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PubMed1991

Assessment of a health-promotive lifestyle.

Health promotion is an imperative goal for our nation. One needs only to look at the major causes of morbidity and mortality to know that lifestyle factors are major contributors. Nurses are in a unique position that allows them to assist people in examining their lifestyle behaviors. The nursing role in health promotion centers around assessment of behaviors that promote, protect, and maintain health status. A health-promotion assessment should include the following components: nutrition, exercise and fitness, stress management, family planning, sexual history, tobacco use, alcohol and chemical substance abuse, exposure to environmental hazards and injury, as well as the psychological, spiritual, and social resources that enhance a person's ability to engage in behaviors that promote health. Information gained from assessment can guide the nurse and client in making personal decisions for changing behavior and using inner resources to enhance the existing level of health and well-being.

Health Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Marketing strategies nurses can employ to promote health.

Marketing strategies are employed to ensure the success of new products, services or programs. Both profit and non-profit organizations have used social marketing strategies to inform, to motivate interest, and to engage the involvement of the consumer. A client-dependent health care system did not find it necessary to market services, but a health care system that encourages clients to choose the most appropriate health promotion service available must market services. Nurses are in the business of promoting the health of clients. Therefore, it is essential that nurses become familiar with, and involved in, the development of marketing plans and strategies. The connection between the four variables of the marketing mix (product, promotion, place, and price) and promoting the health of clients is described. A case example recapitulating the marketing strategies employed to raise public awareness of a self-help group for family caregivers is related, the marketing response is evaluated, and future recommendations are proposed.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1986

The role of health promotion in primary health care.

A major transformation has been occurring in primary health care during the past 20 years. The changes are reviewed briefly for the benefit of those who do not work in the front-line of care and for those who have not had the opportunity to experience the changes. Two major components of the transformation are stressed: (i) the shift towards person (patient) centred methods; (ii) a broad framework of reference which encourages horizontal integration of skills in the nonspecialized way. The opportunities for health promotion in primary health care are legion and evidence from worldwide experimental sources is reviewed to show how different levels of achievement can be demonstrated and monitored. Responsibility, empowerment and participation were firmly declared principles in the WHO Alma Ata Declaration on primary health care. The practical realisation of such principles in the field is occurring at an increasing rate, but their continuation will depend on the further growth and development of appropriate community-centred skills and practices. Evidence for the power of a "social sieve" to moderate professional or official health recommendations is also discussed in the light of current research. If recent research data is upheld, the relationship between primary health care personnel and the social network around them is likely to be shown to make a critical difference to health outcomes.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed1989

Preconceptional health promotion: a health education opportunity for all women.

Efforts to prevent perinatal mortality and morbidity are traditionally directed at the pregnant woman. It is during the prenatal period that the mother's health status is closely monitored; her exposure to substances known to be harmful to the fetus is assessed, and intensive patient education on behaviors likely to benefit the unborn child is offered. Unfortunately, the initiation of prenatal care may already be too late to prevent spontaneous abortions, congenital anomalies, and some causes of low birthweight. Until routine prepregnancy care is available to all women of childbearing age, many opportunities for the primary prevention of poor reproductive outcomes will be lost. This paper describes the rationale for prepregnancy or preconceptional counseling and the specific purposes it should serve. A model program providing such services is described, and findings for a low socioeconomic population involved in the model program are given.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Is the patient's charter a tool for the implementation of health policies promoting health care quality? Results of a survey on Italian local health units over the period 1995-98].

Patient's Charter was introduced in Italy in the last decade with the aim of increasing community participation to the quality of health care. The Charter with reference to primary care services, should include information about the admission and standards of service that people can expect to receive. The purpose of the study was to assess, on the basis of a series of indicators, the presence of differences among different organisational model of Local Health Unit Districts. As regards Prevention Department, the association between quality indicators and geographic location was studied. We evaluated 112 Charters, 49.3% on the total amount of Italian Local Health Unit (LHU) that were issued during the period 1996-1998, using a data form with multiple choice questions. 104 out of 112 Charters showed quality items for Districts and Prevention Departments. Significant differences among the different groups of district organization model were shown for three indicators (waiting time, administrative details and chief in charge) respectively in General Practitioner area and in Psychiatric one. As regards Prevention Departments, no association was shown between geographic area and frequency of quality indicators, although a trend of higher frequence was found in Northern Area versus Central Area and Southern one. This study emphasizes the fact that data drawn from Patient's Charter can show the impact of different organisational and geographic conditions on quality of healthcare.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urban-rural differences in the health-promoting behaviours of Albertans.

Few investigators have examined whether the behaviours undertaken to promote health differ with respect to geographic location. On the basis of data from a telephone survey of a probability sample of 853 Albertans, respondents were divided into groups according to residence in one of four geographic locations: large cities, small cities, towns, or rural settings, including villages and farms. When the confounding effects of sex, age, income and education were controlled for, those living in rural settings, compared with those living in large cities, were found to engage in healthier behaviours, including sleeping seven or more hours a day, eating three meals a day, and avoiding the excessive consumption of alcohol. A significantly greater proportion of individuals in geographic locations other than large cities reported that they frequently consumed fried and fatty foods. Although no geographic differences were noted in smoking, more town and rural dwellers placed smoking cessation as a priority for health improvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of population health and health promotion research by health regions in Canada.

This study examined the use of population health and health promotion (PH&HP) research by health regions in Canada. An 11-item survey was faxed to 137 (of 140) health regions. Eighty-three completed questionnaires were returned (60.8%). Results indicate that while research, in general, plays more than a moderate role in the majority of participating health regions, PH&HP research is not used frequently. The most frequent uses of PH&HP research include the development of health goals and objectives, the development of programs and services, and resource allocation. Health regions most frequently obtain PH&HP research from their own staff and from government departments. University-based researchers are not a commonly used source. This study provides a descriptive overview of health regions' engagement in evidence-based decision making related to PH&HP issues, and points to a number of strategies that both health regions and researchers can employ to enhance the use of PH&HP research by health regions.

Canada↗
PubMed2000

Hosting a wellness day: promoting health in the old-old.

The purpose of health promotion and disease prevention is to increase the number of years of life and ensure better quality of remaining life. Those in the oldest age group (> or = 90 years) are generally less likely to monitor their cholesterol intake, exercise, have their stools checked for occult blood, or undergo a mammogram, Papanicolaou test, or prostate or skin evaluation as recommended. The most common reasons given for not engaging in these activities are advanced age, absence of direction by primary health care providers, and lack of interest in following up abnormal findings. To promote primary and secondary disease prevention and health promotion, a Wellness Day was hosted in a continuing-care retirement community by the in-house geriatric nurse practitioner and a group of nurse practitioner students. The program offered cancer screening, cardiovascular health assessments, and exercise prescreening and education, as well as screening for diabetes and risk for osteoporosis. An individualized approach to health promotion was used, reviewing with each resident the pros and cons of participating in each of these behaviors.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Prediction of motivation and behavior change following health promotion: role of health beliefs, social support, and self-efficacy.

Dimensions of health beliefs (perceived risk of behavior and benefit of behavior change), social support (family and others' support for change), and self-efficacy (magnitude and strength) were examined in 215 patients undergoing a prospective trial of health promotion in a primary care medical practice. Discriminant analyses were performed to evaluate how well these dimensions predicted motivation for change and lifestyle behavior change. These relationships were examined for six lifestyle areas: cigarette smoking, dealing with stress, amount and type of food eaten, use of seat belts, and exercise habits. The analyses demonstrated a statistically and clinically significant prediction of motivation by one or more health belief and self-efficacy dimensions for most lifestyle areas. The strongest single predictors were perceived benefits and self-efficacy strength, which were each significant predictors of motivation in four lifestyle areas (P less than 0.05). Support dimensions, as measured, were not shown to have predictive value in most areas. Behavior change was poorly predicted by beliefs, support, and self-efficacy for most lifestyle areas. However, adding motivation to the discriminant function equation resulted in significant predictions in all six lifestyle areas (P less than 0.05), with an average correct classification rate of 71%. This finding strongly suggests that motivation is a very important intervening variable when evaluating health promotion and resulting behavior change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Network of communities in the fight against AIDS: local actions to address health inequities and promote health in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

When combined with major social inequities, the AIDS epidemic in Brazil becomes much more complex and requires effective and participatory community-based interventions. This article describes the experience of a civil society organisation, the Centre for Health Promotion (CEDAPS), in the slum communities (favelas) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Using a community-based participatory approach, 55 community organisations were mobilised to develop local actions to address the increasing social vulnerability to HIV/AIDS of people living in squatter communities. This was done through on-going prevention initiatives based on the local culture and developed by a Network of Communities. The community movement has created a sense of "ownership" of social actions. The fight against AIDS has been a mobilising factor in engaging and organising communities and has contributed to raising awareness of health rights. Local actions included targeting the determinants of local vulnerability, as suggested by health promotion workers.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

[Utilization of health screening studies and measures for health promotion].

Health-conscious behaviour of a population may be measured by the utilization rate in screening programs and health promotion measures. In the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998, 7124 respondents were asked for their individual participation. The utilization in free health check-ups (1997) was 26.7% for men and 24.5% for women. Health related medical advice was given to 70.9% of men and 67.8% of women in the wake of the check-up. Annual early cancer screening test were taken by 22.6% of men and 36.5% of women. Cancer-related medical advice was reported by 42.4% of men and 43% of women. 10.5% of all respondents participate in health promotion measures, women two times more often than men (13.8% vs. 7%). The ranking according to the type of measures is: 44% for back (muscle) training, followed by nutrition consultation (13%), weight reduction (10%) and anti-smoking, -drinking and -substance use measures (4%). The results show differences in utilization rates for early cancer diagnosis, health checkups and health promotion programmes according to age, region, social status and health insurance type.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Participatory supervision model: building health promotion capacity among health officers and the community.

INTRODUCTION: The Thai traditional health supervision model has been developed since 1991. However, many supervisors lack supervisory knowledge and skills. This study aimed to compare and identify the strengths and challenges of two different supervision models, in order to determine their effects on enhancing the health promotion capacity of health officers in two primary care units (PCU) in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. METHODS: The two models were implemented at two PCU in one semi-district, Chiang Mai Province, over a six-month period. The first model involved supervisors from the district level, with the full participation of health officers at the sub-district level. The second model was designed with the addition of community involvement in the supervision process. Before implementing the models, the district supervisors attended a retraining course to enhance their supervisory knowledge and ability. Questionnaires were used to assess health officers' job satisfaction, clients' perceived service quality and care satisfaction. Semi-structured interviews and qualitative observations were used to explore the involvement of health officers and the community, and to determine the strengths and challenges of each supervisory model. RESULTS: Both before and after the intervention, the PCU health officers appeared to have good and comparable job satisfaction levels. Bivariate analysis indicated that after the intervention, both supervisory models appeared effective in terms of clients' perceived service quality and satisfaction with care, among those who utilized the PCU. However, the second model, which allowed the community to participate in the supervision process, achieved better results. The qualitative findings suggested that the involvement of health officers caused a rapid change and improvement after the supervision. The involvement of the community helped the community itself to identify problems and formulate alternatives to meet the community's needs. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows positive outcomes for two forms of participatory supervision in a rural setting. There appear to be additional positive outcomes for the model that involved community participation. To ensure successful implementation, several issues, such as the supervisor's knowledge and ability, health officer workload and supervisory communication skills, need to be improved.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community health care and health promotion.

Health-promotion-based home care can be viewed in the context of the worldwide transition from an industrial to a global service society and the World Health Organization definitions of health and health promotion. Accordingly, British Columbia's Capital Region has adopted a number of innovative approaches to promote health, shift care to the home and use resources more appropriately.

British Columbia↗
PubMed2004

[A study of factors influencing on health promoting lifestyle in the elderly--application of Pender's health promotion model].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing health promoting lifestyle in the elderly. METHOD: The subject of this study was 305 elderly person over the age of 60, living in rural and urban, Korea. For the analysis of collected data, descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression were used for statistical analysis with SPSS statistical program. RESULTS: The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was 2.46. The higher score on the subscale was nutrition(2.65). The lowest score on the subscale were physical activity(2.36) and stress management(2.36). General characteristics showing statistically significant difference in health promoting lifestyle were age, residential district, live together spouse, education, religion and pocket money in the elderly. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health promoting lifestyle in the elderly was prior related behavior(R2=.554). A combination of prior related behavior, perceived benefits of action, perceived self-efficacy, commitment to a plan of action, and interpersonal influences accounted for 64.3% of the variance in health promoting lifestyle in the elderly. CONCLUSION: The factors influencing on health promoting lifestyle for elderly were prior related behavior, perceived benefits of action, perceived self-efficacy, commitment to a plan of action, and interpersonal influences.

Aged↗