to influence the individual's attention to cancer symptoms and susceptibility to participate in screening programmes. This study aimed to examine the variation in breast cancer incidence and case fatality in sociodemographic groups in Norway, and to discuss whether any variation can result from temporal variation in detection time. The study included 589 521 women with information on residential history, childbearing pattern, educational level and occupational physical activity. Analyses were conducted using Poisson and Cox regression models. Although all the associations were weak, breast cancer incidence was associated with residence in urban areas, high age at first childbirth and high level of education. The urban women also tended to have better survival compared with the rural women. Childlessness was associated with high incidence and high case fatality. A high educational level was associated with the lowest case fatality. This study may emphasize the importance of discussing potential effects of early cancer detection. This is particularly important in epidemiological studies revealing weak associations between sociodemographic factors and breast cancer. Mortality rates may be less influenced by problems associated with early detection and, thus, analyses of breast cancer-specific mortality could give additional information.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Johns Hopkins study.

The Johns Hopkins Lung Project was designed to determine whether the addition of cytologic screening to the radiographic screening of high-risk volunteers could enhance the early detection of asymptomatic lung cancer and whether early therapeutic intervention in detected cases could significantly reduce the mortality from this disease. Male volunteers, 45 yr of age and older, who smoked at least 1 pack of cigarettes per day were recruited from the Baltimore metropolitan area. All of the 10,387 acceptable high-risk volunteers received annual chest radiographic screening. By random assignment, one half received cytologic examination of induced sputum in addition to the roentgenogram. This report describes the results of the initial screening. Compared with usual methods of clinical diagnosis, screening by both roentgenography and cytology identified a greater proportion of the lung cancer cases at an earlier stage. Screening by sputum cytology was found to improve the detection only of squamous cell carcinoma. In the dual-screen group, sputum cytology accounted for 28% of the detected cases, and resulted in 39% additional detection of lung cancer over that achieved by roentgenography. There was no corresponding decrease in prevalence. Lung cancers detected by cytology alone were found at very early stages. Although there has been an increase in average survival, much of this increase, if not all, may have resulted from lead-time and sampling bias.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1993