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PubMed1989

Central distributions of the efferent and afferent components of the pharyngeal branches of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves: an HRP study in the cat.

The central distributions of efferent and afferent components of the pharyngeal branches of the vagus (PH-X) and glossopharyngeal (PH-IX) nerves in the cat were studied by soaking their central cut ends in a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution. HRP-labelled PH-X neurones were distributed ipsilaterally in the rostral part of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and the retrofacial nucleus (RFN); HRP-labelled PH-IX neurones were found in the ipsilateral RFN and the bulbopontine lateral reticular formation (RF). Vagal pharyngeal neurones constituted a large population of brainstem motoneurones. The population of HRP-labelled glossopharyngeal neurones was divided into two components. Indeed, on the basis of their location and somal morphology, the most ventral cells were identified as cranial motoneurones and those scattered in the lateral RF as parasympathetic preganglionic neurones. Application of HRP to the PH-IX nerve resulted also in the labelling of fibres and terminals in the alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The afferent fibres entered the lateral medulla with the glossopharyngeal roots, ran dorsomedially, then turned caudally toward the NTS and the caudal part of the alaminar spinal trigeminal motor (V) nucleus. In the NTS, labelled fibres ran mainly along the solitary tract, projecting to terminals in the dorsal and dorsolateral nuclei of the NTS.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Electron microscopic and electrophysiological studies on the carotid body following intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

1. The innervation of carotid body Type I cells has been investigated in seventeen cats. At a sterile operation the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve roots were cut intracranially on one side.2. From 1(1/2) to 378 days after the operation the carotid bodies were fixed in situ and prepared for electron microscopy. Nerve endings on Type I cells were found to degenerate with a prolonged time course. In each cat there was a decrease in the number of nerve endings on the operated side as compared with the non-operated side.3. Before the carotid bodies were fixed, recordings were made from chemoreceptor, and baroreceptor, afferent fibres in the sinus nerve on the operated side. The chemoreceptors responded in the usual way to changes in arterial O(2), CO(2) and pH; the injection of cyanide evoked a brisk response.4. It is concluded that the nerve endings on Type I cells are efferent rather than afferent and the cell bodies of their axons are probably in the brain stem.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

Neurovascular compression of the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerve: three case reports.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a frequent cause of paroxysmal facial pain and headache in adults. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is less common, but can cause severe episodic pain in the ear and throat. Neurovascular compression of the appropriate cranial nerve as it leaves the brain stem is responsible for the symptoms in many patients, and neurosurgical decompression of the nerve is now a well accepted treatment in adults with both TN and GPN who fail to respond to drug therapy. Neither TN nor GPN are routinely considered in the differential diagnosis when assessing children with paroxysmal facial or head pain, as they are not reported to occur in childhood. Case reports of three children with documented neurovascular compression causing severe neuralgic pain and disability are presented. The fact that these conditions do occur in the paediatric population, albeit rarely, is highlighted, and appropriate investigation and management are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Gustatory responsiveness of fibers in the hamster glossopharyngeal nerve.

1. Mammalian taste receptors are distributed within separate subpopulations, innervated by branches of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X. Most gustatory electrophysiology has focused on input from the fungiform papillae on the anterior portion of the tongue, carried by the chorda tympani branch of the VIIth nerve. However, only a small percentage of the taste buds are located in the fungiform papillae (approximately 18% in the hamster). There have been no studies on the hamster's IXth nerve, which innervates greater than 50% of its taste buds, and most other studies of IXth nerve function have employed only whole-nerve recording. 2. Action potentials were recorded from 83 individual fibers in the IXth nerve of the hamster. Stimuli were five concentrations each of sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and quinine hydrochloride (QHCl), all presented to every fiber at 37 degrees C. Responses were quantified as the number of impulses in 10 s minus the preceding 10 s of spontaneous activity. 3. Across these concentration series, HCl and QHCl were by far the most excitatory stimuli, with mean responses across all cells three to four times greater than those evoked by sucrose or NaCl. The order of effectiveness of the stimuli was H greater than Q much greater than N greater than S. 4. Of the 83 fibers, 56 were stimulated via the foliate papillae and 27 via the single vallate papilla. No fibers responded to both of these fields. There were generally no differences in the sensitivity of these two subpopulations of taste buds, except that QHCl was more effective when applied to the foliates. 5. A "total" response measure was derived by summing the excitatory responses to each stimulus across the entire concentration series. The fibers were then classified according to the best total response, resulting in 52 HCl-, 19 QHCl-, 8 sucrose- and 4 NaCl-best cells. Considering the slope of the concentration-response functions as a criterion for classification produced very similar results. The fiber classification varied somewhat with concentration, with more fibers categorized as HCl- and QHCl-best at the higher concentration levels. 6. Breadth of responsiveness was measured using the equation developed by Smith and Travers. At the concentrations used to examine hamster chorda tympani fibers, IXth nerve fibers were not very responsive and were quite narrowly tuned to the four taste qualities. At higher concentrations the fibers became more broadly responsive across the four stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1981

[Facilitating effects of axotomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve on the motor reflex response of the frog medulla oblongata].

In the previous papers we have reported that the innervation of the frog lingual mucosa exercises a presynaptic inhibition at the bulbar region in order to integrate the mechanoreceptive information coming from the tongue. The present investigation was undertaken to establish if also the complementary tactile innervation of fungiform papillae has a similar ability. First of all it has been assayed the evocation of PAD tests by papillary innervation; then the facilitating effects, induced by the glossopharyngeal axotomy, on the afferents mass discharges recorded from hypoglossal nerve have been examined. Electrical stimulation of mechanical neurons at the root of IX produced DRP and DRR both at glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves. After 5 and 10 days from glossopharyngeal axotomy becomes evident a considerable enhancement of efferent responses in many diastaltic arches of bulb. These effects strongly suggest a very evident inhibitory activity at the bulbar projection of papillary innervation. From all these observations it follows that presynaptic inhibition is joint to all the lingual mechanoreceptive afferences.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Glossopharyngeal nerve block for pain relief after pediatric tonsillectomy: retrospective analysis and two cases of life-threatening upper airway obstruction from an interrupted trial.

A regional anesthetic technique formerly used in adults for tonsillectomy was adapted to provide posttonsillectomy pain relief in children. Injection of 3-10 mL of 0.25%-0.5% bupivacaine into each lateral pharyngeal space appeared to provide good postsurgical analgesia. A retrospective chart review failed to link the technique to airway-related complications. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing the analgesic effectiveness and postsurgical complications in patients undergoing tonsillectomy and receiving either bupivacaine or placebo was begun after institutional approval and informed consent. The study was terminated after eight children had been enrolled because two of four children receiving bupivacaine developed severe upper airway obstruction (UAO) after extubation of the trachea. We conclude that the volume and concentration of bupivacaine were sufficient to block the vagus nerves proximal to the take off of the recurrent laryngeal nerves and/or the hypoglossal nerves, resulting in severe UAO. The short distance between the hyoid and jugular foramen would predispose children and adults with a short neck to the development of this complication. In conclusion, bilateral local anesthetic injection into the lateral pharyngeal space may result in severe UAO and loss of protective reflexes.

Adolescent↗