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PubMed2001

[Simultaneous determination of various food additives by high performance liquid chromatography].

A novel method is proposed for the simultaneous separation and determination of eight food additives, acesulfame potassium (AK), aspartame (ASP), benzoic acid (BA), caffeine (CA), saccharin sodium (SA), sorbic acid (SOR), theobromine (TB) and theophylline (TP) by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The separation was achieved within 23 min by using an Alltech Econosphere C18 column with 10 mmol/L NaH2PO4(pH 4.00)-acetonitrile (90:10, V/V) as mobile phase. The qualification and quantitation were accomplished by using a photodiode array detector. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for all analytes were below mg/L level. Under the experimental conditions, other common food additives and organic acids such as cyclamate, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid and ascorbic acid, did not interfere with the determination. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of various foods as well as pharmaceutical preparation, and the average recoveries for real samples ranged from 78.5% to 107.2%.

Benzoic Acid↗
PubMed1995

Threshold of estimated toxicity for regulation of indirect food additives.

In response to the objectives of this ATSDR workshop, 2 new procedures are described for assessing the safe use of indirect food additives. First, this workshop provided a timely forum in which to describe a newly proposed Threshold of Regulation (T/R) Policy under which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) would exempt certain indirect food additives from the formal premarket petition process. Second, this workshop offered an opportunity to discuss 2 circumstances in which Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) methodologies might be utilized in the future to provide decision-support information for substances used in food-contact articles.

Food Additives↗
PubMed2005

Use of anatomical and kinetic models in the evaluation of human food additive safety.

Toxicological testing in animals is relied upon as a surrogate for clinical testing of most food additives. Both animal and human clinical test results are generally available for direct additives when high levels of exposure are expected. Limited animal studies or in vitro test results may be the only sources of toxicological data available when low levels of exposure (microg/person/day) are expected and where no effects of the additive on the food itself are desired. Safety assessment of such materials for humans requires mathematical extrapolation from any effects observed in test animals to arrive at acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for humans. Models of anatomy may be used to estimate tissue and organ weights where that information is missing and necessary for evaluation of a data set. The effect of growth on target tissue exposure during critical phases of organ development can be more accurately assessed when models of growth and known physiological changes are combined with pharmacokinetic results for test species. Kinetic models, when combined with limited chemical property, kinetic, and distribution data, can often be used to predict steady-state plasma and tissue levels of a test material over the range of doses employed in chronic studies to aid in interpretation of effects that are often nonlinear with respect to delivered dose. A better understanding of the reasons for nonlinearity of effects in animals improves our confidence in extrapolation to humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Food additives and hyperactive children: a critique of Conners.

Food Additives and Hyperactive Children (Conners, 1980) is the first book-length attempt to evaluate Feingold's additive and salicylate-free Kaiser-Permenente diet for the treatment of hyperactive children, and as such it requires critical scrutiny. The studies reported in the book appear to be open to criticism from a number of points of view. It is argued that the studies as reported do not constitute a methodologically adequate test of Feingold's hypothesis that many hyperactive children are hypersensitive to artificial colours and flavours and other chemical additives and naturally occurring substances in foods and that it is thus premature to reject the hypothesis on the grounds presented here. It is argued, further, that Feingold's approach to the environmental aetiology of childhood hyperactivity is too limited and may for this reason lead to a failure to discover and eliminate other possible environmental causes of this increasingly prevalent condition.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2000

[Determination of three active ingredients in food additive sucrose fatty acid ester by TLC scanning].

A method of separation and quantitation of monoester, diester and triester in food additive sucrose fatty acid esters by TLC with dual-wavelength TLC scanner in the sawtooth scanning mode is described. The detective wavelength was 530 nm and the reference wavelength was 700 nm. A mixture of chloroform, methanol, acetic acid and water (80:10:8:1, V/V) was used as mobile phase. The calibration curve was linear over a range from 4 micrograms to 60 micrograms with correlation coefficients of 0.9949-0.9980. The average recoveries were 96.45%-98.73% (n = 3, RSD = 2.7%-3.2%). This method is accurate, simple and dependable, with a wide range of linearity. It has been applied to the analysis of various samples and can be used for the quality control of the food additive sucrose fatty acid ester.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1986

Cell-mediated immune responses to artificial food additives in chronic urticaria.

In some cases of chronic urticaria it is suspected that food additives such as tartrazine and sodium benzoate or salicylates may play a role in the pathogenesis of the condition. Since, at times, chronic urticaria may appear histologically similar to a mild cell-mediated immune response, the release of the T cell-derived lymphokine leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF), in response to incubation with these additives and with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), was measured in vitro using cells from normal controls, from patients with chronic urticaria with or without clinically associated additive sensitivity and from patients with asthma with or without associated ASA sensitivity. It was found that significant production of LIF occurred in response to tartrazine and sodium benzoate in those individuals with chronic additive induced urticaria. In addition, tartrazine caused LIF release from mononuclear cells of ASA-sensitive asthmatics. These results may indicate a possible role for additive-induced cell-mediated immune responses in the pathogenesis of some cases of chronic urticaria and suggest a potential diagnostic test for this condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[A study on toxicological information search--an example from a study on food additives].

The information search method for toxicological evaluation of food additives was examined. Both a survey of the existence of critical reviews or specific databases for toxicological evaluation and the performance of preliminary online-search are important for a comprehensive and effective search. Examples of file selection and search scheme examination are reported. The results are considered to be generally applicable to toxicological information search for other groups of chemicals.

Database Management Systems↗
PubMed2000

Naringin glycosides alpha-glucosylated on ring B found in the natural food additive, enzymatically modified naringin.

The constituents of the natural food additive, enzymatically modified naringin, were structurally analyzed. Four constituents were isolated from the glucoamylase-treated sample. An NMR analysis revealed that two of them were novel compounds having 4'-O-alpha-glucosyl moieties on ring B of the naringenin aglycone. Both the aglycone and the glucose moiety in naringin are shown to be simultaneously glucosylated.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1977

Carcinogenic activity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide, a food additive, in mice and rats.

The carcinogenicity of a food additive, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2), was studied in Wistar rats and CDF1 mice. The rats developed mammary tumors; the first appearing 9 months after the start of the experiment. In mice fed AF-2 diet, squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach was observed in the 11th month. Some mice had metastases in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1979

Nitrite as a food additive.

Nitrite is used for its colouring, antimicrobial and flavouring effects as a food additive for several meat, fish and cheese products. Nitrite combines readily with secondary amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are found in many food products after nitrite addition and sometimes even without addition. Nitrite is regarded as an effective growth inhibitor for Clostridium botulinum and thereby its production of the lethal toxin. Today this is considered to be the main reason for addition of nitrite to food products. It should be possible to limit the addition of nitrite to a few special food products where Cl botulinum really represents a hazard to human health, i e to canned meat that is not sterilized by heat and some cured and fermented products. In Norway the use of nitrite is limited to products where growth of clostridia is possible, but in a few products nitrite is also allowed as a colour stabilizer. It is reasonable to expect that other countries will decide upon similar regulations. The naturally occurring nitrates in vegetables have to be included in the discussion due to the possibility of microbial reduction to nitrites.

Clostridium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Data-derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants.

A safety factor of 100-fold is commonly applied to animal data to derive the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of food additives; other factors have been used in some cases and higher values are used more frequently for determining the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of environmental chemicals. The 100-fold factor is considered to represent the product of a 10-fold factor to allow for species differences between the test animal and humans and a 10-fold factor to allow for inter-individual differences. A scheme is proposed whereby data relevant to the safety assessment of a compound, e.g. species differences in toxicokinetics, can contribute quantitatively to the safety factor and therefore to the ADI or TDI. For this to be possible, it is necessary to subdivide each of the 10-fold factors into two separate factors to allow for differences in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. For any compound, data on one particular aspect may be used to derive a specific data-derived factor for that aspect. The overall safety factor will then be calculated as the product of the known data-derived factor(s) and default values for the remaining unknown factors. In this way the derivation of the safety factor would be clearly defined and the potential impact of additional data on other aspects identified. Additional safety factors (over and above the 100-fold or overall data-derived factor) are also proposed to allow for the nature or severity of the toxicity and the adequacy of the database. These factors are consistent with previous evaluations and will allow the logical derivation of factors greater than either 100 or the appropriate data-derived factor. These additional factors will be of greatest value in the derivation of safety factors for the calculation of the TDIs of environmental contaminants but may also be applied if necessary to the safety assessment of food additives. In such cases the rationale and logic for a safety factor in excess of 100 will be clearly defined.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence for the safety of gum arabic (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.) as a food additive--a brief review.

Scrutiny of the experimental evidence of safety demanded by the international food safety authorities has led them to conclude that no limitation to the use of gum arabic as a food additive need be specified when it conforms to the established criteria of identity and purity. This brief review collates the dietary, toxicological, immunological, chemical and other studies available.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Safety assurance margins for food additives currently in use.

Toxicity data for a subset of food additives are combined (by means of a "Monte Carlo" computer analysis) with exposure information to indicate the characteristics of an overall profile of "safety assurance margins" for additives currently in use in the United States. It is demonstrated that safety concerns for (noncarcinogenic) toxic effects for these substances can seldom be expected a priori if they disappear into the U.S. food supply at levels of less than about 100,000 pounds annually.

Food Additives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of sucrose esters of fatty acids in food additive premixes by gas chromatography and confirmation of identity by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed for the determination of sucrose monoesters of fatty acids (mono-SuE) and sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) in food additive premixes. Mono-SuE and SAIB fractions were prepared by column chromatography with either a C8 or a silica gel solid-phase extraction column. The mono-SuE fraction was acetylated and applied to a wide-bore GC column (0.53 mm x 15 m) by splitless injection for determination. The SAIB fraction was applied to the GC column without derivatization. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to confirm the identity of GC peaks. The detection limits for mono-SuE and SAIB were 0.005 and 0.01%, respectively. Mono-SuE (C12, C14, C16, C18, and C18:1) and SAIB were found in commercial food additive premixes and some foods.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1989

Is the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome related to the exposure to food additives? A case report.

We present a case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome that occurred in an adult patient who experienced intolerance to the food additives sodium benzoate and tartrazine. The main symptoms were the facial swelling, hypertrophy of the gums, and a typical infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells around the small vessels observed in the biopsy of the gums. No involvement of facial nerves was present, and other disorders of granulomatosis have been excluded. All clinical manifestations went into remission once the food additives were excluded from the usual diet.

Adult↗