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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Effect of urea form and method of feeding on rumen ammonia concentration.

Rumen ammonia was compared in six rumen fistulated, lactating Holstein cows fed urea twice daily in a concentrate mixture, urea fed once per day in a complete ration, and a gelatinized starch-urea product fed twice daily in the concentrate mixture. Samples were taken during 24-h intervals at the end of each 3 wk. Sharp and similar peaks in rumen ammonia followed feeding of urea and gelatinized urea-starch product twice daily in the concentrate mixture. A much lower ammonia peak followed the once daily feeding of the complete ration. Use of complete rations offered ad libitum eliminates the need for products with sustained ammonia release.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1980

Alternate methods of feeding alfalfa to calves.

Forty Holstein heifer calves were assigned at random among four dietary treatments: 1) an all-concentrate ration; 2) a pelleted complete ration of 20% alfalfa and 80% concentrate; 3) concentrate and alfalfa pellets fed separately, free-choice; and 4) concentrate and long-stem alfalfa hay fed separately, free-choice. Treatment diets were continued for 12 wk. Calves fed the concentrate only had reduced weight gains, feed intakes, and poorer feed efficiencies compared to treatments 2 and 4. Calves fed long-stem alfalfa hay as a roughage consumed more feed and had larger weight gains than calves fed alfalfa pellets as a roughage free-choice. The pelleted complete ration containing 20% alfalfa was comparable to a ration containing long-stem alfalfa hay free-choice for weight gains and feed efficiencies. The digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of the pelleted complete feed was similar to the digestibility of equal amounts and proportions of concentrate and alfalfa pellets fed separately. Thus, when fed free choice to early-weaned calves, pelleted alfalfa is inferior to long-stem hay for stimulating intake of dry matter. However, increasing the proportion of alfalfa pellets in a complete ration compensates for its partial loss of efficacy for elevating feed intake and growth rates.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Use of 2-ethoxyethanol and alpha-amylase in the neutral detergent fiber method of feed analysis.

Use of 2-ethoxyethanol in the NDF procedure for feed analysis was reevaluated, because justification for its use in the NDF procedure has diminished and 2-ethoxyethanol poses potential health hazards. Initial rationale for addition of 2-ethoxyethanol was to minimize inhibitory effects of decalin on filtration and to facilitate starch solubilization. Decalin is no longer recommended in the procedure; alpha-amylase is commonly used to facilitate starch solubilization. Objectives of this study were to evaluate effects on NDF values of: 1) eliminating 2-ethoxyethanol from the procedure and 2) addition of and timing of addition of alpha-amylase. Deletion of 2-ethoxyethanol resulted in lower NDF values than neutral detergent solution with 2-ethoxyethanol (61.95 and 62.06%, respectively). Neutral detergent fiber values were lower for samples treated with alpha-amylase just prior to filtration (61.86%) than for samples not treated with alpha-amylase (62.13%). Addition of alpha-amylase 30 min after onset of boiling resulted in lower values (62.07%) than with no alpha-amylase addition (62.29%) in solutions containing 2-ethoxyethanol but not in solutions without 2-ethoxyethanol. Observed treatment differences were small, however, and probably not of practical significance. No differences in NDF values were noted due to timing of alpha-amylase addition. Inclusion of samples requiring alpha-amylase to filter increased overall mean CV and resulted in no statistical differences between neutral detergent solutions or alpha-amylase treatments. Suggested modifications to the NDF procedure include elimination of 2-ethoxyethanol and addition of alpha-amylase just prior to filtering.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

[Absorption and elimination of fats in infants with fetal growth retardation depending on the method of feeding].

Fat excretion and absorption in 38 healthy S-f-D born infants fed on 4 kinds of diet, differentiated with regard to fat quantity and quality as well as protein quality, were examined by means of three 24 hour fat balances. Higher fat intake, higher fat excretion in feces and lower index of its absorption, typical of these infants, were observed. Differences in relation to the infants born with normal body-weight were particularly distinct in the first six months of life. It was noted that the quantity of fat excretion in feces was influenced by the degree of fetal malnutrition. An advantageous influence of fat modification, which consisted in partial replacement of cow-milk fat with vegetable oil (soya oil) on fat excretion and absorption, was shown. Feeding higher fat formulas--3 g/100 ml and modified protein were also considered advantageous. It was noted that S-f-D infants, even in cases of feeding with modified fat formulas, at the end of the first year of life did not reach such values of the absorption index as infants born with normal body-weight. The conception that the triglyceride structure differing from that in the breast milk is the factor deteriorating cow-milk fat absorption in the infants was suggested and discussed.

Age Factors↗