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PubMed2002

The influence of soy oligosaccharides on apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibilities and fecal consistency in growing pigs.

Fourteen ileally cannulated pigs (BW = 35 +/- 2 kg) were randomly allotted to a replicated 7 x 7 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the influence of the soybean oligosaccharides (OS), raffinose and stachyose, on ileal nutrient digestibility and fecal consistency. Semipurified diets containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) or soybean meal (SBM) as the sole protein sources were fed. Soy solubles (SS), a by-product of SBM processing containing 3.5% raffinose and 11.5% stachyose, were used to increase dietary raffinose and stachyose concentrations. The seven dietary treatments were SPC, SPC + 9% SS, SBM, SBM + 9% SS, SBM + 18% SS, SBM + 24,000 U alpha-galactosidase enzyme preparation/kg diet, and a low-protein casein (LPC) diet used to calculate true digestibility. Diets, with the exception of the LPC diet, were formulated to contain 17% CP. All diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as a marker for ileal digestibility determination. The experimental periods were divided into a 5-d diet adaptation followed by 2-d of ileal digesta collection. Diets and digesta were analyzed for DM, N, Cr, amino acids (AA), raffinose, and stachyose. Fecal consistency was determined on d 6 and 7 of each experimental period. The apparent and true ileal AA digestibilities were not different (P < 0.05) for the SPC and SBM control diets. When SS was added to the SPC diet, apparent and true N and AA digestibilities were depressed (P < 0.05) with the exception of Trp and Pro. The apparent and true ileal N and AA digestibilities were not different (P > 0.05) between the SBM control and SBM + 9% SS diets with the exception of Glu. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in apparent and true DM, Val, Gly, and Tyr digestibilities when increasing levels of SS were added to the SBM diet. The addition of alpha-galactosidase did not improve apparent or true ileal N or AA digestibilities except for apparent and true Val and Tyr. Ileal raffinose digestibility was improved (P < 0.05) by addition of a-galactosidase, but was not affected by any other dietary treatment. Ileal stachyose digestibility was not affected (P > 0.58) by treatment. Fecal consistency likewise was not affected (P > 0.36) by dietary treatment. In conclusion, soy OS reduced nutrient digestibilities, but the reductions were small, ranging from approximately 1.1 to 7.4 percentage units. This suggests that other factors may be negatively impacting SBM digestibility.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1976

Recycling and degradation of anabolic agents in animal excreta.

A variety of anabolic agents are currently added to animal feeds to increase growth rate and improve feed efficiency. These compounds and their metabolites are largely excreted. Prior to the use of anabolic agents as feed additives and the advent of confined livestock production, natural recycling occurred which generally resulted in benefit to the animal with no known adverse effects on consumer health. However, the current interest in the use of animal excreta in livestock feed and the possible presence of anabolic agents and their metabolites from this practice has created an additional need for information on the occurrence of anabolic agent residues in consumer products. This report will consider the definition of anabolic agents in its broadest sense and discuss the research on hormones used in animal feed that may be found in animal excreta. In addition to feed additive residues, endogenous compounds may also be found in animal excreta. Endogenous estrogens and androgens have been detected in excreta from domestic livestock and poultry. Research results suggest that substantial estrogenic and androgenic activity may be detected in fresh animal excreta. However, little is known about the effects of various processing methods of excreta such as heat drying and fermentation on its hormonal activity. The effects of feed additive residues and endogenous hormones in excreta used for feed will be discussed relative to their impact on animal health and occurrence in animal products.

Anabolic Agents↗

PubMed2000

Bacterial pollution of Messina coastal waters: a one year study.

A year's monitoring of faecal pollution of marine coastal waters surrounding Messina was carried out in 1996/97. The distribution of faecal coliforms was evaluated in 15 stations located along the Sicilian coastline, sampled monthly in coincidence of the two opposing current phases ("montante" and "scendente" currents) which characterise the Straits of Messina. The data obtained provided a complete picture of hygienic-sanitary conditions of the area and highlighted the presence of heavily polluted sites in correspondence with river outflows. Higher bacterial counts were associated with lower salinity values and higher ammonia concentrations; over an annual study, they occurred during the coldest months, showing the negative impact of continental water inputs on the bacteriological quality of coastal waters.

Ammonia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of long-time transportation stress on re-activation of Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in experimentally infected pigs.

In this study a Salmonella Typhimurium infection model in swine was used in order to investigate the influence of pre-mortal stress induced by long time period transportation on the re-activation of Salmonella in experimentally infected pigs. Salmonella free pigs were exposed to a highly virulent strain of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 by direct intragastrical administration. Clinical parameters were monitored and the shedding rate in faeces was qualitatively and quantitatively determined by standard bacteriological procedures for 21 days. The distribution of the challenge organism in 14 different internal organs of transported and nontransported animals was determined. All infected animals developed clinical signs of salmonellosis 12 to 24 hours post infection. About 88 to 100% of the fecal samples were culture-positive up to post exposure day 6, and then varied from 71 to 92% until slaughter, respectively. At necropsy S. Typhimurium was recovered most frequently from caecum and ileocolic lymph nodes (83%), colon (79%), palatine tonsils (71%) and mandibular lymph nodes (62.5%). A negative impact of transportation stress on the shedding rate and the general condition of the animals was observed.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effects of enteral and intravenous fluid therapy, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate on colonic contents and feces in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in systemic hydration, concentrations of electrolytes in plasma, hydration of colonic contents and feces, and gastrointestinal transit in horses treated with IV fluid therapy or enteral administration of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium sulfate (NaSO4), water, or a balanced electrolyte solution. ANIMALS: 7 horses with fistulas in the right dorsal colon (RDC). PROCEDURE: In a crossover design, horses alternately received 1 of 6 treatments: no treatment (control); IV fluid therapy with lactated Ringer's solution; or enteral administration of MgSO4, Na2SO4, water, or a balanced electrolyte solution via nasogastric intubation. Physical examinations were performed and samples of blood, RDC contents, and feces were collected every 6 hours during the 48 hour-observation period. Horses were muzzled for the initial 24 hours but had access to water ad libitum. Horses had access to hay, salt, and water ad libitum for the last 24 hours. RESULTS: Enteral administration of a balanced electrolyte solution and Na2SO4 were the best treatments for promoting hydration of RDC contents, followed by water. Sodium sulfate was the best treatment for promoting fecal hydration, followed by MgSO4 and the balanced electrolyte solution. Sodium sulfate caused hypocalcemia and hypernatremia, and water caused hyponatremia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enteral administration of a balanced electrolyte solution promoted hydration of RDC contents and may be useful in horses with large colon impactions. Enteral administration of either Na2SO4 or water may promote hydration of RDC contents but can cause severe electrolyte imbalances.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Impact of water supply and sanitation on diarrheal morbidity among young children in the socioeconomic and cultural context of Rwanda (Africa).

This project studied the frequency and intensity of water contamination at the source, during transportation, and at home to determine the causes of contamination and its impact on the health of children aged 0 to 5 years. The methods used were construction of the infrastructure for three sources of potable water, administration of a questionnaire about socioeconomic status and sanitation behavior, anthropometric measurement of children, and analysis of water and feces. The contamination, first thought to be only a function of rainfall, turned out to be a very complex phenomenon. Water in homes was contaminated (43.4%) with more than 1100 total coliforms/100 ml due to the use of unclean utensils to transport and store water. This socioeconomic and cultural problem should be addressed with health education about sanitation. The latrines (found in 43.8% of families) presented a double-edged problem. The extremely high population density reduced the surface area of land per family, which resulted in a severe nutritional deficit (15% of the children) affecting mainly young children, rendering them more susceptible to diarrhea (three episodes/child/year).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Computer assisted detection software for CT colonography: effect of sphericity filter on performance characteristics for patients with and without fecal tagging.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of changing sphericity filter values on performance of a computer assisted detection (CAD) system for CT colonography for data with and without fecal tagging. Colonography data from 138 patients with 317 validated polyps were divided into those with (86) and without (52) fecal tagging. Polyp coordinates were established by three observers and datasets analysed subsequently by a proprietary CAD system used at four discrete sphericity filter settings. Prompts were compared with the known coordinates in order to determine sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity was highest at low sphericity; of 164 polyps 6 mm or more, 144 (87.8%) were detected at sphericity 0.3, and 132 (80.1%) at sphericity 0.9. Of 42 polyps measuring 10 mm or more, 40 (95.2%) were detected at sphericity 0.3, and 36 (85.7%) at sphericity 0.9. There was no significant difference in sensitivity for tagged and un-tagged data but specificity was reduced in tagged data at low sphericity and significantly reduced in untagged data at high sphericity. CAD had a sensitivity of 95.2% for polyps measuring 1 cm or more and 87.8% for polyps 6 mm or more when used at a sphericity setting of 0.3. Higher sphericity settings increased specificity while reducing sensitivity. The bowel preparation used significantly impacts on specificity.

Barium Sulfate↗

PubMed1996

Gastrointestinal nematodes depress food intake in naturally infected reindeer.

Models have predicted that directly transmitted macroparasites may influence the abundance of forage plants in herbivore grazing systems by reducing the food intake of their host. Evidence of parasite-induced alterations in host food intake is, however, limited mainly to sheep, cattle and laboratory rodents. We estimated the effect of naturally acquired parasite infections on the appetite of reindeer. Food intake was significantly lower in infected reindeer compared to animals in which the parasites had been experimentally removed. Among the infected animals there was a significant negative relationship between intensity of the directly transmitted macroparasites (i.e. gastrointestinal nematodes) and mean food intake, indicating that the lower food intake was caused by these parasites. The time-specific onset of depression in food intake is also consistent with seasonality in the pathogenic effect from gastrointestinal nematodes. This shows that parasite-induced changes in herbivore food intake is not restricted to agricultural systems, and implies that parasites may have impact on the dynamics of a wide range of herbivore plant communities.

Abomasum↗

PubMed2005

Impact of an outbreak of norovirus infection on hospital resources.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a nosocomial norovirus outbreak, its management, and its financial impact on hospital resources. DESIGN: A matched case-control study and microbiological investigation. METHODS: We compared 16 patients with norovirus infection with control-patients matched by age, gender, disease category, and length of stay. Bed occupancy-days during the peak incidence period of the outbreak were compared with the corresponding periods in 2001 and 2002. Expenses due to increased workload were calculated based on a measuring system that records time spent for nursing care per patient per day. RESULTS: The attack rates were 13.9% among patients and 29.5% among healthcare workers. The median number of occupied beds was significantly lower due to bed closure during the peak incidence in 2003 (29) compared with the median number of occupied beds in 2001 and 2002 combined (42.5). Based on this difference and a daily charge of 562.50 dollars per patient, we calculated a revenue loss of 37,968 dollars. Additional expenses totaled 10,300 dollars for increased nursing care. Extra costs for microbiological diagnosis totaled 2707 dollars. Lost productivity costs due to healthcare workers on sick leave totaled 12,807 dollars. The expenses for work by the infection control team totaled 1408 dollars. The financial impact of this outbreak on hospital resources comprising loss of revenue and extra costs for microbiological diagnosis but without lost productivity costs, increased nursing care, and expenses for the infection control team totaled 40,675 dollars. CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial norovirus outbreaks result in significant loss of revenue and increased use of resources. Bed closures had a greater impact on hospital resources than increased need for nursing care

Caliciviridae Infections↗

PubMed1990

Impact of rotavirus infection at a large pediatric hospital.

Information is limited about national patterns of rotavirus infection throughout the USA. Discharge records and laboratory rotavirus detection for 1979-1989 at the Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, were evaluated to determine the impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis at a large children's hospital. The availability since 1983 of diagnostic assays less expensive than electron microscopy was associated with increased rotavirus detection. Only 67% of rotavirus-positive samples came from children likely to have had community-acquired acute gastroenteritis. Combined laboratory results and ICD-9 discharge diagnosis codes (008.6, 008.8, and 558.9) measured rotavirus activity better than either alone. A case definition for hospitalization for rotavirus infection resulted in an estimate that an average of 473 children were hospitalized for rotavirus infection at Texas Children's Hospital each year over the 10-year period. These cases accounted for 3.0% of all hospital days and $1.5 million per year in bed costs at this hospital. Hospitalization rates and the impact of hospital costs for the USA were estimated by extrapolation.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2006

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in Lebanese ICU patients: epidemiology and patterns of resistance.

Our study aims to investigate and describe the epidemiology of the intestinal carriage of ESBL-PS in intensive care units of five Lebanese hospitals and to analyze the potential risk factors for the acquisition of these strains. At the same time, we intend to determine the patterns of susceptibility of these strains, exploring therefore the availability of alternative treatment. One thousand, four hundred forty-two fecal samples were collected between January 1, 2003 and March 31, 2003 from 378 patients admitted to the ICUs of five Lebanese tertiary care general hospitals located in different areas of Lebanon. ESBL production was detected by the double disk synergy test and antibiotic susceptibility of ESBL-producing strains as well as minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. A paired case-control study was undertaken to identify risk factors for carriage of ESBL-PS. One hundred eighteen strains isolated from 72 subjects were identified as ESBL producers, including 95 (80.5%) E. coli, 16 (13.6%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 7 (5.6%) Enterobacter cloacae. A higher rate of multiple ESBL-PS carriage was described among these acquisition cases (21 double carriages and 3 triple carriages of ESBL-PS compared to only 1 double carriage of ESBL-PS at admission). In general, similar trends of susceptibility were observed in the different hospitals. As expected, the lowest MIC was observed with imipenem for all E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter isolates. Ciprofloxacin, followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole seem to be associated with the lowest susceptibility. In vitro susceptibility to cefoxitin for all isolates was 74.6%; more resistance was associated to ceftazidime (90.7%) than to cefotaxime (69.7%). Our data agree with other national and international reports showing the increase in ESBL-PS carriage in ICU patients. They demonstrate the endemic character of this carriage in Lebanese hospitals and the important risk factors including immunosuppression and evidence of ESBL infection. The highly resistant profile of ESBL-PS to antimicrobial agents available for treatment reflects the severity of this issue. The significance of this study resides in the direct correlation between our results and the nationwide increase in multi-drug resistant bacteria and the continuous change in bacterial resistance epidemiology. Our data may have an important impact on infection control policies in hospitals and on treatment of infectious diseases.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2024

Metagenomic analysis demonstrates distinct changes in the gut microbiome of Kawasaki diseases children.

BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease (KD) has been considered as the most common required pediatric cardiovascular diseases among the world. However, the molecular mechanisms of KD were not fully underlined, leading to a confused situation in disease management and providing precious prognosis prediction. The disorders of gut microbiome had been identified among several cardiovascular diseases and inflammation conditions. Therefore, it is urgent to elucidate the characteristics of gut microbiome in KD and demonstrate its potential role in regulating intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance and coronary artery injuries. METHODS: A total of 96 KD children and 62 controls were enrolled in the study. One hundred forty fecal samples had been harvested from KD patients, including individuals before or after IVIG treatment, with or without early coronary artery lesions and IVIG resistance. Fecal samples had been collected before and after IVIG administration and stored at -80°C. Then, metagenomic analysis had been done using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. After that, the different strains and functional differences among comparisons were identified. RESULTS: First, significant changes had been observed between KD and their controls. We found that the decrease of Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides ovatus and the increase of pathogenic bacteria Finegoldia magna, Abiotrophia defectiva, and Anaerococcus prevotii perhaps closely related to the incidence of KD. Then, metagenomic and responding functional analysis demonstrated that short-chain fatty acid pathways and related strains were associated with different outcomes of therapeutic efficacies. Among them, the reduction of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, the enrichment of Enterococcus faecalis and antibiotic resistance genes had been found to be involved in IVIG resistance of KD. Moreover, our data also revealed several potential pathogenetic microbiome of that KD patients with coronary artery lesions. CONCLUSION: These results strongly proved that distinct changes in the gut microbiome of KD and the dysfunction of gut microbiomes should be responsible for the pathogenesis of KD and significantly impact the prognosis of KD.

Humans↗

PubMed1996

Hemoquant determination of hookworm-related blood loss and its role in iron deficiency in African children.

Iron deficiency remains the most prevalent form of human malnutrition, and current interventions to control it have not decreased the global prevalence. Hookworm control activities are becoming more widely implemented, but the importance of these efforts to prevent anemia in populations is not well-defined. We studied the relationships among hookworm infection, intestinal blood loss, and iron status of 203 Zanzibari school children. Helminth infection intensity was quantified by fecal egg counts, and iron deficiency anemia was defined by low hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations. Intestinal blood loss was quantified by measuring fecal heme and heme breakdown products as porphyrin, a noninvasive method that has not been used previously to assess hookworm blood loss. Intestinal blood loss was strongly and linearly related to hookworm egg counts. The degree of degradation of fecal heme indicated that blood loss occurred in the upper gastrointestinal tract, compatible with the behavior of hookworms. Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections were also common, but did not contribute significantly to intestinal blood loss in this population. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia increased steadily as hookworm infection intensity and intestinal blood loss increased. In the context of a poor diet, as exists in Zanzibar and many tropical countries, hookworm-related blood loss contributes dramatically to anemia. In such contexts, hookworm control is a feasible and essential component of anemia control. Determination of fecal heme is relatively simple and noninvasive and may be a useful tool for measuring the impact of hookworm control activities.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

PubMed1997

Short report: impact of traveler's diarrhea on United States troops deployed to Thailand.

Among a United States military unit of 170 personnel deployed to Utapao, Thailand for a three-week training exercise, 40% experienced diarrheal disease, and 12% sought medical treatment for diarrhea. Most illness clustered within the first two weeks of arrival and individuals were ill an average of 3.6 days. Fifty-five percent of cases lost two days of work and 15% required treatment with intravenous fluids. Bacterial pathogens were recovered from 38% of 16 stools submitted, with Campylobacter jejuni the most common. Four (12.5%) of 32 persons who voluntarily submitted paired sera exhibited a four-fold increase in IgG antibody titer to C. jejuni. Traveler's diarrhea continues to be an important problem with a serious potential to impact the mission readiness of even small military units deployed overseas.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2006

Nitrate, coliforms, and Cryptosporidium spp. as indicators of stream water quality in western Pennsylvania.

Surface-water treatment plants provide water to approximately 67 percent of the residents of Pennsylvania. Industrial activities and agricultural practices significantly contribute to the chemical and microbiological load of surface-water systems. For the study reported here, surface water from three sites along Two Lick Creek in Indiana County in Pennsylvania were sampled and analyzed for nitrate, iron, total and fecal coliforms, and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Mean nitrate concentrations were 2.88, 3.15, and 3.83 mg/L for Site 1, Site 2, and Site 3, respectively, while mean total-coliform counts ranged from 6.89 x 10(2) to 22.40 x 10(2) CFUs per 100 mL, and fecal coliform counts ranged from 0.30 x 10(2) to 11.1 x 10(2) CFUs per 100 mL. Cryptosporidium oocysts ranged from a low of <46 to a high of 91 per 100 L depending on sample turbidity. The recovery rates of oocysts from spiked samples ranged from 22 percent (low-turbidity samples) to a low of 0.76 percent (high-turbidity samples). This paper discusses the impact of environmental factors on nitrate concentration, coliforms, and Cryptosporidium, as well as the health significance of these water quality indicators.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

An alternative method for the quantitative collection of faeces and urine of cats as validated by the determination of mineral balance.

Generally, in order to collect faeces and urine of cats, the animals are housed in metabolism cages with wire-mesh bases. We have developed an alternative method to collect faeces and urine quantitatively and separately, using cages with solid floors. The use of such cages allows long-term experiments to be carried out without increased risk for injury to feet or legs. Modified litter boxes were constructed so that faeces and urine were separated and the cats could bury their faeces. With the use of this method the excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus by mature cats was determined. Mineral retention over a period of ten days did not differ significantly from zero, suggesting that the method developed is valid for the measurement of mineral excretion. Evidence is presented that under our experimental conditions faeces should be collected for at least five days so as to cancel out largely the impact of day-to-day variation in defecation on the variance of mineral retention.

Animal Welfare↗

PubMed1998

[Complementary data on the development of intestinal parasitosis prevalence in Martinique].

A comparison by stool examination of the prevalence of the most common digestive parasitic diseases was made between the years 1968, 1972 (results from the former Pasteur Institute of Martinique) and 1995 (results from the Departmental Laboratory of Hygiene of Martinique). This study shows that the outstanding characteristic of the dramatic decrease in the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and intestinal schistosomiasis can be noted as early as the beginning of the seventies. An hypothesis of explanation would point to the combination of a general improvement in hygiene (due to economic growth) and an increase in drug use given the availability of efficient and well-tolerated anthelmintics, and for intestinal schistosomiasis, the impact of urbanization along with the growing scarcity of the intermediate host snail, especially as of 1983 thanks to an ecological control programme.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Sterols as bio-markers for waste impact and source characterization in stream sediment.

Sterols are involved in life processes in organisms and are therefore potential biomarkers for assessment of environmental ecosystems. Current data indicate that sterols are persistent in stream sediments, since sterols are not sufficiently soluble in water to be readily detected in water samples. Stream sediment therefore can act as an integrating exposure index of pollution for animal or human waste in streams. The study reported here was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved development and validation of a simplified method for the determination of sterols, and Phase 2 involved application of that method to evaluate actual environmental samples. Stream sediment samples from agricultural settings, wastewater-treatment-facility outfalls, and recreational state parks in Iowa and Pennsylvania were analyzed for sterol compounds. Sterol profiles differ considerably among animals, and the study distinguished sterol profiles within stream sediments. Feces from different animal species were also analyzed to provide reference sterol profiles. Individual-sterol and total-sterol concentrations were determined. Sterols were observed in 73.4 percent of environmental sediment samples tested (n = 124) and at 100 percent of the sites (n = 18). Coprostanol, a key indicator of fecal pollution, was observed in 38.7 percent of the environmental sediment samples tested and at 72.2 percent of the sites. Samples were collected from multiple points at selected sites, and duplicate samples were analyzed at a frequency of 16.1 percent. One to five months later, additional samples were collected from the duplicate locations and were analyzed. Data generated by the study provide a basis for stream sediment monitoring that enables the chronological recording of waste impact; this method may be coupled with other measurements to determine the extent and possible source of stream contaminants.

Agriculture↗